Cellular Biology and Biochemistry Concepts, Exams of Nursing

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151 Final Biology Exam Module 1-12 Practice| Questions

with Answers Latest Updated 2024/

1. trans - ✅✅✅cis or trans? tend to be solid at room temperature
2. cis - ✅✅✅cis or trans? tend to be liquid at room temperature
3. cis - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the chain has a "kink" in it at the site of the double bond
4. cis - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the hydrogen atoms linked to the double bonded carbons are on the same "side" of the molecule
5. trans - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the chain does not have a "kink" or bend at the site of the double bond
6. trans - ✅✅✅cis or trans? the hydrogen atoms linked to the double bonded carbons are on the different "sides" of the molecule
7. DNA polymerase and nucleotides - ✅✅✅The polymerase chain reaction required addition of __________________________. a. bacteriaphages b. DNA ligase and plasmids c. restriction enzymes d. DNA polymerase and nucleotides

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8. true - ✅✅✅T or F? When NADP becomes limiting in chloroplasts, electrons energized by light can be transferred to oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species.
9. four fused carbon rings - ✅✅✅What is a characteristic feature of steroids? a. hydrophilic interactions b. long chains of hydrocarbons c. four fused carbon rings d. nitrogen rings 10.all of the above - ✅✅✅What mechanism ensures that the DNA sequence in the genome remains accurate? (Check all that apply) a. nucleotide excision repair b. complementary base pairing during DNA replication c. mismatch repair enzymes d. proofreading by DNA polymerases 11.NADH, Acetyl-CoA, CO2 - ✅✅✅Which of the following are the products of the oxidation of pyruvate (preparatory reaction)? (Check all that apply) a. ATP b. NADH c. Acetyl-CoA d. CO 12.hydrogen bonds - ✅✅✅Which of the following bonds is the weakest chemical bonding? a. covalent

[Date] b. ionic bonds c. hydrogen bonds 13.they can result from meiosis, they can function as gametes or spores, in sexually reproducing organisms, they cannot produced by mitosis - ✅✅✅Which of the following is true of haploid cells? a. They can result from meiosis b. They have both members of each pair of homologous chromosomes c. They can function as gametes or spores in sexually reproducing organisms d. They can not be produced by mitosis 14.Topoisomerases are involved in preventing overwinding the double helix - ✅✅✅What is the function of topoisomerase? a. Topoisomerases add methyl groups to bases of DNA b. Topoisomerases elongate the new DNA by addition of nucleotides to the existing DNA chain c. Topoisomerases stabilize single-stranded DNA at the replication fork. d. Topoisomerases relieve and split both strands in the DNA ahead of the replication fork e. Topoisomerases are involved in preventing overwinding the double helix 15.hypertonic to fresh water and hypotonic to the salt solution - ✅✅✅Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are? a. hypertonic to fresh water and hypotonic to the salt solution b. hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution c. hypertonic to both the fresh water and the salt solution d. hypotonic to the fresh water but hypertonic to the salt solution e. isotonic with fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution

[Date] 16.endergonic - ✅✅✅If a chemical reaction has a positive delta G what kind of reaction is it? 17.enables the membrane to stay fluid when cell temperature drops - ✅✅✅What does the presence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of some animal cells do? a. enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids b. makes the membrane less flexible, therefore solid at lower temperatures c. enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids d. enables the membrane to stay fluid when cell temperature drops 18.membrane potential - ✅✅✅What is the voltage across a membrane called? 19.area inside of green disks - ✅✅✅Chloroplast Question: 20.water is broken/used 21.stroma - ✅✅✅Chloroplast Question: 22.CO2 is fixed into a sugar molecule 23.membrane of green disks - ✅✅✅Chloroplast Question:

[Date] 24.chlorophyll is excited by light 25.stroma - ✅✅✅Chloroplast Question: 26.sugars are produced 27.area inside of green disks - ✅✅✅Chloroplast Question: 28.oxygen is released 29.it can be released as heat, as light of a lower wavelength, transferred to another pigment molecule, or used to transfer electrons to other molecules

• ✅✅✅What are the possible fates of the light energy that is absorbed by the electrons in pigment molecules? (Choose ONE best answer) 30.by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane, by increasing the percentage of cholesterol found in its membranes - ✅✅✅A petunia is exposed to extremely cold conditions, what is a means by which this plant might be able to keep its membrane fluid? a. by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane b. by increasing the percentage of cholesterol found in its membranes c. by decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane

[Date] 31.in thylakoid membrane - ✅✅✅Where would one find the protein complexes and electron carriers associated with the light reactions of photosynthesis? 32.glucose; unstable; more - ✅✅✅During glycolysis, the first step shows the hydrolysis of ATP allows ___________ to be phosphorylated which makes the molecule ___________ and therefore _______ reactive to complete the process of glycolysis. 33.the shape of the protein may change - ✅✅✅In the laboratory, you are asked to place a protein in an acidic solution. What would you expect might happen to that protein? 34.all of these are true differences between asexual and sexual reproduction - ✅✅✅How are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction different? a. asexual reproducing organisms transmit 100% of their genes to their progeny, while sexual reproducing organism only transmit 50% b. asexual reproduction results in offspring identical to their parents, while sexual reproduction gives rise to genetically distinct offspring c. asexual reproduction involves a single parent, where sexual reproduction usually involves two parents d. asexual reproduction only requires mitosis, but sexual reproduction involves meiosis e. All of these are true differences between asexual and sexual reproduction 35.plasma membranes composed predominantly of phospholipids, ribosomes that function to synthesize proteins, genetic materials that contain information for creating cellular components - ✅✅✅What features are shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (Check all that apply)

[Date] a. plasma membranes composed predominately of phospholipids b. ribosomes that function to synthesize proteins c. genetic materials that contain information for creating cellular components d. internal membrane bound structures that perform specific functions 36.Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon - ✅✅✅What elements make up 99% of you? 37.interphase - ✅✅✅In which stage of the cell cycle do most cells spend most of their time? 38.the reaction does not require the input of energy - ✅✅✅The reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco is spontaneous, what does this mean? a. the reaction does not require the input of energy b. the reaction would occur without the presence of Rubisco c. the reaction does not have an activation energy barrier d. the reaction is not regulated in anyway 39.oxidized; reduced - ✅✅✅NAD+ is the __________ form of the molecule, NADH is the ___________ form of the molecule. 40.metaphase - ✅✅✅During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane located center of mitotic spindle? a. anaphase b. telophase c. metaphase d. prophase

[Date] 41.false - ✅✅✅T or F? Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell. 42.replication is faster in prokaryotes, the eukaryotic genome is much larger - ✅✅✅How does the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes differ from DNA replication in prokaryotes? a. prokaryotes have a greater number of DNA polymerases b. replication is faster in prokaryotes c. the replication steps vary between prokaryotes and eukaryotes d. the eukaryotic genome is much larger 43.it is activated by ADP and AMP and inhibited by ATP - ✅✅✅The enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 is a key enzyme in glycolysis, how is this enzyme regulated? a. it is activated when the Kreb's cycle is working fast/maximally b. it is activated by ADP and AMP and inhibited by ATP c. it is activated when ATP levels are low d. it is inhibited by high pyruvate concentrations 44.all of the above - ✅✅✅Which of the relevant properties of water is contributed by hydrogen bonding among water molecules or other polar molecules? (Check all that apply) a. cohesion b. adhesion c. polarity

[Date] d. being solvent for life e. high heat capacity 45.active transport - ✅✅✅Which type of membrane transport process uses ATP as an energy source? a. osmosis b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. simple diffusion 46.46 - ✅✅✅Your hair root cells undergo mitosis on a regular basis. If they contain 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do their daughter cells have after mitosis? 47.true - ✅✅✅T or F? Within an organism the number of chromosomes in a somatic cell is the same. 48.all of the above - ✅✅✅Which of these processes results in increased genetic variability in organisms? (check all that apply) a. crossing over in meiosis b. gene mutation during DNA replication c. fertilization in sexual life cycles d. independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis 49.speed up; slows down - ✅✅✅The pace of the cell cycle ____________ as the effectiveness of the regulation in cell cycle and repair mechanisms ____________ _________.

[Date] 50.true - ✅✅✅T or F? Binary fission in bacteria does not involve the process of mitosis but does involve the replication of the chromosome. 51.glycoprotein - ✅✅✅What type of molecule is fibronectin? 52.A+C=G+T ; G+A=T+C - ✅✅✅In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following is true? a. A=C b. A=G and C=T c. A+C=G+T d. G+A=T+C 53.true - ✅✅✅T or F? The nuclear lamina is composed of an array of protein filaments which help to maintain the shape of the nucleus. 54.fatty acids, glycerol - ✅✅✅Which of the following molecules would you find in a lipid? a. glucose b. amino acids c. fatty acids d. glycerol 55.the ability of ATP synthase to make ATP - ✅✅✅Some poisons act by making the inner membrane of the mitochondria permeable to H+ ions. What will this most directly affect?

[Date] a. the ability of ATP synthase to make ATP b. the ability of electrons to pass down the electron transport chain c. the ability of the Kreb's cycle to reduce NAD d. the ability of complex IV to pass electrons to oxygen 56.can move laterally (horizontally) in/along one side of the membrane - ✅✅✅Phospholipids in the cell membrane... a. can move laterally (horizontally) in/along one side of the membrane b. can flip from the outside of the cell membrane to the inside of the cell membrane easily c. are bound to each other by hydrogen bonds d. are covalently bonded to each other 57.nonpolar substances that repel water molecules - ✅✅✅Fatty acid tails of vegetable oil are? a. polar substances that have an affinity for water b. nonpolar substances that repel water molecules c. nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules d. polar substances that repel water e. charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules 58.substituted hydrocarbons - ✅✅✅Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone 59.hydrocarbon - ✅✅✅a linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms

[Date] 60.organic molecule - ✅✅✅a molecule that contains carbon atoms 61.groups of atoms found in molecules that contribute to their specific chemical properties - ✅✅✅functional groups 62.they are insoluble in water, they are hydrophobic - ✅✅✅What features of steriods puts them in the same chemical category as phospholipids and fats? a. they have four fused carbon rings b. they are insoluble in water c. they have multiple fatty acid chains d. they are hydrophobic 63.fatty acid chains; phosphate group - ✅✅✅In a phospholipid the _____________ are hydrophobic and the ________________ is hydrophilic. 64.monomers; polymers; dehydration - ✅✅✅______________ are linked together to form ___________ through ___________ reactions. 65.6; 4 - ✅✅✅Carbon is an atom that has _____ electrons 'normally' and thus has the capacity to form covalent bonds with a maximum of _____ other atoms. 66.true - ✅✅✅T or F? Different arrangement of the atoms within the molecules leads to differences in their chemical properties.

[Date] 67.the number of single bonds between the carbons, the number of double bonds between the carbons, the number of triple bonds between the carbons - ✅✅✅The function of a hydrocarbon is directly related to its structure and shape. What contributes to the shape and structure of a hydrocarbon, such as the length of a hydrocarbon? a. the number of hydrogen bonds between the carbons b. the number of single bonds between the carbons c. the number of double bonds between carbon and hydrogen d. the number of carbons in the molecule e. the number of double bonds between the carbons f. the number of triple bonds between the carbons 68.saturated; solid - ✅✅✅Fatty acid chains that have no double bonds between the carbon atoms are called _________ fats and tend to be _______ at room temperature. 69.electrons are shared between the monomers, a water molecule is released, the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, covalent bonds are formed between the monomers - ✅✅✅During a dehydration reaction that results in the creation of a polymer what occurs? a. electrons are shared between the monomers b. a water molecule is release c. a water molecules is used/ becomes part of the monomers d. the hydroxyl groups of two monomers are combined e. covalent bonds are broken between monomers f. the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer g. polymers are broken into monomers

[Date] h. covalent bonds are formed between the monomers 70.a glycerol molecule, a phosphate group, two fatty acid chains - ✅✅✅What are phospholipids composed of? a. a glycerol molecule b. a phosphate group c. three fatty acid chains d. two fatty acid chains 71.it is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic - ✅✅✅An amphipathic molecule has what properties? a. it is hydrophilic b. it is hydrophobic c. it is composed of only one type of molecule d. it is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic 72.chemical work - ✅✅✅the happening of non spontaneous reaction 73.transport work - ✅✅✅the pumping of substances against their concentration gradients 74.mechanical work - ✅✅✅the "whipping motion" of a flagella 75.It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions - ✅✅✅Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

[Date] a. Only its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that can release energy b. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions c. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions 76.in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups - ✅✅✅Where in a molecule of ATP is the stored energy that can be used by a cell? a. within its five carbon sugar, ribose b. in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups c. within the nitrogen-containing base, adenine 77.by changing the structure and therefore the shape of the enzyme - ✅✅✅How does a non-competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction? a. By decreasing the activation energy of the reaction b. By binding to the active site of the enzyme c. By acting as a coenzyme for the reaction d. by changing the structure and therefore the shape of the enzyme e. By changing the free energy of the reaction 78.add more enzyme - ✅✅✅If an enzyme solution is saturated with substrate, what is the most effective way to obtain an even faster product yield? a. add more substrate b. heat the solution to 90 C c. add a noncompetitive inhibitor

[Date] d. add an allosteric inhibitor e. add more enzyme 79.potential energy - ✅✅✅The energy stored within an ATP molecule is? 80.exergonic - ✅✅✅What type of reaction releases energy that could be used for other work? 81.energy cannot be transferred without some energy loss - ✅✅✅The second energy law includes the fact that ________. 82.potential, kinetic - ✅✅✅Energy that is stored is ___________ energy, while energy in motion is ________ energy. 83.true - ✅✅✅T or F? You can consider glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway because oxygen is not consumed in the process. 84.Mitochondria and cytosol/cytoplasm - ✅✅✅The site of cellular respiration in plant cells is the? 85.exergonic, endergonic - ✅✅✅In energy coupling the energy from an ________ reaction is used to power an _________ reaction. 86.true - ✅✅✅T or F? In eukaryotes, glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria.

[Date] 87.true - ✅✅✅T or F? In some bacteria, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the cytoplasm and the electron transport chain is located in the plasma membrane. 88.transmembrane proteins, transport proteins - ✅✅✅What type(s) of proteins are involved in controlling the passage of glucose into a cell? (Check all that apply) a. transmembrane proteins b. transport proteins c. GLUT d. peripheral proteins 89.because CO2 is released - ✅✅✅Fermentation that leads to the production of ethanol is often referred to as anaerobic respiration, why? a. because O2 is consumed b. because it involves the glycolytic pathway c. because CO2 is released d. because pyruvate is consumed 90.glucose, fats, and proteins - ✅✅✅Which of the following types of food can be oxidized by aerobic respiration? 91.high levels of ATP, low levels of NAD+ - ✅✅✅Which of the following conditions would regulate the rate at which glycolysis occurs in a cell? (Check all that apply) a. high levels of ATP

[Date] b. high levels of AMP/ADP c. high levels of NADH d. low levels of NAD+ 92.true - ✅✅✅T or F? Mature mammalian red blood cells are not capable of aerobic respiration—the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen—and glycolysis is their sole source of ATP. 93.exergonic - ✅✅✅Substrate level phosphorylation uses the energy from what type of reaction to energize ATP? a. electrochemical b. exergonic c. electrogenic d. endergonic 94.true - ✅✅✅T or F? Aerobic respiration generates more energy than does anaerobic respiration or fermentation. 95.false - ✅✅✅T or F? Because they have chloroplasts for energy production, plant cells lack mitochondria. 96.it evolved early on, is found in nearly all living organisms, and is likely the most widespread pathway among organisms - ✅✅✅Which of the following is true of glycolysis? (Select the best answer) a. it is probably the most widespread pathway in organisms b. it occurs in nearly all living organisms

[Date] c. it evolved after organisms became eukaryotic and thus is found only in eukaryotes d. it evolved early on, is found in nearly all living organisms and is likely the most widespread pathway among organisms e. it evolved early on in the history of life on earth f. it is only found in eukaryotic organisms 97.glycogen, amino acids, proteins - ✅✅✅What type of molecules can be used to synthesize ATP in cellular respiration? Choose all that apply 98.ionic bonds are created between ions; ionic bonds are formed by transfer (receiving or losing) electrons; covalent bonds are the result of the sharing of electrons - ✅✅✅How are ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? a. ionic bonds are created between ions b. ionic bonds are formed by transfer of (receiving or losing) electrons c. it takes less energy to break an ionic bond d. covalent bonds are the result of the sharing of electrons 99.nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group - ✅✅✅what is a nucleotide composed of?

100. eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA that is bound to histones, prokaryotic chromosomes are not linear, prokaryotic chromosomes do not contain telomeres - ✅✅✅How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes? a. eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA that is bound to histones b. prokaryotic chromosomes are not linear

[Date] c. prokaryotic chromosomes can be replicated in both the 3' to 5' and the 5' to 3' directions d. prokaryotic chromosomes do not contain telomeres

101. all molecules with one parental and one new strand - ✅✅✅In the semiconservative replication of DNA, progeny DNA molecules consist of: a. one-half of the molecules with two parental strands and one-half of the molecules with two new strands b. all molecules with one parental and one new strand c. all molecules with interspersed parental and new segments d. all molecules with two new strands
102. nucleotide excision repair - ✅✅✅Xeroderma pigmentosum in humans is associated with an error in what repair mechanism? a. DNA proofreading b. nucleotide excision repair c. mismatch repair
103. replication is faster in prokaryotes, the eukaryotic genome is much larger - ✅✅✅How does the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes differ from DNA replication in prokaryotes? a. prokaryotes have a greater number of DNA polymerases b. replication is faster in prokaryotes c. the replication steps vary between prokaryotes and eukaryotes d. the eukaryotic genome is much larger

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104. they detect the non-methylated strand - ✅✅✅In E. coli bacteria how much do mismatch repair enzymes recognize which of the two bases is the incorrect one? a. they recognize unsealed nicks in the strand b. they detect where the replication proteins are still attached c. they detect the on-methylated strand d. they detect the methylated strand
105. true - ✅✅✅T or F? In order for Eukaryotic DNA to be replicated it must be modified so that it slides off of the histones.
106. transition substitution - ✅✅✅mutations in which a purine is replaces with a different purine, or a pyrimidine is replaced by a different pyrimidine.
107. point mutations - ✅✅✅mutations that affect a single base pair
108. silent - ✅✅✅mutations that have no visible effect
109. transversion substitution - ✅✅✅mutations in which a purine is replaced with a different pyrimidine or vice versa
110. histones - ✅✅✅In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around __________.
111. an internal solution in the cytoplasm, a cell membrane containing phospholipids, ribosomes, genetic material - ✅✅✅Which of the following features do all cells share?

[Date] a. a nucleus b. an internal solution in the cytoplasm c. a cell membrane containing phospholipids d. genetic material

112. a nucleus - ✅✅✅What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don't?
113. shorter; active - ✅✅✅Cancerous cells have been found to have ________ telomeres and that telomerase is ________ in these cells.
114. telomere shortening is associated with aging, telomeres contain repetitive sequences that do not code for a particular gene - ✅✅✅Which of the following statements are true statements concerning telomeres? a. telomere shortening is associated with aging b. telomeres contain repetitive sequences that do not code for a particular gene c. telomeres are synthesized in telomerase in adult somatic cells d. telomeres on the leading strand shorten after each round of DNA replication
115. DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive - ✅✅✅Suppose radioactive (isotope-labeled) thymine was added to an actively dividing culture of E. coli. What would happen if a cell replicated in the presence of this radioactive base?

[Date] a. One of the daughter cells but not the other would have radioactive DNA b. Radioactive thymine would pair with nonradioactive guanine c. All four bases of the DNA would be radioactive d. DNA in both daughter cells would be radioactive e. Neither of the two daughter cells would be radioactive

116. uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand - ✅✅✅DNA replication: a. results in the formation of four new DNA strands. b. occurs through the addition of nucleotides to one end of the parental DNA molecule. c. begins when two DNA molecules join together to exchange segments. d. uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand.
117. true - ✅✅✅T or F? Once an error in the DNA is replicated, the sequence change is much likely permanent in the daughter molecule and any subsequent copies.
118. DNA polymerase - ✅✅✅What enzyme in DNA synthesis:
119. Catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA
120. helicase - ✅✅✅What enzyme in DNA synthesis:
121. Untwists the double helix at the replication fork.

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122. nuclease - ✅✅✅What enzyme in DNA synthesis:
123. Is the DNA cutting enzyme involved in repairing the DNA
124. DNA ligase - ✅✅✅What enzyme in DNA synthesis:
125. Joins the lagging strand segments together
126. primase - ✅✅✅What enzyme in DNA synthesis:
127. Synthesizes a primer of RNA for the lagging strand
128. topoisomerase - ✅✅✅Relieves strain in the DNA ahead of the replication fork
129. DNA polymerase - ✅✅✅During proofreading which enzyme is responsible for reading the DNA? a. DNA polymerase b. DNA ligase c. DNA primase d. Topoisomerase
130. dATP contains the sugar deoxyribose - ✅✅✅How does dATP differ from ATP?

[Date] a. dATP contains the sugar ribose b. dATP does not contain as much energy as ATP c. dATP is a nucleoside and ATP is not d. dATP contains the sugar deoxyribose

131. to join Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand - ✅✅✅What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication? a. To catalyze the lengthening of telomeres b. To unwind the parental double helix c. To synthesize RNA nucleotides to make a primer d. to join Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand e. to stabilize the unwound parental DNA
132. that the amount of A is always equivalent to T, that the relative proportion of each of the four bases differs from species to species - ✅✅✅Chargaff's analysis of the relative base composition of DNA was significant because he was able to show that? a. that the amount of A is always equivalent to T b. that the relative proportion of each of the four bases differs from species to species c. that the human genome is more complex than that of other species d. that the amount of C is always equivalent to T
133. plasma membranes composed predominantly of phospholipids, ribosomes that function to synthesize proteins, genetic materials that contain information for creating cellular components - ✅✅✅What features are shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?