Chapter 14; Social Psychology | PSY 101 - Introductory Psychology, Quizzes of Psychology

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Attributions Theory

Suggests how we explain the behavior of different people in different situations TERM 2

Dispositional Attribution

DEFINITION 2 A common attributionCrediting behavior to a persons disposition or personality(e.g. Bill hit Tom because he is an aggressive person) TERM 3

Situational Attribution

DEFINITION 3 A common attributionCrediting behavior to a persons situation(e.g. Bill hit Tom because he is abused at home and Tom aggravated him) TERM 4

The Fundamental Attribution Error

DEFINITION 4 The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, when analyzing anothers behaviorThree keys to the fundamental attribution error: underestimate, overestimate, another TERM 5

Attitude

DEFINITION 5 Consists of feedings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

The Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request(e.g. Korean war POWs who became communists) TERM 7

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

DEFINITION 7 Would suggest that we act to reduce the discomfort (or dissonance) we feel when two of our thought (cognitions) are inconsistent TERM 8

Chameleon Effect

DEFINITION 8 Unconsciously mirror the expressions, posture, etc. of others. Its apparent purpose is to help us understand others TERM 9

Conformity

DEFINITION 9 Adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard TERM 10

Normative Social Influence

DEFINITION 10 Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational Social Influence

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality TERM 12

Social Facilitation

DEFINITION 12 Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others TERM 13

Social Loafing

DEFINITION 13 The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable TERM 14

Deindividuation

DEFINITION 14 The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity TERM 15

Groupthink

DEFINITION 15 The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives(e.g. Bush & WMDs, Pearl Harbor)

Group

Polarization

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclination through discussion within the group(e.g. racism in high school) TERM 17

Prejudge

DEFINITION 17 An unjustified (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members TERM 18

Stereotyped

DEFINITION 18 A generalized belief about a group of people Are an essential cognitive shortcut Can be either good or bad Sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized TERM 19

Discrimination

DEFINITION 19 Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members TERM 20

Social Inequality

DEFINITION 20 If a group of people have a greater social power (haves) than the other group in the same society (have-nots), then they rationalize the situation as a 'justified' outcome

In-Group

People with whom we share a common identity TERM 22

Out-Group

DEFINITION 22 Those perceived as different or apart from one's in-group TERM 23

In-Group Bias

DEFINITION 23 The tendency to favor one's own group TERM 24

Scapegoat Theory

DEFINITION 24 The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame TERM 25

Aggression

DEFINITION 25 Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Genetic Influences on Aggression

Twin studies indicate that temper is genetically linked TERM 27

Neural Influences on Aggression

DEFINITION 27 Stimulating certain portions of human brain results in aggressive behavior TERM 28

Biochemical Influences on Aggression

DEFINITION 28 Testosterone has a direct affect on aggression, more testosterone equals more aggression TERM 29

Frustration-Aggression

Principle

DEFINITION 29 States that frustration (the blocking of an attempt to achieve a goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression TERM 30

Conflict

DEFINITION 30 A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Social Trap

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally perusing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviorExample: Pollution, whaling TERM 32

Attraction

DEFINITION 32 A driving psychological force, and yet we still understand little about what makes us attracted to someone TERM 33

The Exposure Effect

DEFINITION 33 Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking TERM 34

Passionate Love

DEFINITION 34 An aroused state of intensity positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a relationship TERM 35

Companionate Love

DEFINITION 35 The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Equity

People receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it TERM 37

Self-Disclosure

DEFINITION 37 Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others TERM 38

Altruism

DEFINITION 38 Unselfish regard for the welfare of others TERM 39

The Bystander Effect

DEFINITION 39 The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present