Chapter 11 of Final Exam | BIOL 1001 - GENERAL BIOLOGY, Quizzes of Biology

Download Chapter 11 of Final Exam | BIOL 1001 - GENERAL BIOLOGY and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 genes DEFINITION 1 segments of DNA located on chromosomesunit of inheritancedetermine inheritable traits among individuals within a species TERM 2 DNA DEFINITION 2 deoxyribonucleic acidmolecules of heredity"blueprints for calls"contain genetic info TERM 3 What was discovered about genes in late 1800s? DEFINITION 3 discovery that genes contain genetic info TERM 4 What was discovered about genes in the early 1900s? DEFINITION 4 discovery that genes are part of chromosomeschromosomes only contain DNA & proteins TERM 5 Frederick Griffith DEFINITION 5 tried to make a vaccine (late 1920) TERM 6 vaccines DEFINITION 6 stimulate immunity against disease-causing agent (bacteria, virus, protists) TERM 7 vaccines are made from: DEFINITION 7 weak strain of agent (can't cause disease = avirulent)killed agent (disease-causing agent killed by heat or chemicals) TERM 8 Griffith's vaccine experiment was against? DEFINITION 8 bacterial pneumonia TERM 9 Griffith's vaccine experiment used these 2 strains of bacteria DEFINITION 9 virulent strain (S)avirulent strain (R) TERM 10 virulent strain (S) DEFINITION 10 possesses gene that produces capsule around bacteriacauses penumonia --> death TERM 21 Chargaff's Rule DEFINITION 21 DNA of any given species contains equal amounts of adenine & thymine as well as equal amounts of guanine & cytosineA = TG = C TERM 22 Who discovered DNA structure? (1940s & 50s) DEFINITION 22 PaulingWilkins & FranklinWatson & Crick TERM 23 Pauling (discovering DNA structure) DEFINITION 23 determined proteins coil in single stranded helices TERM 24 Wilkins & Franklin (discovering DNA structure) DEFINITION 24 used x-ray diffractiondetermined DNA is long, thin, helical, twisted, contains repeating subunits TERM 25 Watson & Crick (discovering DNA structure) DEFINITION 25 proposed double helix structure of DNA2 strands of DNA bonded together TERM 26 DNA strand DEFINITION 26 polymer of nucleotides TERM 27 Within a DNA strand: DEFINITION 27 there is a sugar-phosphate backbonecovalent bond between phosphate & sugar of neighboring nucleotides, nitrogen bases extend outwardsnucleotides orient in same direction (results in different ends)"free" phosphate end = 5' (5 prime end)"free" sugar end = 3' (3 prime end) TERM 28 DNA Double Helix DEFINITION 28 2 DNA strands forming a "ladder-like" structurehydrogen bonds form between complimentary nitrogen basesAdenine - ---- ThymineGuanine ----- Cytosine(supports Chargaff's rule) TERM 29 How does DNA encode information? DEFINITION 29 based on sequence of nucleotideseach sequence = set of genetic instructionsorder of nucleotides in gene determines what DNA encodes for TERM 30 DNA replication DEFINITION 30 process in which DNA copies are synthesizedproduces 2 identical DNA helices (1 parental and 1 new strand of DNA)critical in cell cycle (DNA must be copied to pass on cells-- mitosis & meiosis) TERM 31 DNA replication requires: DEFINITION 31 parental DNA strandfree nucleotides (produced in cytoplasm and transported into nucleus)variety of enzymes (unwind parental DNA double helix, synthesize new DNA strands) TERM 32 3 major processes in DNA replication DEFINITION 32 separation of parental DNA strandssynthesis of new DNA strandsjoining of DNA segments TERM 33 SEPARATION of parental DNA strands DEFINITION 33 uses DNA helicase enzymesseparates and unwinds parental DNA helixbreak hydrogen bonds between nitrogen base pairsformation ofreplication bubblereplication forks TERM 34 replication bubble DEFINITION 34 involved in separation of parental DNA strandssections of separated and unwound DNA helix TERM 35 replication forks DEFINITION 35 involved in separation of parental DNA strandsjunction between separated strands and intact helix TERM 46 What happens to mutations that aren't repaired? DEFINITION 46 they pass on to daughter cells TERM 47 Types of Mutations DEFINITION 47 mutations due to nucleotides --- point, insertion, deletionmutations due to rearrangement of DNA ---- inversion, translocation TERM 48 Point Mutations DEFINITION 48 a.k.a. Nucleotide Substitutions, single base substitutionchange in 1 nucleotide --> change in 1 base pairrepair replaces wrong nucleotideif the change is made in the parental DNA and not the daughter, the mutation remains permanent TERM 49 Insertion Mutation DEFINITION 49 1 or more base pairs inserted/added into DNA sequencealters sequence and encoded informationnot repaired during proofreading not recognized as being incorrect, base pairs match up TERM 50 Deletion Mutation DEFINITION 50 1 or more base pairs removed from DNA sequencealters encoded informationnot repaired during proofreading not recognized as being incorrect, base pairs still match up TERM 51 Inversion DEFINITION 51 pieces of DNA cut out of chromosome, turned around, reinsertedalters DNA sequence considerably TERM 52 Translocation DEFINITION 52 pieces of DNA, removed from 1 chromosome, attached to different chromsomealters DNA sequence considerably