Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023, Exams of Nursing

Download Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 Avogadro's number - Correct Answer ✅number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23 Planck's constant - Correct Answer ✅6.63 x 10^-34 Jxsec alpha particle - Correct Answer ✅4/2 He beta particle - Correct Answer ✅0/-1e positron particle - Correct Answer ✅0/+1e gas constant (R) - Correct Answer ✅8.31 J/Kmol Average Kinetic Energy - Correct Answer ✅AvgKE=3/2nRT Partial Pressure of Gas - Correct Answer ✅Pa x ntot = Ptot x na Ideal Gas Law (density) - Correct Answer ✅P(mm)=RT gas constant (R) in atm - Correct Answer ✅0.082 L atm / K mol Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 atomic theory - Correct Answer ✅(Dalton's 1800) 1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. Evidence for the atomic theory - Gold foil experiment - Correct Answer ✅Ernest Rutherford expected the beam he shot to go right through; 1/8,000 of them would bounce back. Thus, there is something very small, dense, and positively charged in a atom along with a lot of empty space. atomic structure - Correct Answer ✅Protons and Neutrons form the nucleus of the atom, electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells. atomic spectra - Correct Answer ✅all elements, when heated release specific frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (colors of light) unique to that particular element quantum numbers - Correct Answer ✅These specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals - describes the energy and place of an electron. n= Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 nonpolar covalent - Correct Answer ✅0-0.4 polar covalent (dipole-dipole) - Correct Answer ✅.4-1.7 ionic (ion-ion) - Correct Answer ✅1.7 and greater strongest IMF and causes intra. very high boiling point metallic bonding - Correct Answer ✅the chemical bonding that results from the attraction between metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons macromolecular - Correct Answer ✅giant structures of covalently bonded atoms; can have allotropes like that of carbon. 3D Network solids are covalently bonded in 3D crystals and high boiling and melting points and not soluble dispersion - Correct Answer ✅inter force all have weakest of IMFs; increase as molecular weight increases sigma bonds - Correct Answer ✅one in every bond Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 pi bonds - Correct Answer ✅these are added to make double and triple bonds resonance - Correct Answer ✅more than one structure is possible for a certain element Valence bond theory - Correct Answer ✅Valence bond theory describes the formation of bond in a molecule. It states that partially-filled atomic orbitals of different atoms overlap with each other in order to form covalent bonds. hybridization of orbitals - Correct Answer ✅based off of the electronic geometries of a molecule and how they come together to share electrons (not lone pairs) to fill outer orbitals boiling point trends - Correct Answer ✅usually increases as molecular weight increases (water = exception along with all other hydrogen bonds which are harder to break and therefore it must be hotter) structural isomerism - Correct Answer ✅Compounds that have identical molecular formulas but different structures. dipole moments - Correct Answer ✅(dipole - when 2 electrical charges of equal size but opposite signs are separated by a distance) measure of Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 the magnitude (size) of a dipole. Larger dipole moments occur with a larger change in EN usually nonpolar geometries - Correct Answer ✅tetrahedral, linear, octahedral, square planar, trigonal planar usually polar geomtries - Correct Answer ✅bent, seesaw, trigonal pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, t-shaped, square pyramidal molecular orbital - Correct Answer ✅Region in a molecule where atomic orbitals overlap, resulting in either a stable low-energy bonding orbital or an unstable high-energy antibonding orbital. ions and coordination complexes - Correct Answer ✅consists of an atom or ion (usually metallic), and a surrounding array of bound molecules or anions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents. Many metal-containing compounds (especially transition metals) consist of coordination complexes ideal gases - Correct Answer ✅measured with PV=nRT (R=0.0821) Deviations from ideal gas laws - Correct Answer ✅real gases vary b/c under high pressures the volume of the particles compared to the Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 formation of covalent bonds - Correct Answer ✅sharing electrons to fill outer shell cleavage of covalent bonds - Correct Answer ✅splitting of the bond two kinds; homolytic cleavage (the two electrons in a cleaved covalent bond are divided equally between the products. Also known as homolytic fission) and heterolytic cleavage (the bond breaks in such a fashion that the originally-shared pair of electrons remain with one of the fragments. This process is also known as heterolytic fission). The term "bond dissociation energy" refers to the amount of energy required to cleave a bond. amphoterism - Correct Answer ✅a molecule or ion that can act as an acid and a base (ex HCO3-) arrhenius - Correct Answer ✅acids produce proton, bases produce hydroxide strong arrhenius acids - Correct Answer ✅HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3; fully dissociated weak arrhenius acids - Correct Answer ✅are not fully dissociated and form an equilibrium Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 strong bases - Correct Answer ✅LiOH, KOH, NaOh, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Ra(OH)2; they are soluble hydoxides Bronsted-Lowry Acid - Correct Answer ✅proton donor bronsted-lowry base - Correct Answer ✅proton acceptors conjugate pairs - Correct Answer ✅acids have conjugate bases without the H bases have conjugate acids with the H (only one proton difference between conj. pairs) Lewis Acids - Correct Answer ✅lone pair acceptors Lewis Bases - Correct Answer ✅lone pair donors coordination complexes - Correct Answer ✅a central metal atom is surrounded by nonmetal atoms or groups of atoms called ligands joined by chemical bonds. Whatever the charge of the metal ion is, multiply it by two and that's how many ligands you need. they can be used to alter a molecule to make it soluble or another feature Ex: Pb2+ + 2I- --> PbI2 (s) Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 PbI2 + 2I- --> PbI42- (which is soluble so easier to wash away) common ligands - Correct Answer ✅I-, Cl-, OH-, NH3, HOH, CN- precipitation reactions - Correct Answer ✅the formation of a solid in a solution (or inside another solid) during a chemical reaction (or by diffusion in a solid). When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the precipitate, the chemical that caused the change is the precipitant. Net Ionic Equations represent these and do not include spectator ions in the formula. Ex: Ag+ (aq) + Cl− (aq) → AgCl (s) oxidation reactions - Correct Answer ✅leo says ger 1) Divide the equation into an oxidation half-reaction and a reduction half-reaction 2) Balance: the elements other than H and O, then the O by adding H2O, the H by adding H+, the charge by adding e- 3)Multiply each half-reaction by an integer such that the number of e- lost in one equals the number gained in the other 4) Combine the half-reactions and cancel oxidation number rules - Correct Answer ✅For atoms in their elemental form, the oxidation number is 0 Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 Solution: 11 g CaCl2 / (110 g CaCl2 / mol CaCl2) = 0.10 mol CaCl2 100 mL x 1 L / 1000 mL = 0.10 L molarity = 0.10 mol / 0.10 L molarity = 1.0 M Solubility Rules - Correct Answer ✅1. Alkali metals (Li column) and NH4+ are soluble 2. Nitrates, acetates, chlorates and perchlorates are always soluble (NO3, CH3COO, ClO3, ClO4) 3. binary ionic compounds of Cl, Br, and I are soluble expect with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2(2+) 4. All sulfates are soluble except Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+, Ag2+, Hg2(2+) 5. Except rule one, all carbonates, oxides, fluorides, sulfides, silicates, chromates and phosphates are insolube 6. Except for R1 and Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ all hydroxides are insoluble likes dissolve likes - Correct Answer ✅substances w/ similar IMFs will dissolve in each other (more alike =more soluble) nonpolar dissolves in nonpolar and visa versa. ionic compounds dissolve in polar compounds miscible = dissolves Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 chemical dynamic equilibrium - Correct Answer ✅is the state in which both reactants and products are present at concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time physical dynamic equilibrium - Correct Answer ✅exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants/products, but substances move between the chemicals at an equal rate, meaning there is no net change. Le Chatelier's principle - Correct Answer ✅Any change in status quo prompts an opposing reaction in the responding system. in a rate law equation... (and Kc) - Correct Answer ✅products raised to their coefficient divided by the sum of reactants raised to their coefficients K(little c) - Correct Answer ✅equilibrium constant (needs constant temperature) no units! Kp - Correct Answer ✅same as Kc but pressure and () not [ ] find that with moles (coefficient) and / by total moles and x by pressure of system overall because the concentration of a gas is directly proportional to pressure Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 no units! in equilibrium temp change - Correct Answer ✅(sign of delta H)(sign of delta T) = (if positive reaction runs forward) (if negative, reaction runs backwards reaction quotient - Correct Answer ✅Qc < Kc - This occurs if there is too much reactant and not enough product. In order to raise Qc to equilibrium (Kc), some of the reactants must be converted to products, thereby decreasing the denominator and increasing the numerator. In other words, the system must SHIFT RIGHT. Qc = Kc - The system is at EQUILIBRIUM. Qc > Kc - This occurs if there is too much product and not enough reactant. In order to lower Qc to equilibrium (Kc), some of the products must be converted back to reactants, thereby decreasing the numerator and increasing the denominator. In other words, the system must SHIFT LEFT. equilibrium constant pK - Correct Answer ✅A value equal to the pH at which equal concentrations of the acidic and basic forms of a substance are present. equilibrium constant pH - Correct Answer ✅can be used to help represent concentrations in acid/base equilibrium. pH=-log(H+) Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 Activation Energy (Ea) - Correct Answer ✅The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. Role of Catalysts - Correct Answer ✅Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction. They enable reactant molecules to collide with improved orientation factors. reaction mechanisms - Correct Answer ✅shows that the reaction takes place in two steps and describes exactly how those steps happen in terms of bonds being broken or made. It also shows that the steps have different rates of reaction - one slow and one fast. The rate determining step - Correct Answer ✅the slow step; as long as there is a lot of difference between the rates of the various steps, when you measure the rate of a reaction, you are actually measuring the rate of the rate determining step. The relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanism - Correct Answer ✅a mechanism is necessary to break the reaction into multiple steps - each will have their own rate and this is how we are able to find the rate-determining step Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 state functions - Correct Answer ✅properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved. Examples in thermodynamics include internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy because they describe quantitatively an equilibrium state of a thermodynamic system, irrespective of how the system arrived in that state. kinetics rate of reaction - Correct Answer ✅just reactants are used and you take the reactants from the slow step Hess' Law - Correct Answer ✅If a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route. To solve using this, we manipulate equations and cancel out the two sides when adding them together - also add deltaH! heat of reaction - Correct Answer ✅the amount of heat that must be added or removed during a chemical reaction to keep all substances present. If the pressure is kept constant, the change in thermodynamic quantity is enthalpy = detlaH First Law of Thermodynamics - Correct Answer ✅Heat is a form of energy which can be neither created nor destroyed but can be changed in form (conservation law) Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 enthalpy - Correct Answer ✅H = U - PV, A measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system (a thermodynamic potential). It includes the internal energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure heat of formation - Correct Answer ✅going from an element in elemental form to its typical apt - this is found in the deltaH. Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, all absences and donations of energy are in relation with the surroundings heat capacity - Correct Answer ✅The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a specified amount of a substance by 1°C or 1 K. heat of vaporization - Correct Answer ✅The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas The enthalpy of condensation (or heat of condensation) is by definition equal to the enthalpy of vaporization with the opposite sign: enthalpy changes of vaporization are always positive (heat is absorbed by the substance), whereas enthalpy changes of condensation are always negative (heat is released by the substance). Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 Charle's Law - Correct Answer ✅Volume of a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas if the pressure is constant V1/T1= V2/T2 How do you find the moles of an element when given mass ? - Correct Answer ✅n(Moles)= M(Mass)/mm(Molar mass) Ideal Gas Law - Correct Answer ✅P(V)= n(R)(T) P=Pressure V=Volume (in L) n= Moles R=Ideal gas constant T= Temp. (In K) When do you use Avogadros number? - Correct Answer ✅-Number of atoms in a mole -Number of moles in an atom - Number of molecules in a mole -Transferring moles to representative particles -Transferring grams to moles Chemistry CLEP Exam 1 Quizzes with Question And Answers 2023 Percent Composition - Correct Answer ✅Mass of element/ mass of compound x100 Ketone Group - Correct Answer ✅