Chapter 8 | BIOL 1001 - GENERAL BIOLOGY, Quizzes of Biology

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adenosine diphosphate

a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups; a component of ATP TERM 2

adenosine triphosphate

DEFINITION 2 a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells. The last two phosphate groups are attached by "high- energy" bonds. TERM 3

alcoholic fermentation

DEFINITION 3 a type of fermentation in which pyruvate is converted to ethanol (a type of alcohol) and carbon dioxide, using hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH; the primary function of alcoholic fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue under anaerobic conditions TERM 4

cellular respiration

DEFINITION 4 the oxygen-requiring reactions, occuring in mitochondria, that break down the end products of glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water while capturing large amounts of energy as ATP TERM 5

citric acid cycle

DEFINITION 5 a cyclic series of reactions, occuring in the matrix of mitochondria, in which the acetyl groups from the pyruvic acids produced by glycolysis are broken down to CO2, accompanied by the formation of ATP and electron carriers; also called the Krebs cycle.

fermentation

anaerobic reactions that convert the pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis into lactic acid or alcohol and CO2, using hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH; the primary function of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue under anaerobic conditions TERM 7

flavin adenine

dinucleotide

DEFINITION 7 an electron carrier molecule produced in the mitochondrial matrix by the Krebs cycle; subsequently donates electrons to the electron transport chain TERM 8

glycolysis

DEFINITION 8 reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, producing two ATP molecules; does not require oxygen but can proceed when oxygen is present TERM 9

intermembrane space

DEFINITION 9 the fluid-filled space between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion TERM 10

Krebs Cycle

DEFINITION 10 a cyclic series of reactions, occuring in the matrix of mitochondria, in which the acetyl groups from the pyruvic acids produced by glycolysis are broken down to CO2, accompanied by the formation of ATP and electron carries; also called the citric acid cycle

lactic acid fermentation

anaerobic reactions that convert the pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis into lactic acid, using hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH; the primary function of lactic acid fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue under anaerobic conditions TERM 12

matrix

DEFINITION 12 the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion TERM 13

mitochondrion

DEFINITION 13 an organelle, bounded by two membranes, that is the site of the reactions of aerobic metabolism TERM 14

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(NADH)

DEFINITION 14 an electron carrier molecule produced in the cytoplasmic fluid by glycolysis and in the mitochondrial matrix by the Krebs cycle; subsequently donates electrons to the electron transport chian