chemistry final Exam review-Graded A, Exams of Advanced Education

Download chemistry final Exam review-Graded A and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! chemistry final Exam review-Graded A intensive properties - correct answer-depends on what type of matter (ex: denisty, composition, atomic structure) extensive properties - correct answer-depends on how much matter you have (amount of matter), ex: mass, volume, shape homogenous mixtures - correct answer-one phase (part that you can see), individual parts not visible (ex: solutions) heterogenous mixture - correct answer-mixture does not appear the same throughout (ex: colloids, suspenisons, and blood) pure substances - correct answer-can only be separated by chemical means separation techniques - correct answer-1.filter 2. magnet 3. distillation (separation of boiling points) 4.hand separation 5. chromotography 6. centrifuge law of conservation of matter - correct answer-matter is not created or destroyed, it just changes forms accuracy - correct answer-a measure of how a close measuremnet come to the actual or true value precision - correct answer-a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another percent error - correct answer-(|experimental value-accepted value|/accepted value) x 100 adding or subtracting sig figs - correct answer-round to the least # of decimal places multiply/ divide sig figs - correct answer-round answer to least # of sig figs evidence of a chemical change - correct answer-color change, gas, water is a new product density - correct answer-an intensive property that depends on the composition of a substance, used to identify a substance, d=m/v atom - correct answer-the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction Democritus - correct answer-1st person to identiy the atom John Dalton - correct answer-1st theory to relate chemical changes to events at the atomic level. his theory: 1. all elements are composed of tiny indivisible molecules called atoms 2. atoms of the same element are the same 3. atoms of different elements can physically mix together 4. atoms of different elements can chemically combine to form a compound William Crookes - correct answer-invented the cathode ray tube J.J. Thompson - correct answer-discovered the electron. Thought the atom was a positive sphere with negatively charged electrons throughout: plum pudding model Ernest Rutherford - correct answer-found the nucleus; gold foil experiment, used (positive) alpha particles and a narrow beam of particles directed at a sheet of gold Neils Bohr - correct answer-electrons move in a circular orbit at fixec distances from the nucleus, an electron can gain or lose energy by changing its orbit; planetary model CHADWICK - correct answer-found neutron Erwin Schrodinger and quantum mechanics - correct answer-electron clouds Medeleev - correct answer-published a table of elements (periodic table), arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass; found repating patterns in properties, and left empy spaces in the table Moseley - correct answer-determined atomic # for each known element; arrangted the elements in order of increasing atomic number; "father of the modern perodic table" period - correct answer-horizontal row of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number's family - correct answer-columns of related elements proton - correct answer-+1 charge, 1 amu, located in the nucleus neutron - correct answer-0 charge, 1 amu, located in the nucleus electron - correct answer--1 charge, 0 amu, located outside of nucleus (mass is smaller than protons and neutrons) exceptional configuations - correct answer-(for transiton metals) 1. filled d orbitals are preferred 2. half-filled sublevels are preferred atomic radius - correct answer-size of an atom. decreases from left to right (b/c of increased nuclear charge). Increases from top to bottom (b/c you have added an energy level) Ionization energy - correct answer-energy required to remove an electron from a gasseous atom. Increases from left to right, decreases from top to bottom electronegativity - correct answer-tendency of an atom to pull electrons towards it. Increases from left to right, and decreases from top to bottom photoelectic effect - correct answer-the color of light makes a difference in the number of electrons (energy is related to the frequency by Planck's constant "h") properties of ionic compounds - correct answer-1. soild at room temperature 2. high melting point 3. very stable 4. 3-D crystal patterns 5. conduct electricity in water solution 6. composed of anion and cation electrostatic interaction b/w charged atoms - correct answer-opposites attract valence electrons - correct answer-electrons in outer most energy level covalent/ molecular bonding - correct answer-sharing of electrons diatomic molecules - correct answer-every single halogen + hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen VSPER (valence shell electron pair repulsion theory) - correct answer-Electrons will move as far away from each other as possible- this effects the molecule's shape coordinate covalent bond - correct answer-share a lone pair with another atom. (Once formed, no different than a single bond) bond length - correct answer-single>double>triple bond dissociation energy - correct answer-energy it takes to break a bond. triple> double>single hybridization - correct answer-theory of how molecular compounds form. Proof of shape sigma boinds - correct answer-all single bonds, and the first bond in a multiple bond 3 ways molecules can be attracted to each other - correct answer-1. dispersion forces 2. dipole interactions 3. hydrogen bonding dispersion forces - correct answer-the weakes of the three, caused by motion of electrons, the mroe electrons the greater the force (most easily seen with states of halogens) dipole interactions - correct answer-polar molecules will attract to each other. They line up positive to negative (opposites attract) hydrogen bonding - correct answer-the greatest of the three forces, involves a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative element with lone pairs. Anb adjacent molecule with the same structure will be attarcted. (Gives water its special properties) law of definite proportions - correct answer-the masses of all the elements are always in the same whole # proportions energy is released when... - correct answer-bonds break naming ionic compounds - correct answer-binary: 2 elements (metal anion root ide) ex: sodium chloride. ternary: 3+ elements (metal polyatomic ion) law of multiple proportions - correct answer-2 elements can form more than one compound (usually molecular) synthesis/combination - correct answer-2 or more substances combine to form a single substance (metal oxide + water=base) decomposition - correct answer-a single compund is broken down into 2 or more products combustion - correct answer-an element or compound reats with oxygen, producing heat and light