CGSC 1001 EXAM PREPARATIONS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS WITH LATEST UPDATES 2023/2024, Exams of Brain and Cognitive Science

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Question 2

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Question 3

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text Why do children sometimes get upset at their imaginary friends? Select one:

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Question 1

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text What is echolocation? Select one: a. The ability to determine the origin of a sound b. The ability to derive spatial information from reflected sound c. The ability to determine which surfaces create echos Feedback The correct answer is: The ability to derive spatial information from reflected sound Question text Flash cards are more effective than reviewing facts by just reading because: Select one: a. Physically manipulating the cards makes the knowledge more concrete b. Reading has been shown to be an ineffective means of learning c. Guessing answers before seeing correct answers facilitates learning Feedback The correct answer is: Guessing answers before seeing correct answers facilitates learning

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Feedback The correct answer is: Because the imaginary friend seems to be acting on its own, independent of the will of the child

Question 4

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Question 5

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Question 6

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text Because a lack of nutrition is detected by the brain, which responds with a To satisfy their hunger Because people need food to survive behavioural encouragement of eating through hunger Question text Which is an example of an ultimate (as opposed to the proximate) explanation for why people ea Select one: Because the imaginary friend seems to be acting on its own, independent of Children never get upset at their imaginary friends Because children believe their imaginary friends are real the will of the child

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Feedback The correct answer is: Because people need food to survive Question text What is true of automatization? Select one: a. Automatic behaviours are more flexible than deliberate ones b. Automatization makes you more prone to error while completing a task c. It frees up your limited resource of conscious attention Feedback The correct answer is: It frees up your limited resource of conscious attention

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Question 8

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Question 9

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Which of the following is among the criticisms of neuroscience? Select one: a. It's too applied and doesn't tell us enough about basic research b. It leans too far towards nature in the nature/nurture debate c. It is overly optimistic about the future of AI Feedback The correct answer is: It leans too far towards nature in the nature/nurture debate Question text Which of the following is a disorder of imagination? Select one: a. Being unable to imagine colours because of frontal lobe damage b. Being unable to imagine odd numbers c. Fantasizing too much Feedback The correct answer is: Fantasizing too much Question text Which statement is true about Cognitive Science? Select one: a. Physics contributes a great deal to it b. It is the study of only human minds at a behavioural level c. It is an information processing view of mind Feedback The correct answer is: It is an information processing view of mind

Question 10

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Question 11

Incorrect Marked out of 1. Weak. There is no conclusive scientific evidence that people have different Weak. Most people visualize the words they hear, so a lecture would result in c. Strong. There is strong evidence that people have different learning styles visual stimulation learning styles Question text Susan is in her first year of university and taking a psychology course. After receiving a C on her Select one:

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Which statement is true about dreaming? Select one: a. There is good empirical evidence that we dream metaphorically b. Dreams only occur in REM sleep c. NREM dreams are shorter Feedback The correct answer is: NREM dreams are shorter Feedback The correct answer is: Weak. There is no conclusive scientific evidence that people have different learning styles Question text Suppose Andrea imagines going to the Bahamas two years from now. How would it probably be different than if she imagined going to the Bahamas two years ago? Select one: a. It would have less detail b. It would be less prototypical c. It would involve more of her desires and aspirations Feedback

Question 12

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Question 13

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Question 14

Correct Marked out of 1. a. It can successfully generate causal scientific predictions using the ontology of its level Question text How can we assess whether a given level of analysis is legitimate? Select one:

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The correct answer is: It would have less detail Question text When you look at a brick wall, you notice that bricks that are farther away look smaller than bricks that are close. This effect is called Select one: a. Active vision b. A texture gradient c. Ocular convergence Feedback The correct answer is: A texture gradient Question text What is a reasonable explanation for why we do not take particular notice of bizarreness during dreams? Select one: a. The relative deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. The relative activation of the claudate nucleus c. Because of chaotic input from the brainstem Feedback The correct answer is: The relative deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Feedback The correct answer is: It can successfully generate causal scientific predictions using the ontology of its level

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Question 16

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Question 17

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text Which is an example of template matching? b. It is as reductive as possible while still being consistent with the ontology of its c. Its relationship to the levels immediately above and below it is predictive of the ontology o level

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Question text Intuition is often the result of: Select one: a. Conscious case-based reasoning b. The functioning of old-brain processes c. Reasoning about recently acquired declarative knowledge Feedback The correct answer is: The functioning of old-brain processes Question text A guiding metaphor of current cognitive science is that the mind is like: Select one: a. A computer b. A computer program c. A quantum computer Feedback The correct answer is: A computer program

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Question 20

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Select one: a. The alignment of the elements of two similar objects b. Counting the overlap of pixels of two images c. The temporary comparison of lists of facts Feedback The correct answer is: Counting the overlap of pixels of two images Question text Which thought experiment attempts to show that computers cannot be conscious? Select one: a. Nagel's "What is it like to be a bat" b. Putnam's "Twin Earth" c. Searle's "The Chinese Room" Feedback The correct answer is: Searle's "The Chinese Room" Question text Which field has experimentation as its primary methodology? Select one: a. Linguistics b. Psychology c. Artificial intelligence Feedback The correct answer is: Psychology

Feedback The correct answer is: He would eat less of it

Question 2

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Question text Which statement is true about dreaming? He would eat less of it There would be no effect He would eat more of it Question text Pablo loves pizza. Pablo vividly imagines eating a slice of pizza. What would happen if, after this, Select one:

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Which of the following characterizes sleep paralysis? Select one: a. times during sleep when dreaming does not happen b. an inability to sleep c. feelings of terror Feedback The correct answer is: feelings of terror Started on Friday, 24 July 2020, 6:09 PM State Finished Completed on Friday, 24 July 2020, 6:33 PM Time taken 23 mins 58 secs Grade 15.00 out of 20.00 ( 75 %)

Question 1

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.

Feedback The correct answer is: NREM dreams are shorter

Question 3

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: Olfaction

Question 4

Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: Sexual selection Dreams only occur in REM sleep NREM dreams are shorter There is good empirical evidence that we dream metaphorically Select one: Kinesthesis Haptics Olfaction Question text Which of the following senses do we use to perceive chemicals? Select one: Sexual selection Natural selection Exaptation Question text Alicia has a family with Bob because he is funny. This is an example of what? Select one:

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Question 5

Feedback The correct answer is: Preferences in sexual selection for less violent people

Question 6

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: Marine creatures

Question 7

Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1. Cultural change to less violent societies Preferences in sexual selection for less violent people Reproduction laws of ancient monarchs Question text The theory of self-domestication holds that human beings became less violent through what me Select one: Land dinosaurs Recently extinct animals Marine creatures Question text Ninety-five percent of animal fossils are from Select one: a. Meat contains natural hormones that increase intelligence Question text How did the fact that we are carnivorous affect the evolution of our intelligence? Select one:

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Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.

Feedback The correct answer is: Big kills encourage socialization

Question 8

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: The flashcard software will test you on concepts right before you’re most likely to forget them

Question 9

Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: By changing the environment in ways that change what fitness means b. Big kills encourage socialization c. Carnivores need fewer teeth, freeing up head space for brain matter The flashcard software ensures you review each card with equal frequency The flashcard software can test you in different ways, in order to improve your c. The flashcard software will test you on concepts right before you’re most likely to forget them memory about the concept Question text How can flashcard software make use of research findings on forgetting curves? Select one: By changing the environment in ways that change what fitness means It cannot Cultural practices can change the genetic code by releasing hormones, causing epigenesis Question text How can culture affect genetic evolution? Select one:

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Feedback The correct answer is: deontological and utilitarian, respectively

Question 11

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: Tragedy of the commons

Question 12

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Question text What is Neoteny? selfishness and altruism, respectively The question makes no sense. It is the right and left hemispheres that show c. deontological and utilitarian, respectively differences in moral reasoning, not the new and old parts of the brain Question text According to studies by Joshua Greene, the old and new brain areas specialize in what kinds of m Select one: Tragedy of the commons Reciprocal altruism Paradox of cooperation Question text Suppose four houses all have access to the same pool area. Over time, nobody cleans up the are Select one:

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Question 10

Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.

Feedback The correct answer is: The retention of juvenile traits in adulthood

Question 13

Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: No, because humans are more helpless when born

Question 14

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: They are “expensive” to the organism and don’t serve any functional purpose The retention of juvenile traits in adulthood The tendency to believe hypothetical evidence A female desire to mate with aggressive males a. No, because baby monkeys resemble adult monkeys more than baby humans b. Yes c. No, because humans are more helpless when born resemble adult humans Question text Are humans more precocious than monkeys? Select one: Lack of diversity makes other traits consistently dominant over time They increase the likelihood of mutations in the population. The traits don’t c. They are “expensive” to the organism and don’t serve any functional purpose evolve away, they just aren’t expressed physically Question text Why do phenotypes (traits) that are useless often “evolve away” over time? Select one:

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Feedback The correct answer is: Automatization

Question 16

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: Adaptationism

Question 17

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Question text What is "reductionism?" Inference Automatization A mental schema Question text A person can type on a keyboard without thinking about where to put their fingers. What is this a Select one: Substrate Neutrality Adaptationism Natural Selection Question text If someone suggests a reason for a particular phenotype, what intellectual approach is that pers Select one:

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Question 15

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.

Feedback The correct answer is: The belief that higher level explanations will be deducible from regularities at lower levels

Question 18

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answers are: Low impulse control leading to theft, Greed leading to oppression, Overeating leading to obesity

Question 19

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. a. The meta-scientific preference for simple theories, also known as Occam's b. The process by which the brain prunes neurons to become more efficient c. The belief that higher level explanations will be deducible from regularities at lower levels razor Low impulse control leading to theft Greed leading to oppression Overeating leading to obesity Question text Jen describes her political leanings as right-wing. What would we predict Jen to be more morally a Select one: It is the study of only human minds at a behavioural level It is an information processing view of mind Physics contributes a great deal to it Question text Which statement is true about Cognitive Science? Select one:

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Question 20

Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1. Feedback The correct answer is: Under time pressure people make more prosocial decisions Where does vision primarily happen in the brain? Select one: ( ) a. It appears to be evenly distributed across the brain areas. (X) b. In the back ( ) c. In the front Feedback The correct answer is: In the back

Question 2

Incorrect Marked out of 1. Question text What is a way to remove a person's consciousness of something they are doing? Under time pressure people make more prosocial decisions Right-wing political views are associated with more moral foundations than c. People become more or less deontological depending on which path they take through the moral stages left-wing views Question text Which of the following has been found to be true AND is evidence that morality evolved? Select one:

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Feedback The correct answer is: It is an information processing view of mind

Feedback The correct answer is: Have them repeat the activity many times

Question 3

Incorrect Marked out of 1. Question text Which statement best describes dreams in non-REM sleep? Select one: ( ) a. They are longer than REM dreams (X) b. They are accompanied by rapid movement of the eyes ( ) c. They tend to be dull Feedback The correct answer is: They tend to be dull

Question 4

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text When does a downward counterfactual reduce happiness? Select one: (X) a. When the person imagining thinks "that could have been me" ( ) b. When the downward emotion is twice as bad as the current positive emotion ( ) c. Never. Thinking about how your life could be worse reliably makes one Feedback The correct answer is: When the person imagining thinks "that could have been me"

Question 5

Correct

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Select one: ( ) a. Surgically remove their cerebellum ( ) b. Have them repeat the activity many times (X) c. Have them multitask (for example, count backwards from 700) during the activity

Question text What sub-field of computer science is most relevant to cognitive science? Select one: ( ) a. Algorithms ( ) b. Programming languages (X) c. Artificial intelligence Feedback The correct answer is: Artificial intelligence

Question 6

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text What is a common trait of dreams? Select one: (X) a. Scene shifts often result in emotional changes ( ) b. Technology fails more often within the dream ( ) c. Dreams are more difficult to remember if dairy or spicy food is eaten before bed Feedback The correct answers are: Scene shifts often result in emotional changes, Technology fails more often within the dream, Dreams are more difficult to remember if dairy or spicy food is eaten before bed

Question 7

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text In a neural network perception system, each pixel in an image might correspond to what? Select one: ( ) a. Units in the hidden layer ( ) b. Demons in a pandemonium (X) c. Units in the input layer

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Question 8

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text Which is created first in the mind: imagination or imagery? Select one: (X) a. Imagination, then imagery ( ) b. Imagery, then imagination ( ) c. There is no particular order required Feedback The correct answer is: Imagination, then imagery

Question 9

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text Flash cards are more effective than reviewing facts by just reading because: Select one: ( ) a. Physically manipulating the cards makes the knowledge more concrete ( ) b. Reading has been shown to be an ineffective means of learning Feedback The correct answer is: Guessing answers before seeing correct answers facilitates learning

Question 10

Correct Marked out of 1. Question text Which is a characteristic of non-REM sleep? Select one:

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Feedback The correct answer is: Units in the input layer

Feedback The correct answer is: Its dreams are short

Question 11

Correct Marked out of 1.00 Question text The area of our retina that is responsible for detecting peripheral vision is mostly composed of Select one: ( ) a. Cones during the day and rods during the night ( ) b. Cones (X) c. Rods Feedback The correct answer is: Rods

Question 12

Correct Marked out of 1.00 Question text One theory holds that consciousness consists of those parts of thinking that are available to many sub- processes of the mind. What is this theory called? Select one: ( ) a. Multiple drafts model (X) b. Global workspace model ( ) c. Blackboard architecture Feedback The correct answer is: Global workspace model

Question 13

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(X) a. Its dreams are short ( ) b. The absence of rapid eye movement means that dreams tend to have just one point of view ( ) c. Its dreams have metaphorical meaning that can be explored in therapy

Feedback The correct answer is: It leans too far towards nature in the nature/nurture debate

Question 14

Incorrect Marked out of 1.00 Question text What is "reductionism?" Select one: (X) a. The process by which the brain prunes neurons to become more efficient ( ) b. The belief that higher level explanations will be deducible from regularities at lower levelsFeedback ( ) c. The meta-scientific preference for simple theories, also known as Occam's razor The correct answer is: The belief that higher level explanations will be deducible from regularities at lower levels

Question 15

Incorrect Marked out of 1.00 Question text Suppose Andrea imagines going to the Bahamas two years from now. How would it probably be different than if she imagined going to the Bahamas two years ago? Select one: ( ) a. It would have less detail (X) b. It would involve more of her desires and aspirations ( ) c. It would be less prototypical

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Question text Which of the following is among the criticisms of neuroscience? Select one: (X) a. It leans too far towards nature in the nature/nurture debate ( ) b. It's too applied and doesn't tell us enough about basic research ( ) c. It is overly optimistic about the future of AI Feedback

Question 16

Correct Marked out of 1.00 Question text As things become automatic, they become: Select one: ( ) a. Easier, slower, and less conscious (X) b. Easier, faster, and less conscious ( ) c. Easier, faster, and more Feedback The correct answer is: Easier, faster, and less conscious

Question 17

Incorrect Marked out of 1.00 Question text Why do we need to explain learning at the cognitive level? Select one: ( ) a. The explanation of certain behaviours without the language of information processing is vague ( ) b. We need to understand the biological structure of brain (X) c. We need to understand the non-causal, statistical models for learning Feedback The correct answer is: The explanation of certain behaviours without the language of information processing is vague

Question 18

Incorrect Marked out of 1.00 Question text Which of the following is an example of a reductionist view? Select one:

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The correct answer is: It would have less detail

Feedback The correct answer is: A biologist is dismissive of psychological models of memory because she believes everything in the brain will eventually be understood at the level of the neuron

Question 19

Correct Marked out of 1.00 Question text What is true of flash cards? Select one: ( ) a. The reinterpretation necessary for making flash cards hinders understanding ( ) b. Flash cards should always be studied in the same order to increase accuracy Feedback The correct answer is: If unknown, guessing an answer before it is shown to you increases retention

Question 20

Incorrect Marked out of 1.00 Question text How does cognitive science differ from psychology? Select one: ( ) a. Cognitive science involves multiple disciplines ( ) b. There is no difference (X) c. There are cognitive topics, such as memory, that psychology studies but cognitive science does not Feedback The correct answer is: Cognitive science involves multiple disciplines

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(X) a. A psychologist is dismissive of biological models of memory because she believes memory is far too complicated to be described by the arrangement of neurons ( ) b. A biologist is dismissive of psychological models of memory because she believes everything in the brain will eventually be understood at the level of the neuron ( ) c. Some phenomena are better understood by one domain (e.g., psychology), while other phenomena are better understood by others (e.g., biology)

Feedback The correct answer is: It leans too far towards nature in the nature/nurture debate

Question 2

Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Question text Our political views are mostly determined by what? Select one: (X) a. how our parents raise us ( ) b. genes ( ) c. what we read Feedback The correct answer is: genes

Question 3

Incorrect Mark 0.00 out of 1.00 Question text Psychologists distinguish between memory that is in a longer term store versus several shorter term stores. What is the nature of a longer term storage of a visual scene you see? Select one: (X) a. Long-term visual memories are stored in the cerebellum ( ) b. It is stored as a vivid picture ( ) c. It is stored as a set of facts

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Which of the following is among the criticisms of neuroscience? Select one: ( ) a. It is overly optimistic about the future of AI (X) b. It leans too far towards nature in the nature/nurture debate ( ) c. It's too applied and doesn't tell us enough about basic research