The Evolution of International Politics: From City-States to Modern International System, Quizzes of Political Science

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what are the two long term developments

that dominated the evolution of today's

international system

the development of a system of sovereign states in Western Europeand the spread of that system to the rest of the world TERM 2

these two developments resulted in what

DEFINITION 2 the entire world contained in a single system of sovereign states TERM 3

many histories of international policies began

with the development of

DEFINITION 3 greek city-states TERM 4

city-state

DEFINITION 4 a state that centers on a single city, rather than a larger territory or a nationA city-state is an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government. TERM 5

for what two reasons was this greek period

important

DEFINITION 5 it was one of the first examples of what later came to be viewed as a system of independent statesit gave rise to one of the earliest known analyses of international politics: the history of the peloponnesian war

the history of the peloponnesian war was

written by

athenian general thucydides TERM 7

peloponnesian

war

DEFINITION 7 The Peloponnesian War, 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.thucydides' study of this war has been influential on later thinking about international relations TERM 8

cause of peloponnesian

war

DEFINITION 8 imbalance of powerthe balance of power in their international politics was the factor on which war and peace depended TERM 9

"the strong do what they can, and the weak

suffer what they must"

DEFINITION 9 athenian general thucydideshe elaborated on the fact that arguments about morality, were simply disguises for the ambitions of states TERM 10

feudal system

DEFINITION 10 came after the collapse of the roman empirethis was a political system in which individuals within a society have obligations based on classthis was a political system in which no single ruler has absolute authority over a given territory

in the feudal system how was political

authority defined if not territorially

personally and religiously TERM 12

local nobles kings and emperors

DEFINITION 12 their power had wider geographic scope but their local authority was limited TERM 13

church of rome

DEFINITION 13 claimed religious authority over all of europe but its practical power was limited TERM 14

westphalian system

DEFINITION 14 the more modern sovereign state system that grew from feudalismsystem of sovereign states that was recognized by the treaty of westphalia in 1648this treaty ended the thirty year warWestphalian sovereignty is the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on two things: territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures TERM 15

what two things did the treaty of westphalia

establish

DEFINITION 15 it recognized the existence of sovereign statesit defined the rights of sovereign states

sovereignty

the principle that each state had complete authority over its territorySovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory TERM 17

what is the internal dimension of sovereignty

and external dimension of sovereignty

DEFINITION 17 internally- no one within a state had the right to challenge the rulers powerexternally- no one outside a territory had the right to say what should go on within that territory TERM 18

pluralism

DEFINITION 18 in religious terms- the acceptance of more than one religiousin political terms- the acceptance that there would be many states, rather than a single empire covering all of europe TERM 19

state

DEFINITION 19 an entity defined by a specific territory within which a single government has authority TERM 20

recognition

DEFINITION 20 very important in the westphalian systemthe acceptance by the international community of a state's sovereignty over its terriroty

2 disadvantages of the sovereignty of the

westphalian system

there is no one to prevent states from attacking one anotherthere is no incentive for states to limit their aggressionthis was because there was no higher power TERM 22

anarchy

DEFINITION 22 s condition in which there is no central ruleranarchy gave birth to the balance of power system TERM 23

balance of

power

DEFINITION 23 a system in which no one state was sufficiently powerful enough to dominate the othersa system in which no single actor is dominantthe distribution of power in such a system is not necessarily equal TERM 24

mercenaries

DEFINITION 24 a small group of armed force that created itself through the nobles classwere used to assassinate kings and other influential political leadersA mercenary, is a person who takes part in an armed conflict based on the promise of material compensation rather than having a direct interest in, or a legal obligation to, the conflict itself TERM 25

law of

war

DEFINITION 25 based on christian doctrines, which raised moral objections to unlimited war, and particularly to the targeting of noncombatantsa doctrine concerning when it is permissible to go to war and what means of conducting war are and are not permissibleThe law of war is a body of law concerning acceptable justifications to engage in war and the limits to acceptable wartime conduct

what 2 developments helped bring about

napoleon's rise in power

nationalism and democracy TERM 27

nationalism

DEFINITION 27 the doctrine that recognizes the nation as a primary unit of political allegiancelarge groups of people who considered themselves to be fundamentally similar to each other and distinct from other groupsclosely linked to nationalism is the principle of self-determination TERM 28

self-determination

DEFINITION 28 the idea that each state should consist of a single nation and each distinct nation should have its own state TERM 29

democracy

DEFINITION 29 the doctrine that the entire population of a nation, rather than a small elite or single monarch, should control government TERM 30

what was the crucial innovation in

revolutionary france

DEFINITION 30 the institution of the levee en masse

levee en masse

a draft, initiated by napoleon following the french revolution, that allowed france to vastly expand its armyit conscripted hundreds of thousands of ordinary french peasants into the french militaryhis tactical innovation was to develop ways of dividing and recombining forces that made huge numbers of troops manageable on the battlefield TERM 32

what affect on international politics did

napoleon leave behind

DEFINITION 32 war became national war, which engaged entire populations against each otherthis "democratization of war," combined with industrialization, lead to massive increases in the size of armies, the scale of combat, and the number of casualties TERM 33

concert of europe

DEFINITION 33 an agreement reached at the congress of vienna in 1815 in which major european powers pledged to cooperate to maintain peace and stabilityThe Concert of Europe, after the Congress of Vienna, was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914), albeit with major alterations after the revolutions of 1848to preserve the status quo TERM 34

concert of europe was the first attempt at

what

DEFINITION 34 from a theoretical perspective, this was the first attempt to practice the emerging liberal approach to international affairs TERM 35

imperialism

DEFINITION 35 refers to a situation in which one country controls another country or territory

what are the two ways imperialism is

achieved

formally and informally TERM 37

formal imperialism

DEFINITION 37 through the creation of an empire and the establishment of colonies TERM 38

informal imperialism

DEFINITION 38 when economic means or military threats are used to control the government of another country TERM 39

nationalism self-determination and

democracy had profound affects on america

(true or false)

DEFINITION 39 true TERM 40

nationalism helped spur a new wave of

DEFINITION 40 colonialismin the second half of the nineteenth centurydriven by the idea that soon all the territory would be taken and slow movers would be forever at a disadvantage

colonialism

a type of imperialism in which the dominating state takes direct control of a territory TERM 42

nationalism had what effect on the concert of

europe

DEFINITION 42 it eroded any remaining influence of it TERM 43

by the end of the twentieth century there was

intense competition among european powers

(true or false)

DEFINITION 43 trueleading to WWI TERM 44

who were the two "sides" in WWI

DEFINITION 44 triple alliance and the triple ententeif one of the states in either alliance were attacked, the other states in its alliance would come to its aid TERM 45

triple alliance powers

DEFINITION 45 germanyaustria-hungryitaly (until 1915)

triple entente powers

great britainfrancerussiaitaly (after 1915)america (after

TERM 47

what was the name of the treaty that ended

WWI

DEFINITION 47 treaty of versailles TERM 48

treaty of versailles also did what

DEFINITION 48 set up the league of nationsredrew germany's boundariesgermany had to pay substantial "reparations" for the harm it had caused in starting the war, and specified numerous limits on germany's ability to rearms in the coming yearsit also established the baltic states TERM 49

baltic states

DEFINITION 49 refers collectively to estonia, latvia, and lithuaniathese states lie on the baltic sea in northern europe, just to the west of russia TERM 50

WWI contributed to the rise of industrial,

military, and financial power in the US (true or

false)

DEFINITION 50 true

called WWI the "war to end all wars"

woodrow wilsonbecause the destruction of that war was so great it had to convince many to find new ways to avoid wars in the future TERM 52

collective security

DEFINITION 52 a doctrine nominally adopted by states after WWI that specified that when one state committed aggression, all other states would join together to attack itpretty much an updated concert of europe agreementCollective security can be understood as a security arrangement, regional or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to, and breaches of, the peace TERM 53

isolationism

DEFINITION 53 most clearly demonstrated by the usthe doctrine that the US interests were best served by playing as little role as possible in world affairsfrom the founding of the republic until the spanish american war of 1898, the doctrine was largely unquestionedbut the japanese bombing of pearl harbor in 1941 is widely viewed as destroying any credibility that the doctrine had left TERM 54

when germany started breaking the treaty of

versailles what did other countries do

DEFINITION 54 nothingthe initial violations weren't extremely consequential andnobody else wanted to go to war unless they absolutely had too so everyone laid low TERM 55

these violations began with

DEFINITION 55 munich crisis

munich crisis

the crisis in 1938 precipitated by germany's demand that is be allowed to occupy part of czechwar was averted when britain and france agreed to germany's demandsThe Munich Pact was an agreement permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland TERM 57

appeasement

DEFINITION 57 a strategy of avoiding war by acceding to the demands of rival powersAppeasement is a diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to an aggressor TERM 58

who was the new big player in the global

economy and did they do anything to stop

germany

DEFINITION 58 americano we stayed close to isolationism TERM 59

what affect did this have on the US economy

DEFINITION 59 no effective international collaboration to maintain trade under the stress of the great depression TERM 60

what affect did this have on european

economies

DEFINITION 60 it helped hitler accumulate more and more power after the struggling german economy due to reparations from WWI

reparations

payments that germany was forced to make as a result of starting WWIreparations were deeply resented by the german people TERM 62

fascism

DEFINITION 62 fascism took nationalism to a military extremea doctrine in which the rights or goals of individuals are subservient to those of the nation, which is viewed as a single organism, which was superior to all othersFascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideologyan even mix of nationalism and socialism TERM 63

what were the 2 lessons learned from WWII

DEFINITION 63 many believed that the immediate cause of the war was the rise to power of intensely nationalistic and undemocratic regimes in germany, italy, and japanmany concluded that democracies would be under threat if economies performed badly and that more effective governance of the global economy would be needed to prevent the sort of economic chaos that facilitated in the rise of authoritarianism in germany, italy, and japan TERM 64

what is the difference in the political and

military lessons learned in WWI and WWII

DEFINITION 64 WWI had shown the foolishness of going to war before diplomacy was exhaustedWWII had shown the foolishness of neglecting to confront expansionist powers TERM 65

cold

war

DEFINITION 65 1946-1991no actual fighting (hot war)a conflict between the US and the soviet union during which no actual war broke out between the two superpowers, the cold war dominated world politics during this time

cuban missile crisis

tense nuclear standoff between the US and cubanuclear war was "between one out of three and even"The thirteen days referred to as the Cuban Missile Crisis in the USSR) was a confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other in October 1962, during the Cold War TERM 67

for what two reasons did the cuban missile

crisis end the period of greatest danger

during the cold war

DEFINITION 67 it scared the shit out of both sides to the point where they started taking steps to avoid ever getting that close to nuclear war ever againas both sides built more and more nuclear missiles, carriers, and aircrafts, the chances of either side could win a nuclear war even with a surprise attack diminished TERM 68

mutual assured destruction

DEFINITION 68 MADa situation in which each side in a conflict possesses enough ornaments to destroy the other even after suffering a surprise attack TERM 69

the lesson learned from these wars

is

DEFINITION 69 the US would have to collaborate in international relations to avert global economic crisesno more isolationism TERM 70

what affected the global financial system in

DEFINITION 70 bretton woods system

bretton woods system

a system that guided the economic arrangements among the advanced industrial states in the post WWII erait included the GATT, the fixed exchange rate system, the IMF, and the world bank. bretton woods was a resort in new hampshire where the negotiations took placeThe Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states in the mid 20th century TERM 72

what was the central goal of this system

DEFINITION 72 to foster expanded international trade in order to increase prosperity TERM 73

GATT

DEFINITION 73 a multilateral agreement on tariff levelsThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO) TERM 74

tariff

DEFINITION 74 a tax on imports, used to protect domestic producers from foreign competitionA tariff may be either tax on imports or exports, or a list or schedule of prices for such things as rail service, bus routes, and electrical usage (electrical tariff, etc.) TERM 75

what was the secondary goal of the bretton

woods system

DEFINITION 75 to provide for stability in the international financial system

was the bretton woods system successful

yes TERM 77

third world

DEFINITION 77 used to describe those states that were neither in the group of advanced industrial states, nor in the communist block; typically it refers to the many poor states in the southern hemisphereThe term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either capitalism and NATO, or communism and the Soviet Union (which along with its allies represented the Second World)generally considered synonymous with "underdeveloped" TERM 78

decolonization

DEFINITION 78 the disbanding of nearly all colonial relationships between 1945 and 1975 following WWIIDecolonization refers to the undoing of colonialism, the unequal relation of polities whereby one people or nation establishes and maintains dependent Territory (courial governments) over another TERM 79

what factors lead to decolonization

DEFINITION 79 the major colonial powers (britain and france) had been severely weakened through WWII and were less able to resist independent movementsindependence movements themselves grew stronger, as a result of the doctrine of national self-determination and the democratic ideals that were the rallying cries in WWIIthe US, which had few normal colonies but was now the leading power in the west, disapproved of colonialism TERM 80

non-state actors

DEFINITION 80 a political actor that is not a state, such as an advocacy group, charity, corporation, or terrorist groupmultinational corporations and international organizations

multinational corporation

MNCa company with operations in more than one countrya type of non-state actoralso called a transnational corporation TERM 82

international organizations

DEFINITION 82 IOs- a type of non-state actororganizations formed by governments to help them peruse collaborative activitymore specifically known as international governmental organizationsAn international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence TERM 83

non-governmental organizations

DEFINITION 83 a broad category of diverse organizations including groups similar to domestic interest groups but with transnational concerns and organizational structuresgroups that focus not on influencing governments, but on conducting activities in different countriesA non-governmental organization is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government TERM 84

berlin wall

DEFINITION 84 The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlinthis was to prevent citizens of communist east germany from emigrating to west germanythe berlin wall because a symbol for both the division of europe and the lack of freedom in the communist-controlled areas TERM 85

HINI

DEFINITION 85 a new strain of flu virus known as the swine fluit spread rapidly in 2009, causing many deaths and fear of a global flu pandemic such as that which killed millions in 1918

quiz 3 question 1

in order to achieve their purposes, actors must haveA. powerB. moral guidanceC. conflictD. competing goalsanswer: A. power TERM 87

quiz 3 question 2

DEFINITION 87 the evolution of today's international system has been dominated byA. the expansion of colonialismB. the development of a system of sovereign states in europe and its spread to the rest of the worldC. the establishment of the united nations and its growing influenceD. the development of the cold war in the twentieth centuryanswer: B. the development of a system of sovereign states in europe and its spread to the rest of the world TERM 88

quiz 3 question

DEFINITION 88 the author of the text categorizes theoriesA. according to their level of analysisB. according to their qualityC. according to their detailD. according to their degree of predictabilityanswer: A. according to their level of analysis TERM 89

quiz 3 question 4

DEFINITION 89 anarchy is essential to understanding international relations. it refers toA. chaos in the worldB. the creation of order in europeC. a situation in which there is no central governmentD. an appreciation of 80s punk musicanswer: C. a situation in which there is no central government TERM 90

quiz 3 question 5

DEFINITION 90 the kurds, as an ethnic group, are an example ofA. a nation that has no stateB. a group outside of western europe that is both a nation and a stateC. close allies and friends with the reigning turkish governmentD. a state that has no nationanswer: A. a nation that has no state

"Those who cannot learn from it are doomed

to repeat it"

George Santayana TERM 92

"History is merely a list of surprises. it can

only prepare us to be surprised yet again"

DEFINITION 92 Kurt Vonnegut TERM 93

"the strong do what they can and the weak

suffer what they must" makes what 2 points

DEFINITION 93 international politics depends on distribution of powerinternational politics is beyond morality TERM 94

thucydides generally viewed which level of

analysis

DEFINITION 94 statestates were primary actors in the balance of power argument TERM 95

was thucydides a liberalist or a realist

DEFINITION 95 realista complex realist- multiple levels involved in decision making

how did thucydides view morality

he views morality as a way to disguise the ambition of states TERM 97

if morality is irrelevant what mattered to

thucydides

DEFINITION 97 power- military strengtharguments based on politics or religion were masks for the pursuit of power, or used as a way to maintain power over others TERM 98

thucydides power argument was strong

because of what points

DEFINITION 98 athens allied with oligarchiessparta allied with democraciesthere was no authority higher than the state- anarchyshared cultural values did not prevent the war TERM 99

roman

empire

DEFINITION 99 profoundly different from both city-states and nation- statesdominated international politics until 500 ADviewed as a clearly different system, sole major government and near total territorial control in the system TERM 100

transition from feudalism

DEFINITION 100 technological changes- canon, printing press, war became more destructiverise of merchant class- new center of powerreformation- undermined the authority of the catholic churchrenaissance- italian city-states, centralized power over a fixed geographic area

30 years

war

series of declared and undeclared political and religious warspolitical- holy roman empire VS proto-statescivil- war fought mostly in modern day germanyreligious- catholics VS lutherans1/3 of the population died TERM 102

when was there separation of church and

state

DEFINITION 102 treaty of westphalia- religious pluralism TERM 103

sovereignty was only granted by

DEFINITION 103 recognition of other states TERM 104

what is the difference in a nation and a state

DEFINITION 104 nation- may refer to a community of people who share common features; a nation is not limited by bordersstate- an organized political community living under a government TERM 105

kurdish territory is

DEFINITION 105 a nation without a state

what was the key to the westphalian

system

anarchy TERM 107

balance of power in

anarchy

DEFINITION 107 no state is allowed to become powerful enough to beat the othersstates shifted alliances and capabilities to keep balance of powersmall armies (mercenaries) limited the power of stateslaw of war- moral objections to unlimited war TERM 108

Ernst Haas Interpretation of balance of

power

DEFINITION 108 governments have used balance of power to reference stability, instability, hegemony, and power politics TERM 109

informal rule for the balance of

power

DEFINITION 109 unless a specific theory or theorist is mentioned, balance of power refers to a classic balance of power TERM 110

what happened to china africa india and

americas post westphalian pre colonization

DEFINITION 110 china- single dominant empire emergesafrica- rise of islam leads to the establishment of the caliphateindia- feudal systems dominateamericas- sparse populations have a limited international role

the nation-state/westphalian europe proved to

be the most efficient political organization

because

external threats lead to state militarizationdeveloped efficient treasury and tax systemsecurity dilemma encourages new technologythe result was a 400 year period in which europe dominated most of the world TERM 112

what two revolutions defined "democracy" for

the time at hand

DEFINITION 112 american revolution- arguably a nation based revoltfrench revolution- napoleon to power TERM 113

did napoleon desire a hegemony

DEFINITION 113 yeshe sought to overthrow the westphalian system through continental domination TERM 114

how did the council of vienna reinforce

sovereignty

DEFINITION 114 by allowing france to continue existing TERM 115

who took the role of "balancer" during the

concert of europe

DEFINITION 115 britain

are nationalism and imperialism both linked

to sovereign states

yes TERM 117

how did balance of power play a role in

helping to start WWI

DEFINITION 117 for fear of the rising power of germany would become too great TERM 118

what is a world

war

DEFINITION 118 can start as a regional war, but grows to involve all major regions of the world TERM 119

what 2 reasons lead to the belief that WWI

was "unavoidable"

DEFINITION 119 balkan wars increased the overall tensionassassination of franz Ferdinand, the austro-hungarian heir, which triggered a "rush to war"because there was no "referee TERM 120

WWI consequences

DEFINITION 120 millions of deathsversailles treaty and severe punishment of germanyRISE OF COMMUNISMcreation of many new states in europerise of wilsonian liberalism and decline of realism

rise of wilsonian liberalism and decline of

realism via

creation of the league of nations with the goal of changing state behavior TERM 122

between WWI and WWII what were the three

main themes

DEFINITION 122 collective securityeconomic nationalism lead to reductions in international tradefascism- extreem militant nationalism TERM 123

what challenges to international status quo

perceived failure of the league of nations

DEFINITION 123 machuria- 1931, japanethiopia- 1935, italymunich crisis- 1938, germanynazi-soviet non-aggression pact- 1939japanese expansionism in east aisia TERM 124

WWII consequences

DEFINITION 124 border changes in europesystem change- end to great power rivalries in europebeginning of decolonizationunited nations- againbipolarity- as well as nuclear weapons developed TERM 125

buck passing

DEFINITION 125 isolationism