Chapter 2 - Research Enterprise in Psychology | PSY 2013 - HNRS INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY, Quizzes of Psychology

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3 Goals of the Scientific Enterprise

1. Measurement and Description 2. Understanding and Prediction 3. Application and Control TERM 2

5 Steps of Scientific Investigation

DEFINITION 2

1. Formulate a testable hypothesis 2. Select the research method and design the study 3. Collect the data 4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions 5. Report the findings TERM 3

6 Key Data Collection Techniques

DEFINITION 3

1. Direct Observation 2. Questionnaire 3. Interview 4. Psychological Test 5. Physiological Recording 6. Examination of Archival Records TERM 4

Experimental

Research

DEFINITION 4 Research in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result. This allows researchers to detect cause-and-effect relationships. TERM 5

What is Cause and Effect

DEFINITION 5 Cause creates effect. X rises and Y rises, does X cause Y ro rise? Not to be mistake with correlation!

Independent Variable

A condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. It is the variable the experimenter controls or manipulates. It is hypothesized to have some effect on the dependent variable. TERM 7

Dependent Variable

DEFINITION 7 The variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable. TERM 8

Experimental Group

DEFINITION 8 This group consists of subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable. TERM 9

Control Group

DEFINITION 9 This group consists of subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group. TERM 10

Descriptive/Correlational

Research

DEFINITION 10 allows investigators to see if there is an association between variables of interest

4 Types of Research

Methods

Research Method Naturalistic Observation Case Studies Surveys TERM 12

Correlation and Prediction

DEFINITION 12 As the correlation coefficient increases in strength (closer to +1 or -1), the ability to predict one variable based on knowledge of another variable increases. TERM 13

Correlation and Causation NOT RELATED

DEFINITION 13 X and Y can be related X can cause Y to rise OR Y can casse X to rise OR Z can cause both X and Y to rise CORRELATION NOT EQUAL TO CAUSATION TERM 14

Sampling Bias

DEFINITION 14 A sampling bias is when the sample is not representative of the population. TERM 15

Placebo Effect

DEFINITION 15 A placebo effect occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.

Distortion in Self-Report Data

Most problematic distortion in self-report data is the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself. TERM 17

Experimenter Bias

DEFINITION 17 Occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. Experimenter bias can be neutralizzed with the double-blind procedure TERM 18

Six APA Ethical Guidelines

DEFINITION 18

1. VOLUNTARY, INFORMED, WITHDRAW ANYTIME 2. NO HARM
2. DEBRIEF DECEPTION ASAP 4. RIGHT TO PRIVACY 5. JUSTIFY HARMFUL ANIMAL RESEARCH 6. PRIOR APPROVAL - ACCURATE RESULTS