Introduction to Psychology: Branches, Approaches, and Research Methods, Exams of Psychology

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chapter 1 intro to psychology (exam 1)

psychology - the science of behavior and mental processes empiricism - the idea that knowledges should be acquired through careful observation theory - a collection of interrelated ideas and observations that together describe, explain, and predict behavior or mental processes psychoanalytic - problems are a consequence of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and forces of which a person may be unaware behaviorist - behavior can be predicted and controlled though the principles of learning humanistic - each human being's experience is unique, and humans are drawn toward becoming better cognitive - thoughts form the basis for human behavior biopsychology - the nervous system and heredity affect behavior and mental processes, including emotions, thoughts, and sensory experiences

social and cultural - social and cultural context influences a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings evolutionary - over the course of generations, the human brain and behavior have adapted in ways that allow the species to survive structuralism - developed by Titchener- the school of psychological thought that considered the structure and elements of immediate, conscious experience to be the proper subject matter of psychology. functionalism - developed by William James-the school of psychological thought that was an outgrowth of structuralism and was concerned with how the mind functions and how this functioning is related to consciousness Gestalt psychology - developed by Max Wertheimer- the school of psychological thought that argued that it is necessary to study a person's total experience, not just parts of the mind or behavior, since conscious experience is more than simply the sum of it's parts behaviorism - developed by John Watson- the approach to psychology that focuses on describing and measuring only what is observable, either directly or through assessment instruments humanistic psychology - the psychological perspective that emphasizes positive human values and people's inherent tendency toward personal growth. cognitive psychology - the psychological perspective that focuses on the mental processes involved in perception, learning, memory and thinking

psychiatrist - physician (medical doctor) specializing in the treatment of mental or emotional disorders psychologist - professional who studies behavior and mental processes and uses behavioral principles in scientific research or in applied setting scientific method - the technique used in psychology and other sciences to discover knowledge about human behavior and mental processes 1-state the problem 2-develop a hypothesis 3-design a study 4-collect and analyze data 5-draw conclusions and report results independent variable - the condition that the experimenter directly and intentionally manipulates to see what changes occur as a result of the manipulation dependent variable - the behavior or response that is expected to change because of the manipulation of the independent variable experimental group - in an experiment, the group of participants who receive some level of the independent variable as treatment control group -

in an experiment, the comparison group- the group of participants who are tested on the dependent variable in the same way as the experimental group but who receive the standard treatment descriptive research methods - the type of research that involves describing existing events rather than performing a manipulation of an independent variable and observing changes can't infer a cause-and-effect relationship case study - gathering extensive data on one person of interest naturalistic observation - studying behavior in its natural setting survey - collecting self-report data from a large representative sample of the population correlational study - identifying statistical relationships among two or more variables objectivity - evaluating research and theory on their merits, without any preconceived ideas or biases replicability - confirmation of findings by repeated observations that yield similar conclusions ethical research with humans - 1-voluntary, informed consent to participate 2-right to withdraw at any time without penalty

3-protection from harm 4-confidentiality of data 5-knoweldge of general research conclusions 6-beneficial treatment, when treatment is being evaluated 7-minimal deception only when necessary, and with full debriefing Jobs in psychology - -mental health services -education -research -management -educational services -applied psychology