Molecular Biology Study Guide: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Metabolism, Exams of Nursing

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CHEMISRY:EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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1. Whatisthecomplementarysequenceto3’ATG CGAATA5’?*

1/ 3’TATTCGCAT5’ 3’TACGCTTAT 5’ 3’GATAGCATA5’ 5’ATAAGCGTA3’ Feedback The correct answer is 3' TAT TCG CAT 5'. Remember complementary means “Matching or Pairing”Youhavetoremembertopayattentiontoyournumbersaswellasyourletters(A-T,G-C,5'- 3').Thecorrectansweris 3’ATGCGA ATA5’(originalsequence) 5’TACGCTTAT3’(complementarysequence) Butweaskedfor itinthe3’direction, somirroranswer togivecorrectanswer:3’TATTCGCAT 5’

2. WhichaminoacidsequencewouldresultfromthisCodingD

NAstrand?3’ATGCAGATA5’?*

1/

Tyr Val TyrIle Gln IleIleAsp Val LeuHisLys Feedback ThecorrectanswerisIleAspVal.Wearestartingatthecodingstrand,andhavetoremembertherelationship between coding DNA and mRNA. These two strands are non-complementary andparallel.Sowecopythecoding strand,changeT --->U,andthenwritethemRNAsequence: 3’ATGCAGATA5’coding 3’AUGCAGAUA5’mRNA Mirror by changing orientation: 5’ AUA GAC GUA 3’ReadchartIleAspVal(chartisindirectionof5'--->3')

3. Whichaminoacidsequencewouldbemadefromthistempl

ateDNAstrand?5’TATTACCGA3’? *

0/

TyrTyrArg Ile Met AlaSer Val IleSerHis Gln Correctanswer SerValIle Feedback Thecorrect answerisCbecause 5’TATTAC CGA3’template iscomplementaryandantiparallelso3’AUAAUGGCU5’butitisinthewron gorientation,somirror 5’UCGGUAAUA3’andread the

4. WhichofthefollowingarethecorrectcomponentsforaPC

Rreaction?*

1/ dNTPs,Primer,RNAPolymerase,templateRNAd NTPs,Primer,DNAPolymerase,templateDNA ATP,Primer,mRNApolymerase;templatemRNA

AcetylCoA, RNAprimer, DNALigase,Template phosphate Feedback Thecorrect answerisb

5. Ifyouhada

motherwhoishomozygousforarecessivedisease,and a

father who is a heterozygous carrier, what percentage

ofchildrenwillhavethedisease?*

1/ 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Feedback The correct answer is c 50%Homozygous recessive: aaHeterozygous:Aa

6. Whichofthefollowingwouldrepresentasilentmutationifthisist

heoriginalsequence:5’AUCGUAACA3’?*

1/

5’AUCGGAACA3’

5’AUAGUAACA3’

5’AUC GUAUAA3’

5’AUC CUCACA3’

Feedback The correct answer is BAUC GUAACA IleValThr Ile GlyThr MissenseIleValThr IleValSTOPnonsenseIl eLeuThr Missense

7. If the original coding sequence is 5’ CGA TAC TTC AGA 3’

and it ismutatedto5' CGATATTTCAGA3',whattypeofmutation

would havetakenplace?*

1/

Silent Missens eNonsen seInserti on Feedback ThecorrectanswerisA:silentmutation.Thenucleotidesequencechanges,butitcodesforthesameamino acid

8. Huntington's is an autosomal dominant disorder. Which

of thefollowing chromosome pairs would be inherited by a

person withHuntington'sDisease?

(Yellowbox=Dominantallele,Greenbox=Recessiveallele)*

1/

Option Feedback ThecorrectanswerisAbecauseanautosomaldominantdisorderwouldbeinheritedonnumberedchromo somes, not sex chromosomes X or Y. Also, at least one dominant allele (yellow box) needstobe presentfortheindividual tohavethedominantdisease.

9. ThepedigreebelowtracksDuchenneMuscularDystrophy(D

MD)through several generations. What type of inheritance

does DMDexpress?*

0/ Autosomal dominantAutosom alrecessive X-linked DominantX- Linkedrecessive Correctanswer X-Linkedrecessive Feedback Thecorrectanswerisx-linkedrecessivebecauseparentsdonothaveit(II-5-6)butachilddoesIII-

10.Rettsyndromeisabraindisorderthatoccursalmostexclusivel

yinfemales,causingseveredeficitsinlanguage,learning,coordin

ation

Feedback Thecorrect answerisD

andotherbrainfunctions.DecreasedexpressionoftheMECP2ge

necauses Rett syndrome. Which of the following scenarios

correctlydescribeshowRettsyndromecouldbedeveloped?*

1/ ADNA-bindingproteinblocks RNAPolymerasefrombindingtothepromotersequence,facilitatingthetra nscriptionoftheMECP2gene. Transcriptionfactorsareunabletobindtothetranscriptionstartsiteofthe MECP2genebecausenucleosomesaretightlypackedtogether. Transcriptionactivatorscausenucleosomestoseparate,exposingtheME CP2gene. RNAPolymerasebinds totheMECP2geneandbeginstranslation. Feedback The answer is B. Gene expression is increased when nucleosomes are widely spaced andtranscriptionfactorsandRNAPolymeraseareabletobindtothetranscriptionstartsiteofthegene.

11.Whichofthefollowingstrandsarecomplementaryanda

nti-parallel?*

1/ Coding and Non- templateTemplateand mRNA Coding and mRNATemplatea ndtRNA Feedback ThecorrectanswerisB.ThetemplateandmRNAstrandsarecomplementarytoeachother.

12.WhatisthecorrectorderoftheCentralDogma?*

1/ Translation,Replication,Transcrip tionTranscription,Replication,Tra nslationTranslation, Transcription, ReplicationReplication,Transcript ion,Translation

13.Whathappenswhentheincorrectbaseisaddedduringt

hesynthesisof aDNAstrand inDNAreplication?*

1/ Thehomologouschromosomeisusedtoreplacetheincorrectlyaddedbase withthe correctone. DNAPolymeraseremoves theincorrectbaseandaddsinthecorrectbase. Thyminedimersoccur. DistortionofthedoublehelixoccursandisrepairedbyRNAPolymerase. Feedback ThecorrectanswerisB.DNAPolymeraserepairsmismatcherrorsthatoccurduringDNAreplication.

14.Whatisthecorrectdefinitionofnucleotideexcisionrepair?*

1/ Removalofasingledamagednucleotide Damagetoafeworseveralnucleotidesareidentified,thenmanynucleotid esareremovedandall arereplacedto repairtheDNAsegment RequiredwhentherearebreaksinthedoublestrandedDNAstrandwhichca uses discontinuityinboth strands Insertionofathyminedimer Feedback ThecorrectanswerisB,severalnucleotidesareremovedwhereinBERasinglenucleotideisremoved

15.Whattypeofinteractionswouldbeaffectedinapatientwi

thdiabeticketoacidosis?(selectallthatapply)*

0/ Hydrogenbonds Ionicbonds Hydrophobicinteractions Disulfidebonds Correctanswer Hydrogen bondsIonic bonds Feedback

16.Onahotsummer'sday,Iwascleaningmygarage.MycatSophi

ewasoutwithme,andgotinto

abottlecontainingastrongreducing

agent. Of course I took her straight to the vet. What type of

amino

acidbondswouldbedisruptedbyexposuretothestrongreducinga

gent?*

1/ Hydrophobic interactionsHydrogen bondsDisulfidebonds Ionicbonds Feedback Thecorrectanswerarecovalent(disulfide)bonds C

17.Whattypeofbondcantheaminoacidsbelowformtostabilize

thetertiarystructureof aprotein?*

1/ IonicbondHydrophob ic interactionHydrogen bond Disulfidebond Feedback ThecorrectanswerishydrogenbondsC

18.Whattypeofreactionformstheprimarystructureofaprotein?*

1/ Activationener gyEnzymesDe hydration Hydrolysis Feedback ThecorrectanswerisadehydrationreactionC

19.Myoglobinisanoxygenstorageproteinandexhibitsahyperb

oliccurve in an oxygen saturation graph. What is the

highest level ofprotein structureexhibitedby myoglobin?*

1/ PrimaryS econdary Tertiary Quaternary Feedback Tertiary,myoglobinisasinglesubunitproteinC

20.Whatlevelofproteinstructureinvolvesalphahelicesandb

etapleatedsheets?*

1/ PrimaryS econdary TertiaryQ uaternary Feedback Secondary levelhasalphahelicesandbetapleatedsheetsB

21.Hydrogenbondsbetweenbackbonegroupsstabilizewhatlev

elofprotein structure?*

1/ PrimaryS econdary

TertiaryQ uaternary Feedback Secondary structure B is the correct answer. Primary and secondary structures involve interactionsbetweenthebackbones,tertiaryandquaternarystructuresinvolveinteractionsbetweenthevari ablegroups

22.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutproteinstructurea

ndfunction?*

0/ Aprotein has optimal function inits primarystructure. Allproteinscarryoutcellularfunctionswhentheyhaveobtainedtheirfinalq uaternarystructure. Ionicbondsbetweenthebackbonegroupsofaminoacidsstabilizeaprotein' stertiarystructure. Thehydrophobiceffectprimarilycontributestoasinglesubunitprotein's tertiarystructure. Correctanswer Thehydrophobiceffectprimarilycontributestoasinglesubunitprotein'st ertiarystructure. Feedback ThecorrectanswerisD.Thehydrophobiceffectdrivestheformationofthecoreofaprotein, whichisthepredominant contributing factor totheprotein's tertiarystructure.

23.Glutamine is located at position 13, of a protein, and

forms

ahydrogenbondwiththeaminoacidatposition89.Whatwouldhap

peniftheaminoacidat position 89wasmutatedtoalanine?*

1/

Nothingtheywillbindnormally Thehydrogenbondwillnolongerbeformed,andtheproteinwillbemisfolde d Nothing, they will form a hydrophobic interactionThey willformadisulfidebond Feedback Thecorrect answerisB

24.AnelderlypatientisdiagnosedwithAlzheimer’sDisease.Whic

hofthefollowingismostlikelythecause

ofthisneurologicaldisorder?*

1/ DisulfidebondformationbycysteineaminoacidsI rondeficiency Aggregationofhydrophobicaminoacids Ionicbondsformedbyhydrogenbondingofaminoacids Feedback Answeris C

25.Whattypeofbondisfoundintheprimarystructureofa protein?*

1/ IonicDi sulfide Charge d

Feedback Answeris Dpeptidebonds Peptide

26.Whichpairofaminoacidsbelowcouldbondtogethertostabili

zethetertiary structureofaprotein?*

0/ Option Option

Correctanswer Option Feedback Cisthecorrect answer Option Option

27.Ifarginineismutatedtoleucinewithinaprotein,howwouldt

hestructureof theprotein beaffected?*

1/

Ionic bonds will continue to form, allowing the protein to fold as normal.Hydrophobicinteractionswillcontinuetooccurresultinginnorm alfolding.Ionicbondswillnolongerform,potentiallycausingtheproteint omisfold. Hydrophobicinteractionswillbebroken,potentiallycausingaggregation. Feedback Thecorrect answerisCanionicbondwillnot formbetweentwochargedaminoacids,leadingtoamisfoldedprotein.

28.Fryinganegginapanchangestheeggwhitecolor,duetothe

protein ovalbumin, from translucent to white. Which bond

orinteractionismostlikelytobedisrupted

withintheOvalbumin?*

1/ IonicbondsHydrophob icinteractions Disulfide bondsNoneofth eabove Feedback ThecorrectanswerisBheatwilldisrupthydrophobicinteractions

29.Duringamorningrunonthetreadmill,theblood

aroundmuscletissue becomes increasingly acidic. What

happens to hemoglobinwhen itencounters thisacidic

muscletissue?*

0/ HemoglobinwillswitchintotheR-stateanddeliveroxygen Hemoglobinwillbindandstoreoxygen HemoglobinwillswitchintotheT- stateanddeliveroxygenHemoglobinwillswitchintotheR- stateandbindoxygen Correctanswer HemoglobinwillswitchintotheT-stateanddeliveroxygen Feedback The correct answer is C (Hemoglobin will switch into the T-state and deliver oxygen) becauseHemoglobinswitchesintotheT- stateanddeliversoxygenintheacidic(lowpH)environmentofexercisingmuscle tissue.

30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscorrectlydescribes

thedifferencebetweenhemoglobinandmyoglobin?*

• Option
• Option
• Option
• 1/

Feedback Thecorrect answerisD(CO)Carbonmonoxidecanbindtohemoglobinwithagreater affinitythanoxygen. Hemoglobinbindsoxygeninacooperativemanner,whileMyoglobinbinds oxygenwitharelativelyhigheraffinityandstoresoxygen. Hemoglobinhastertiarystructure,whileMyoglobinhasquaternarystru ctureandbindsoxygenin acooperativemanner. HemoglobinstoresoxygenandMyoglobindeliversoxygentooxygen- deprivedmuscletissue. Myoglobinisboundby2,3-BPGandchangesintotheT- statetodeliveroxygen Feedback ThecorrectanswerisA.(Hemoglobinbindsoxygeninacooperativemanner,whileMyoglobinbindsoxygen with a relatively higher affinity and stores oxygen.) Hemoglobin has 4 subunits and bindsoxygen in a cooperative manner. Cooperativity means that as one molecule of oxygen binds tohemoglobin, the shape of hemoglobin changes to make it easier to bind subsequent molecules ofoxygen.Myoglobin’sjobistostoreoxygen, soit bindstooxygenwithahighaffinityandstoresit.

31.Whichofthefollowingmoleculesbindsdirectlytotheir

onmoleculeinhemoglobin?*

1/ CO Mg 2,3- BPGCO

32.Basedonthegraphbelow,whichofthefollowingstatement

sistrue?*

1/

Thehemoglobincurvewillshifttotherightwhenthereisahighconcentrati onofH+ (protons) andtheconcentration of CO2is high. Thehemoglobincurvewillshifttotheleftwhenthereisahighconcentrati onofH+ (protons)andtheconcentrationof CO2is low. Thehemoglobincurvewillshifttotherightwhenthereisalowconcentrati onofH+ (protons)andtheconcentrationof CO2is low. Thehemoglobincurvewillshifttotheleftwhenthereisahighconcentrati onofH+ (protons)and theconcentrationofCO2is high. Feedback The correct answer is A (The Hemoglobin curve will shift to the right when there is a highconcentrationofH+(protons)andtheconcentrationofCO2ishigh.).ArightshiftintheHemoglobincurve correlates with a decrease in pH. At low pH, H+/proton concentration is high (this occurs inmuscle tissue and tells Hemoglobin to release oxygen). In the muscle tissue, at low pH, CO2concentrationis highbecause itisbeing producedby themuscles.

33.Whatoccursastheamountofhemoglobinsaturatedwithoxy

genincreases?*

1/1 HemoglobinadoptstheT- stateconformationandthehemegroupsbecomeplanar. HemoglobinadoptstheR- stateconformationandthehemegroupsbecomeplanar.

HemoglobinadoptstheT- stateconformationandthehemegroupsbecomebent. HemoglobinadoptstheR- stateconformationandthehemegroupsbecomebent. Feedback The correct answer is B (Hemoglobin adopts the R-state conformation and the heme groupbecomesplanar.).WhenHemoglobinbindsoxygen(inthelungs)inchangesintotheR- stateandthehemegroups takeona planarshape.

34.Susieis18weekspregnantwithtwinsandwasrecentlydiagnos

edwith gestational diabetes. Susie’s twins are developing

according toschedule and Susie hopes to carry the twins as

close to full term aspossible. Which statement below

describes how a sufficient amount ofoxygen

ismadeavailabletoSusie’sdevelopingfetuses?

1/1 Bicarbonate binds to Susie’s hemoglobin and stabilizes the T- stateconformation, which favors the delivery of oxygen to the developing fetuses.2,3- BPGbindstoSusie’shemoglobinandstabilizestheT- stateconformation,whichfavorsthedeliveryof oxygentothedevelopingfetuses. CarbonmonoxidebindstoSusie’shemoglobinandstabilizestheR- stateconformation, which increases the delivery of oxygen to the developingfetuses. BicarbonateinducesSusie’shemoglobintoadoptanon- planarconformationandbindoxygensothatthedevelopingfetusesaresu fficientlyoxygenated. Feedback The correct answer is B (2,3-BPG binds to Susie’s Hemoglobin and stabilizes the T- stateconformation,whichfavors thedeliveryofoxygentothedevelopingfetuses.).2,3- BPGbindstoHemoglobinandstabilizestheT-statewhichfavorsoxygendelivery.

35.Alexispreparingtoruninhisfirst5K.Ashestretches,hismuscles

are producing ATP through aerobic metabolic pathways. A

byproductof a functioning citric acid cycle is carbon dioxide.

How is this carbondioxideremovedfrom thebody?*

1/1 Carbondioxideisconvertedtobicarbonateandbindstohemoglobin,which shuttles the carbon dioxide to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of thebody.

Feedback The correct answer is D. (Carbonic Anhydrase converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, which canflow through the bloodstream to the lungs. In the lungs, Carbonic Anhydrase converts bicarbonatebacktocarbondioxidesothatitcanbeexhaledoutofthebody.)CO2isawasteproductproducedi nthetissuesfromaerobicrespiration.TheCO2isconvertedtobicarbonate(HCO3-)inthetissuesasawaytos huttleCO2tothelungssothatit canbeexhaledoutof thelungs. Inthelungs,HCO3-isconverted backtoCO2and CO2is exhaledoutofthebody. Feedback The correct answer is D (The amount of E would increase). If enzyme 4 is inhibited, then D will nolongerbemade,soCwillbuildupandenzymewouldconvertmoreCtoE, thusE wouldincrease. Carbondioxideflowsthroughthebloodstreamtothelungssothatitcanbe exhaledoutof thebody. Carbonicanhydrasehelpscarbondioxidesticktohemoglobin,whichshuttl esthe carbon dioxide to the lungs. In the lungs, Carbonic Anhydrase convertscarbondioxidetoagassothatitcanbeexhaledoutofthebody. Carbonicanhydraseconvertscarbondioxidetobicarbonate,whichcanflo wthrough the bloodstream to the lungs. In the lungs, Carbonic Anhydraseconvertsbicarbonatebacktocarbondioxidesothatitcanbeex haledoutofthebody.

36.IfEnzyme4,inthepathwaybelow,wereinhibited,whichoft

hefollowing wouldbetrue?*

1/1 The amount of A would decreaseThe amount of D would increaseThe amount of C would decreaseTheamountofEwoul dincrease

37.DescribewhatwouldhappenifEnzyme2inthepathwaybelo

wwereinhibited.*

1/1 The amount of compound C would build upTheamountofcompoundBwouldbuil dup The amount of compound D would increaseTheamountofcompoundAwould decrease Feedback Thecorrect answerisB(Theamountof compoundBwouldbuildup). Whenanenzymeisinhibitedwithinapathway,theenzyme’ssubstratebuildsupanditssubsequentproducts

38.Anexperimentalcompound,termedDrugX,caninhibitanenzy

meby binding at a site that is distinct from the enzyme's

active site. Whattypeofinhibitor is DrugX?*

1/1 CompetitiveN on- competitive Sequenti alCongru ent Feedback ThecorrectanswerisB(Non- competitive).Aninhibitorthatbindstoasiteotherthantheenzyme'sactivesite(allostericsite)isaNon- competitiveinhibitor.

39.WhichenzymeaddsaphosphategroupfromATPtoamolecule.*

1/1 Kinase PhosphataseAc

etyltransferase Dehydrogenas e