chapter 1 test bank anatomy & physiology, Exams of Advanced Education

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chapter 1 test bank anatomy

& physiology

The study of normal body structures is called - anatomy The study of how the body functions is called - physiology Feeling for swollen lymph nodes is an example of auscultation - false We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). - true Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens - false Feeling structures with your fingertips is called_________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called_________ - palpation; percussion Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus? - sonography The study of the structure and function of cells is called - cytology Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the - molecule The study of how hormones function is called - endocrinology The study of mechanism of disease is called - pathophysiology All functions of the body can be interpreted as the effects of cellular activity. - true

The hypothetico-deductive method is common in physiology, whereas the inductive method is common in anatomy. - true What is the process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject called? - the inductive method Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of_________ - hypothetico-deductive reasoning The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure_________. - objective + reliable results Which process submits a scientist's ideas to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published? - peer review A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n) - placebo Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the_________ group. - control An individual scientific fact has more information than a theory - false An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n)_________. A) scientific method

• hypothesis Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge? - a theory

Evolutionary (Darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past. true - true If a species of animal evolves over generations to grow a large fan-blade like growth on its back to catch the wind and cool its body, this would be an example of responding to_________. - selection pressure The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology - false What is a change in the genetic composition of a population over time called? - evolution The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of_________. - evolution What is the principal theory of how evolution works? - natural selection Stereoscopic vision provides_________. - depth perception Most primates are_________, meaning they live in trees. - arboreal Which of the following was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking? - spinal + pelvic anatomy A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to_ - skeleton adaptations to bipedalism What is the species of modern humans - homo sapiens Organs are made of tissues. - true A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle) - false

An_________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas_________ are microscopic structures in a cell. - organ; organelles Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest? - organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex? - protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach A(n)_________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function. - tissue All of the following are human organ systems except _____ - epidermal All of the following are organs except - the digestive system Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to_________ thinking about human physiology. - reductionist Which of the following approaches understanding the human body by studying the interactions of its parts? - reductionism What is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts? - holism The fact that most of us have 24 ribs, but some people have 23, 26, or more, is an example of what type of variation among organisms? - anatomical Why does a surgeon need to be familiar with different versions of anatomy? - anatomical variation Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things. - false

What are the simplest body structures considered alive? - cells Metabolism is the sum of all_________ change. - internal chemical The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of_________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of_________. - growth; differentiation A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. What is this is an example of? - physiological variation Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation? (age, gender, environment, physical activity) - these are all aspects that can cause physiological variation We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called_ - homeostasis What are the three common components of a feedback loop? A) Stimulus, integrating (control) center, and organ system - receptor, integrating (control) center, + effector Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body. - false During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of_ - negative feedback Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of_ - negative feedback Negative feedback loops are_ - homeostatic mechanisms

Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body's physiological variables gets out of balance. - false When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of__ - positive feedback Which of the following is most likely to cause disease? - positive feedback A physiological_________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another. - gradient Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of_________ concentration. - higher; lower Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient? - tissue What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences? - electrochemical gradient Modern anatomical language is based on what two languages because individuals speaking these languages made most of the early anatomical discoveries? - greek + latin Anatomists around the world adhere to a lexicon of standard international terms which stipulates both Latin names and accepted English equivalents. - true The term fallopian tube (uterine tube) is an example of__ - an acronym Lou Gehrig disease is the eponym for Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis, made famous by the "ice bucket challege." - true

The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is_ - called terminologia anatomica (TA) The prefix hypo- means_________, whereas hyper- means_____ - below; above What does "hypercalcemia" mean? - elevated calcium levels Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning. - true DNA is an example of an_________, whereas PET scan is an example of an_________. - abbreviation; acronym The plural of axilla (armpit) is_________, whereas the plural of appendix is__ - axillae; appencies The plural of villus (hair) is_________, whereas the plural of diagnosis is_ - villi; diagnoses Why is precise spelling important in anatomy? - there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures The ileum is _________, whereas the ilium is _________. - part of the small intestine; part of the hip bone What is the name of the highlighted organ? - liver What is the name of the highlighted organ? - kidney Which letter represents the receptor of this feedback loop? - c Which letter represents the effector of this feedback loop? - e Where in this feedback loop is homeostasis present - e

This feedback loop is an example of which of the following? - negative feedback Which letter represents a pressure gradient? - a Which letter represents a thermal gradient? - d Which picture depicts glucose flowing down a chemical gradient into an intestinal cell? - c Ions would move down which of these gradients? - d What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter E? - cell What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter E? - organ system What is the study of the structure at E called? - cytology What is the study of the structure at F called? - histology A ribosome is an example of which level of structural hierarchy? - d The integumentary system is an example of which level of structural hierarchy? - e A lymph node is an example of which level of structural hierarchy? - g In this feedback loop, what is the receptor? - brain In this feedback loop, what is the effector? - uterine muscles

This is an example of which of the following? - positive feedback The smallest particles with unique chemical properties, called ______ are composed of neutrons and protons in a centralized nucleus with electrons in surrounding concentric clouds. - atoms Two or more atoms make up a(n) _______and are exemplified by groups of macromolecules known as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. - molecule Together, molecules form much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles. These are collectively referred to as - organelle The smallest unit of life is the _______, which is comprised of multiple organelles and macromolecules. - cell Collections of like cells performing a similar function are called_________They are divided into four major categories: connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscular. - tissues Multiple, different tissue types working together are called - organs The digestive organs are an example of a(n)_______in that they are multiple, different organs working together to carry out a similar function. - organ system A complete, single_______represents the largest division of hierarchical organization. - organism Every member of the same species has the exact same anatomical structure. - false Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections - coronal/frontal Divides the body into equal left and right halves - midsagittal Divides the body into superior and inferior sections - transverse

Divides the body into unequal left and right sections - parasagittal