Chapter 12 | PSYC 361 - Psychology of Personality, Quizzes of Personality Psychology

Download Chapter 12 | PSYC 361 - Psychology of Personality and more Quizzes Personality Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Cognitive Approaches DEFINITION 1 focueses on the differences in how people thing TERM 2 Personalizing Cognition DEFINITION 2 Prompted to recall a similar event from own life TERM 3 Objectifying Cognition DEFINITION 3 Promted to recall objective facts TERM 4 Cognition DEFINITION 4 General term referring to awareness and thinking, as well as to specific, mental acts such as perceiving, attending to,interpreting, remembering, believing, judging, deciding and anticipating TERM 5 Information processing DEFINITION 5 transformation of sensory input into mental representations and the manipulation of such representations. TERM 6 Interest in Cognitive Topics DEFINITION 6 Ranging from perception to problem solving, represents an information-processing approach to personality. This approach to personality grew rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s.Information processing in personality psychology took hold during an era commonly known as the Information Age TERM 7 Perception DEFINITION 7 First level of cognition.The process of imposing order on the information our sense organs take in. TERM 8 Interpretation DEFINITION 8 Second level of CognitionTha making sense of, or explaining, various events in the world. Interpretation concerns giving meaning to events.The notion of differences in interpretation underlies the rationale for such projective techniques as the Thematic Apperception Test. TERM 9 Conscious Goals DEFINITION 9 Third level of cognitionThe standards that people develop for evaluating themselves and others. People develop specific beliefs about what is important in life and which tasks are appropriate to pursue. TERM 10 Intelligence DEFINITION 10 Final topic in cognitive approaches. Large and controversial. TERM 21 Reducer/Augmenter Theory DEFINITION 21 PetrieThe dimension along which people differ in their reaction to sensory stimulation; some appear to reduce sensory stimulation, whereas some appear to augment stimulation. TERM 22 Augmenters DEFINITION 22 have a nercous system that amplifies or augments the subjective impact of sensory cues TERM 23 Reducers DEFINITION 23 have a nervous system that dampened, or reduced the effects of sensory stimulation. Should be motivated to seek strong stimulation to compensate for their lower sensory reactivity, related to optimal level of arousal. Drink more coffee, smoke more and have a lower threshold for boredom. More frequently consume psychoactive drugs and listen to music at a louder level. TERM 24 Kelly's Personal Construct Theory DEFINITION 24 George KellyBelieved that all people are motivated to understand their circumstances and to be able to predict what will happen to them in the near future.Felt that a primarymotivationfor all people was to find meaning in their life circumstances, and to use this meaning to predict their own future, to anticipate what is likely to happen next.Humans as scientists, people engage in efforts to understand,predict, and control the events in their lives. TERM 25 Constructs DEFINITION 25 summarizes a set of observations and conveys the meaning of those observations. TERM 26 Personal Constructs DEFINITION 26 Kelly's idea was that people have a few key constructs that they habitually apply in interpreting their world, particularly the social world.For kelly, personality consisted in differences in the way people construe the world, particularly the social world.For Kelly all constructs are bipolar. They consist of some characteristic understood against its opposite, or what the person takes to be its opposite. TERM 27 Postmoderninsm DEFINITION 27 an intellectual position grounded in the notion that reality is constructed, that every person and certainly every culture has a version of reality that is unique, and that no single version of reality is any more privileged than another. TERM 28 Fundamental Postulate DEFINITION 28 Kelly's most basic idea.refers to the statement that "a person's processes are psychologically channeled by the ways in which heanticipatesevents"If two people have similar construct systems, they would be psychologically similar.For Kelly, anxiety was the result of not being able to understand and predict life events. In his terms, anxiety is the result of our personal constructs failing to make sense of our circumstances. TERM 29 Locus of Control DEFINITION 29 a concept that describes a person's perception of responsibility for the events in his or her life. More specifically, locus of control refers to whether people tend to locate thatresponsibilityinternally, within themselves, or externally, in fate, luck, or chance. TERM 30 Rotter's belief DEFINITION 30 learning also depended on the degree to which the person valued the particular reinforcer.People also differ in terms of their expectations for reinforcement. TERM 31 Generalized expectancies DEFINITION 31 a person's expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations. When people encounter a new situation, they base their expectancies about what will happen on their generalized expectancies about whether they have the ability to influence events. TERM 32 External Locus of control DEFINITION 32 generalized expectancy that events are outside of one's control. Believe that outcomes largely depend on forces outside of their personal control TERM 33 internal locus of control DEFINITION 33 generalized expectancy that reinforcing events are under one's control and that one is responsible for the major outcomes in life. people high on internal locus of control believe that outcomes depend mainly on their own personal efforts. TERM 34 Specific Expectancies DEFINITION 34 the emphasis is on locus of control in discrete areas of life TERM 35 Learned helplessness DEFINITION 35 Can result whenever people are stuck in an unpleasant situation that is apparently outside of their control. People in learned helplessness don't have to "take it". They need an outside perspective and a new source of optimism. They needsomeonewho can see the situation objectively and who can recommend strategies for solving the problem. TERM 46 Promotion focus DEFINITION 46 in which the person is concerned with advancement, growth, and accomplishments. Behaviors with a promotion focus are characterized by eagerness, approach and going for the gold TERM 47 Prevention Focus DEFINITION 47 in which the person is concerned with protection, safety, and the prevention of negative outcomes and failures. Behaviors with a prevention focus are characterized by vigilance, caution andattemptsto prevent negative outcomes TERM 48 Walter Mischel and the Cognitive-Affective Personality System DEFINITION 48 Argued that people's behavior was more strongly influenced by the situations they were in than by the personality traits they brought to those situations.Reconceptualizes personality not as a collection of traits but as an organization of cognitive and affective activities that influence how people respond to certain kinds of situations. His emphasis is more on personality processes than on statictraits. TERM 49 Achievement view of intelligence DEFINITION 49 One definition of intelligence is associated with educational attainment, how much knowledge a person has acquired, relative to others in his or her age cohort TERM 50 Aptitude view of intelligence DEFINITION 50 More as an ability to become educated, as the ability or aptitude to learn TERM 51 General intelligence DEFINITION 51 single broad factor.G TERM 52 Multiple intelligences DEFINITION 52 seven formsinterpersonal, intrapersonal, kinesthetic, musical, emotional, verbal, mathematical TERM 53 Cultural context of intelligence DEFINITION 53 what is defined as "intelligentbehavior" will obviously differ across cultures. TERM 54 Flynn Effect DEFINITION 54 rise in population IQ scoresbetter nutrition, improvement in education TERM 55 Reverse Flynn effect DEFINITION 55 Decline in IQ scores since 1998 in certain countries, as well as worldwide TERM 56 Inspection time DEFINITION 56 refers to the time it takes a person to make a simple discrimination between tow displayed objects