Chapter 4: Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology Exam Questions and Answers (Latest Update, Exams of Nursing

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The study of a medication's mechanism of action and the effects the medication has on the body - Correct Answers ✅Pharmacodynamics Study of how a drug is processed by the body, with emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution, and method of excretion - Correct Answers ✅Pharmacokinetics Drug delivery systems, route of administration, modes of excretion - Correct Answers ✅Drug distribution and elimination Any substance (other than food or device intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease) intended to affect the structure or function of the body - Correct Answers ✅Drug The study of medicine - Correct Answers ✅Pharmacology An acquired hyperresponse of body defenses to a foreign substance - Correct Answers ✅Allergic reaction

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Medication administration record - Correct Answers ✅MAR A severe type of allergic reaction that involves the massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation that can lead to lifethreatening shock - Correct Answers ✅Anaphylaxis The branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering - Correct Answers ✅Therapeutics Agents naturally produced in animal cells, by microorganisms, or by the body itself. i.e., hormones, vaccines - Correct Answers ✅Biologics A barrier that selectively facilitates or blocks entry and exit of various substances into and out of the cell such as drugs, nutrients, and waste - Correct Answers ✅Cell membrane

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The 3 types are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. - Correct Answers ✅Muscle tissue The liquid portion of the blood that carries proteins and other substances - Correct Answers ✅Plasma Consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood itself. The body's main transportation system. It provides nutrients and hormones, and removes waste from the cells - Correct Answers ✅Cardiovascular system Consists of the nasal passages, the trachea, the diaphragm, and the lungs. It performs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment - Correct Answers ✅Respiratory system Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and small and large intestines. Used by the body to acquire the energy and nutrients it needs to sustain itself - Correct Answers ✅Gastrointestinal system

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Consists of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system. This system conducts electrical signals throughout the body and allows it to interact properly with its environment - Correct Answers ✅Nervous system Consists mostly of the muscles, the bones, and other minor systems. This system is primarily responsible for the body's basic frame support and movement as well as its ability to perform physical work - Correct Answers ✅Musculoskeletal system Consists of the penis, testes, and seminal fluids and the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. The system's major role is to manufacture, transmit, and maintain the cells and environment necessary for reproduction - Correct Answers ✅Reproductive system Consists of the lymph nodes, vessels, and cells. Its major purpose is to maintain the integrity of the body by attacking and removing invading foreign substances and microbes. It also helps remove excess fluids from the body - Correct Answers ✅Immune system

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2. Right medication
3. Right dose
4. Right route of administration
5. Right time of delivery - Correct Answers ✅What are the five rights of drug administration? metric, apothecary, and household - Correct Answers ✅What are the three systems of measurement used in pharmacology? Involves what the body does to a drug, including the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, and how long these processes take - Correct Answers ✅Drug kinetics (pharmacokinetics) How quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action - Correct Answers ✅Bioavailability

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The movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body (e.g., fat, muscle, and brain tissue) and the relative proportions of that drug in those tissues - Correct Answers ✅Drug distribution A drug vehicle that consists of water, alcohol, and sugar. - Correct Answers ✅Elixirs An agent is mixed with a liquid but not dissolved. These preparations must be shaken before being taken by or administered to the patient. - Correct Answers ✅Mixtures and Suspensions Alcoholic preparations of a soluble drug, usually from a plant source. - Correct Answers ✅tinctures Alcohol-containing liquids that may be used pharmaceutically as solvents - Correct Answers ✅Sprits or Essences

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Degree of attraction - Correct Answers ✅Affinity Its ability to produce an effect - Correct Answers ✅Intrinsic activity This type of reaction involves an exaggeration of the drug's therapeutic effects. This type of adverse drug reaction is usually predictable but sometimes unavoidable. - Correct Answers ✅Type A (augmented) Reaction These reactions result from mechanisms that are not currently understood. This type of adverse drug reaction is largely unpredictable. - Correct Answers ✅Type B (idiosyncratic) reaction These persist for a long time - Correct Answers ✅Type C (chronic) reactions These take some time to develop - Correct Answers ✅Type D (delayed) reactions

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These occur during drug withdrawal - Correct Answers ✅Type E (end-of-use) reactions Cement the active and inert components of tablets together to maintain cohesive portions - Correct Answers ✅Binders Used to make the drugs sufficiently large for easy manufacture and patient consumption - Correct Answers ✅Fillers Added to powdered materials used in pill production to aid movement through tableting machinery - Correct Answers ✅Glidants Maintain a consistent concentration of the active ingredient throughout a drug product - Correct Answers ✅Suspending/Dispersing agents Help break up tablets in the GI tract to ensure full release of the API - Correct Answers ✅Disintegrants

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Twice a day - Correct Answers ✅BID This is the rate and extent to which the active or therapeutic ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the intended site of drug action. It is measured by the amount of drug in the plasma - Correct Answers ✅Bioavailability Two pharmaceutically equivalent drug products are this if after drug administration, their bioavailabilities provide similar effects with respect to efficacy and safety - Correct Answers ✅Bioequivalence Protective layer of cells surrounding the blood vessels that feed blood to the brain. - Correct Answers ✅Blood brain barrier Peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve - Correct Answers ✅Cmax

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The physiologically significant effects produced by the interaction of two drugs in the body. It can be positive or negative, and do not occur with all drugs - Correct Answers ✅Drug-drug interaction The metabolizing process in the liver that suppresses the amount of drug that eventually reaches the systemic circulation and the site of action - Correct Answers ✅First pass effect The period of time it takes for a specific amount of drug in the body to be reduced, through the excretion or elimination process, to exactly one-half of that original amount - Correct Answers ✅Half-life of a drug The process by which a given drug works in the body to achieve its intended therapeutic effect - Correct Answers ✅Mechanism of action The time it takes for a drug to start having any intended effect after it is administered - Correct Answers ✅Onset of action

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The process of adjusting drug doses to achieve the maximum positive therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse or side effects - Correct Answers ✅Titration Time of peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve - Correct Answers ✅Tmax