Terms and Definitions in Linguistics: Words, Sounds, and Meaning, Quizzes of English Language

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TERM 1 Dialect differences can be manifested in DEFINITION 1 different words for the same item, pronunciation of the same word in different ways, the way words are put together into sentences TERM 2 lexicon DEFINITION 2 vocabulary, most widely accepted level TERM 3 phonology DEFINITION 3 sound system of a language (middle of road accepted) TERM 4 grammar / Syntax DEFINITION 4 the formation of words and sentences ( least accepted mainly because we hold the education system in the highest esteem and if you are educated you need to know good grammar) TERM 5 semantics DEFINITION 5 the meaning of words TERM 6 pragmatics DEFINITION 6 the use of language forms to perform different functions TERM 7 Coding DEFINITION 7 making up completely new words TERM 8 Broaden / Narrow DEFINITION 8 when a word either takes on a broader meaning or takes on a more narrow meaning (broaden - barn, narrow - meat) TERM 9 compounding DEFINITION 9 two or more existing words are combined to form a new word (in-group, honey suckle, breakwater, fatback) TERM 10 acronyms DEFINITION 10 new words are formed by taking the initial sounds or letters from existing words (radar, wasp, UN, NASA) TERM 21 figurative extension / metaphorical extension DEFINITION 21 the use of a word is extended so that it can refer to items that are very different from those originally referred to, based on a common meaning feature shared by the two classes of items (submarine, sandwich) TERM 22 content words DEFINITION 22 words that refer to objects, ideas, events, or states in the real or imagined world TERM 23 Taboo words DEFINITION 23 popularly known by such labels as swear words or curse words TERM 24 jargon DEFINITION 24 specialized vocabularies TERM 25 argo DEFINITION 25 a deliberately secretive jargon TERM 26 words classified as slang DEFINITION 26 carry strong informal overtones TERM 27 slang exists on a DEFINITION 27 continuum, one person's conventional lexial item might be another person's slang TERM 28 colloquial DEFINITION 28 items that share the attribute of informality with slang but are not associated with in-group identity or with flouted synonymy All slang terms are colloquial but not all colloquialisms are slang TERM 29 variants DEFINITION 29 different ways of saying the same thing, whether different pronunciations, different ways of formatting, or different words for the same item. TERM 30 chain shift DEFINITION 30 wholesale vowel shift (often set off by a difference in one vowel) TERM 31 phonetic space DEFINITION 31 each vowel has its own space within the vowel trapezoid TERM 32 vowel trapezoid words DEFINITION 32 beet, bit, bait, bet, bat, father, bought, but, about, boat, put, boot (front vowels first followed by back vowels *but and about are in middle*) TERM 33 vowel trapezoid symbols DEFINITION 33 i, I, e, backward 3, ae, a, backward c, upside down v, upside down e, o, u with feet, u TERM 34 vowel rotation DEFINITION 34 vowel movement, or how we form the vowels in our mouth TERM 35 diphthongs DEFINITION 35 are made up of two different vowel sounds and are pronounced by gliding from one sound into another TERM 46 levels of grammatical organizaiton DEFINITION 46 morphology and syntax TERM 47 syntax DEFINITION 47 arrangement of words into larger unites such as phrases or sentences TERM 48 vernacular varieties DEFINITION 48 completive (he DONE washed the clothes), hatitual (Sometimes my ears BE itching, avertive (It was cold, I liketa froze) TERM 49 double modals DEFINITION 49 auxiliaries that cluster together in different ways to produce special meanings (might could) TERM 50 pragmatics DEFINITION 50 how language is used in context to achieve particular purposes TERM 51 speech act DEFINITION 51 an utterance that accomplishes a social action (making a promise, apologizing, complimenting, etc.) TERM 52 backchanneling DEFINITION 52 interjecting small utterances such as mmmhmmm, Uhhuh, yea, and right) TERM 53 prefix DEFINITION 53 goes before actual root of the word (anti, dis, etc.) TERM 54 suffix DEFINITION 54 goes at the end of the root of the word (ment, ism, etc. TERM 55 infix DEFINITION 55 break apart the root of the word (cinda-fricking0rella) not as common TERM 56 circumfix DEFINITION 56 very rare in english, tack on to either side of the root word (nu-swe-pa the nu for no and pa for something else) TERM 57 teenage years DEFINITION 57 used to be from 13-20, now it is from 10-30 because of helicopter parenting TERM 58 characteristics of slang DEFINITION 58 informal short-term (special kind of population) age graded within a group that has special familiarity special kind of synonym (hooking up) cultivated in the context of close-knit peer groups TERM 59 Source/Filter Theory of Speech Production DEFINITION 59 your lungs (the source of speech) push air up through vocal folds (connected at top and bottom). When air pushes through them, they vibrate; as they vibrate, they send off sound, which is controlled by filters TERM 60 filters for sound DEFINITION 60 oral and nasal tract