Chapter 6 | BIOL 1001 - GENERAL BIOLOGY, Quizzes of Biology

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Activation Energy

in a chemical reaction, the energy needed to force the electron shells of reactants together, prior to the formation of products. TERM 2

Active Site

DEFINITION 2 the region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme. TERM 3

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

DEFINITION 3 a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups; a component of ATP. TERM 4

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

DEFINITION 4 a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells. The last two phosphate groups are attached by high- energy bonds. TERM 5

Allosteric Regulation

DEFINITION 5 a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells. The last two phosphate groups are attached by high- energy bonds.

Catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed in the process; lowers the activation energy of a reaction. TERM 7

Chemical Reaction

DEFINITION 7 the process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together. TERM 8

Coenzyme

DEFINITION 8 an organic molecule that is bound to certain enzymes and is required for the enzymes' proper functioning; typically, a nucleotide bound to a water-soluble vitamin. TERM 9

Competitive Inhibition

DEFINITION 9 the process by which two or more molecules that are somewhat similar in structure compete for the active site of an enzyme. TERM 10

Coupled Reaction

DEFINITION 10 a pair of reactions, one exergonic and one endergonic, that are linked together such that the energy produced by the exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive the endergonic reaction.

Electron Carrier

a molecule that can reversibly gain or lose electrons. Electron carriers generally accept high-energy electrons produced during an exergonic reaction and donate the electrons to acceptor molecules that use the energy to drive endergonic reactions. TERM 12

Endergonic

DEFINITION 12 pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed; an uphill reaction. TERM 13

Energy

DEFINITION 13 The capacity to do work. TERM 14

Energy-Carrier Molecule

DEFINITION 14 a molecule that stores energy in high-energy chemical bonds and releases the energy to drive coupled endothermic reactions. In cells, ATP is the most common energy-carrier molecule. TERM 15

Entropy

DEFINITION 15 a measure of the amount of randomness and disorder in a system.

Enzyme

a protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions. TERM 17

Exergonic

DEFINITION 17 pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy (either as heat or in the form of increased entropy); a downhill reaction. TERM 18

Feedback Inhibition

DEFINITION 18 in enzyme-mediated chemical reactions, the condition in which the product of a reaction inhibits one or more of the enzymes involved in synthesizing the product. TERM 19

First Law of Thermodynamics

DEFINITION 19 the principle of physics that states that within any isolated system, energy can be neither created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another. TERM 20

Kinetic Energy

DEFINITION 20 the energy of movement; includes light, heat, mechanical movement, and electricity.

Law of Thermodynamics

the physical laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy. TERM 22

Metabolic Pathway

DEFINITION 22 a sequence of chemical reactions within a cell, in which the products of one reaction are the reactants for the next reaction. TERM 23

Metabolism

DEFINITION 23 the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all the cells of a multicellular organism. TERM 24

Potential Energy

DEFINITION 24 stored energy, normally chemical energy or energy of position within a gravitational field. TERM 25

Product

DEFINITION 25 an atom or molecule that is formed from reactants in a chemical reaction.

Reactant

an atom or molecule that is used up in a chemical reaction to form a product. TERM 27

Second Law of Thermodynamics

DEFINITION 27 the principle of physics that states that any change in an isolated system causes the quantity of concentrated, useful energy to decrease and the amount of randomness and disorder (entropy) to increase.