Chapters 8-11 | BIOL 1001 - GENERAL BIOLOGY, Quizzes of Biology

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cell division is:

cell reproduction

TERM 2

what are the results of cell division

DEFINITION 2

two daughter cells that are genetically identical and identical

to the parent

TERM 3

What is the difference between mitosis and

meiosis, reproduction wise?

DEFINITION 3

mitosis isasexual reproduction and meiosis is sexual

reproduction

TERM 4

what is the difference between mitosis and

meiosis, phase wise?

DEFINITION 4

Mitosis has one round of phases and meiosis has 2 ( meiosis

1 and meiosis 2)

TERM 5

a cell containing A SINGLE SET of

chromosomes is said to be _________.

DEFINITION 5

Haploid

a cell containing TWO HOMOLOGOUS sets of

chromosomes

diploid- one set is inherited by a parent

TERM 7

a typical body cell is called

a:

DEFINITION 7

somatic cell

TERM 8

a sex cell, a haploid egg or sperm, is a:

DEFINITION 8

gamete forming cell

TERM 9

what is the structure that contains

DNA

DEFINITION 9

CHROMOSOMES

TERM 10

fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of

DNA and protein

DEFINITION 10

chromatin

the 3 stages of the cell cycle

Interphasemitosiscytokinesis

TERM 12

what're the 3 parts of interphase

DEFINITION 12

G1SG

TERM 13

"first gap", the cell grows during this part of

interphase

DEFINITION 13

G

TERM 14

the cell grows and copies its chromosomes

during this part of interphase

DEFINITION 14

S

TERM 15

cell continues to grow and prepares for cell

division in this part of interphase

DEFINITION 15

G

How to zygotes( diploid) get their sets of

cells.

they get one from the father and one from the mother

TERM 17

what are the other pairs of chromosomes

called ( all but X and Y)

DEFINITION 17

autosomes

TERM 18

what are the 5 phases of Mitosis

DEFINITION 18

1- prophase2- prometaphase3- metaphase4-anaphase5-

telophase(and cytokinesis)

TERM 19

prophase

DEFINITION 19

- chromatin condenses --> forms sister chromatids- mitotic

spindle is froming

TERM 20 DEFINITION 20

these are SISTER CHROMATIDS.

prometaphase

nuclear envelope breaksmictrotubules emergeattach to

kinetchore and move chromosomes to center of cell

TERM 22

metaphase

DEFINITION 22

spindle formedcentromeres of the chromosomes line up on

the 'metaphase plate'each chromosome of sister

chromosomes are attached to spindles facing opposite

direction

TERM 23

anaphase

DEFINITION 23

centromeres of ea chromosome come apart- separating the

sister chromosomeea one is now a daughter chromosome

TERM 24

telophase (&cytokenisis)

DEFINITION 24

Telophase: -cell elongation continues - daughter nuclei

appear at poles - chromatin uncoilscytokinesis: cytoplasm

continues and cell pinches in two

TERM 25 DEFINITION 25

cytokinesis differences

What is one of the main differences b/w

cytokinesis in plants vs animals

animals- begins with cleavage furrowsplants- vesicles

containing cell wall material collect at the middle. at the end

the vesicles join the cell membrane

TERM 27

2 chromosomes that make up a matched pair

in a diploid cell

DEFINITION 27

homologous chromosomes

TERM 28

an alternative version of a gene

DEFINITION 28

allele

TERM 29

unit of hereditary info in DNA

DEFINITION 29

gene

TERM 30

paired set of homologous chromosomes- ea

composed of 2 sister chromatids

DEFINITION 30

tetrad

what are the phases of Mieosis

prophase 1metaphase 1anaphase 1telophase1then

prophase- telophase 2

TERM 32

what phase of meiosis: chromatids exchange

segments in crossing over

DEFINITION 32

PROPHASE 1 it rearranges genetic info

TERM 33

which phase of meiosis: tetrads align on the

metaphase plate

DEFINITION 33

METAPHASE 1

TERM 34

which phase of meiosis: chromosomes move

toward the poles of the cells

DEFINITION 34

ANAPHASE 1the tetrads split

TERM 35

which phase of meiosis: chromosomes arrive

at poles

DEFINITION 35

TELOPHASE 1ea pole has a haploid chromosome set

exchanging segments b/w nonsister

chromatids of homologous chromosomes

CROSSING OVER

TERM 37

production of gene combinations different

from those carried by the original parent

chromos.

DEFINITION 37

GENETIC RECOMBINATIONa result from crossing over

TERM 38

chromosomal changes in somatic cells; by

frag switching, deleting, etc.

DEFINITION 38

CANCER

TERM 39

abnormally growing mass of body cells

DEFINITION 39

tumor

TERM 40

diff between benign tumor and malignant

DEFINITION 40

benign- stays at site it beganmalignant- spreads

___: if a fragment reattaches to the original

chromosome but in reverese orientation

INVERSION

TERM 42

__: if a frag from one chromo. joins to a sister

chromatid or homologous chromo.

DEFINITION 42

DUPLICATION

TERM 43

if a frag of a chromos. is lost, the remaining

chromosome will have a __________

DEFINITION 43

DELETION

TERM 44

__: the attachemtn of a chromosomal frag to a

nonhomologous chromo

DEFINITION 44

TRANSLOCATION

TERM 45

when members of a chromosome pair fail to

separate

DEFINITION 45

nondisjunction

What can nondisjunction cause?

uneven number of chromosomes in the daughter cells/

gametes

TERM 47

self-fertilization produced offspring all

identical to the parent

DEFINITION 47

true- breeding

TERM 48

offspring of two different varieties

DEFINITION 48

hybrid

TERM 49

an organism that has two identical alleles for

a gene

DEFINITION 49

homozygous

TERM 50

an organism that has two different alleles for

a gene

DEFINITION 50

heterozygous

diff bw dominant and

recessive

dominant - determines appearanceand recessive has no

apparent effect on the appearance

TERM 52

diff bewteen genotype and phenotype

DEFINITION 52

genotype- genetic makeupphenotype- physical makeup

TERM 53

experimental mating of individuals differing in

a single character

DEFINITION 53

monohybrid cross

TERM 54

mating of individual differing in 2

characteristics

DEFINITION 54

dihybrid cross

TERM 55

a sperm/egg carries 1allele bc allelepairs

sepa. during production of gametes.

DEFINITION 55

mendels theory of segregation

the inheritance of 1 character has no affect

on the inheritance of another

mendels law of independent assortment

TERM 57

albinism, tay-sachs, sickle cell, and cystic

fibrosis are examples of _____ genetic

disorders

DEFINITION 57

RECESSIVE

TERM 58

achondroplasia, alzheimers, and huntingtons

are examples of _______ genetic disorders

DEFINITION 58

DOMINANT

TERM 59

who is responsible for the 3D model of

DNA

DEFINITION 59

watson and crick

TERM 60

3 parts of DNA structure

DEFINITION 60

1- daughter strand and parent strand2.- base pairs ( A-T, C-

G)3- sugar phosphate backbone

steps of DNA replication

1- parental DNA strand separates2- ea separate strand is

template for a complimentary strand of nucleotides that are

found in the nucleus3- they line up on the strand and form

new DNA4-the new strands are identical to parent and to ea

other

TERM 62

this model for dna replication is called that bc

half the parental molecule is conserved

DEFINITION 62

semiconservative model

TERM 63

what is the enzyme that link DNA nucelotides

to a growing daughter strand

DEFINITION 63

DNA polymerase

TERM 64

what is the enzyme that links, or ligates, the

pieces together a single DNA strand

DEFINITION 64

DNA ligase

TERM 65

how is DNA repaired during replication

DEFINITION 65

DNA polymerase carries out a proof reading step that

removes the nucleotides that have base paired

incorrectly.DNA polymerase and ligase also help.

what are the 3 types of RNA

mRNA- messengertRNA- transferrRNA- ribosomal

TERM 67

Which type of RNA- conveys the genetic

messages from DNA-> the translation

machinery

DEFINITION 67

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)

TERM 68

which type of RNA- functions as an interpretor

in translation

DEFINITION 68

TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)

TERM 69

which type of RNA- makes up ribosomes and

is most abundant type in RNA

DEFINITION 69

RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)

TERM 70

what is the transfer of genetic info from DNA-

> RNA and occurs in the nucleus

DEFINITION 70

TRANSCRIPTION

In new RNA strands in transcription, what

pairs up with A?

U

TERM 72

DNA strands separate, only 1 is template,

RNA lines up on DNA template

DEFINITION 72

transcription

TERM 73

basic unit of the genetic

code

DEFINITION 73

CODON

TERM 74

3-nucleotide seq in mRNA tht specifies a

particular amino acid or polypeptide term.

signal

DEFINITION 74

CODON

TERM 75

set of rules that relate codons in RNA to

amino acids in proteins

DEFINITION 75

GENETIC CODE

the synthesis of a polypeptide using the

genetic information encoded on an mRNA

molecule

TRANSLATION

TERM 77

tRNA carries out what 2 functions in

translation?

DEFINITION 77

1- pick up appropriate amino acids2- recognize the

appropriate codons in the mRNA

TERM 78

a specific sequence of 3 nucleotides that is

complimentary to a codon triplet

DEFINITION 78

anticodon

TERM 79

an anticodon on tRNA recognizes a particular

codon on mRNA- using what rules?

DEFINITION 79

base-pairing

TERM 80

any change in the nucleotide sequence of

DNA

DEFINITION 80

gene mutation

3 types/ ways for gene

mutations

1- insertion2-deletion3- substitutions

TERM 82

replacement of one nucleotide and its base

pairing partner with another set (pair)

DEFINITION 82

substiutions

TERM 83

this type of substitution changes amino acid

coding

DEFINITION 83

missense mutations

TERM 84

sickle cell is an example of?

DEFINITION 84

missense mutations- this type changes shape and function

TERM 85

this type of substitution can change an amino

acid codon into a stop codon

DEFINITION 85

nonsense mutationsthis type can terminate and prevent

proper function

the process by which genetic info flows from

genes to proteins (genot-> phentot)

gene expression

TERM 87

whats an ex of gene expression

DEFINITION 87

e coli

TERM 88

what does the control of gene expression

allow?

DEFINITION 88

cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where

they are needed

TERM 89

specialization-structure & function of cells tht

occurs in develop. of organism

DEFINITION 89

differentiation

TERM 90

what results from selective activation and

deactivation of the cells genes

DEFINITION 90

differentiation

as a verb: to produce genetically identical

copies of a cell, organism, or DNA molecule

CLONE

TERM 92

as noun: the collection of cells,organisms, or

molecules resulting from cloning

DEFINITION 92

clone

TERM 93

the cloning of human cells by nuclear

transplantation for theraputic purposes

DEFINITION 93

theraputic cloning

TERM 94

ex of theraputic

cloning

DEFINITION 94

generation of embryonic stem cells

TERM 95

using a somatic cell from a multicellular

organism to make one or more genet. identi.

indiv;s

DEFINITION 95

reproductive cloning

cancer-causing agents, factors that alter DNA

and make cells cancerous are called:

carcinogens

TERM 97

tabacco

DEFINITION 97

ex of carcinogen

TERM 98

How are carcinogens harmful

DEFINITION 98

they promote cell division- the higher the division, the higher

chance of mutations.