Chapter 8: Harvesting Energy Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration | BIOL 1005 - General Biology, Quizzes of Biology

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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups; a component of ATP TERM 2

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

DEFINITION 2 a molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells, the last two phosphate groups are attached by "high- energy" bonds TERM 3

Aerobic

DEFINITION 3 using oxygen TERM 4

Alcoholic Fermentation

DEFINITION 4 a type of fermentation in which pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide, using hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH; the primary function of alcoholic fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue under anaerobic conditions TERM 5

Anaerobic

DEFINITION 5 not using oxygen

Cellular Respiration

the oxygen-requiring reactions, occurring in mitochondria, that break down the end products of glycolysis into carbon dioxide and water while capturing large amounts of energy as ATP TERM 7

Chemiosmosis

DEFINITION 7 a process of ATP generation in chloroplasts and mitochondria, the movement of electrons down an electron transport system is used to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane, thereby building up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions; the hydrogen ions diffuse back across the membrane through the pores of ATP-synthesizying enzymes; the energy of their movement down their concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis TERM 8

Citric Acid Cycle

DEFINITION 8 a cyclic series of reactions, occurring in the matrix of mitochondria, in which the acetyl groups from the pyretic acids produced by glycolysis are broken down to CO2, accompanied by the formation of ATP and electron carriers; also called the Krebs cycle TERM 9

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

DEFINITION 9 a series of electron carrier molecules, found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and the inner membrane of mitochondria, that exact energy from electrons and generate ATP or other energetic molecules TERM 10

Fermentation

DEFINITION 10 anaerobic reactions that convert the pyretic acid produced by glycolysis into lactic acid or alcohol and CO2, using hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH; the primary function of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue under anaerobic conditions

Matrix

the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion TERM 17

Mitochondrion

DEFINITION 17 an organelle, bounded by two membranes, that is the site of the reactions of aerobic metabolism TERM 18

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+ or

NADH)

DEFINITION 18 an electron carrier molecule produced in the cytoplasmic fluid by glycolysis and in the mitochondrial matrix by the Krebs cycle; subsequently donates electrons to the electron transport chain