Chemistry Final Exam Straighterline with 100% correct answers.docx, Exams of Biology

Download Chemistry Final Exam Straighterline with 100% correct answers.docx and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Chemistry Final Exam Straighterline with 100% correct answers What is the term used for findings that are summarized based on a pattern or trend? a. Law b. Hypothesis c. Theory d. Phenomena e. Prediction - answer law Which of the following is a tentative explanation for a set of observations? a. law b. Hypothesis c. Theory d. Phenomena e. Prediction - answer Hypothesis If a liquid contains 60% sugar and 40% water throughout its composition then what is it called? Select one: a. Solute b. Compound c. Homogeneous mixture d. Heterogeneous mixture e. Solvent - answer Homogeneous mixture Which of the following does not have a uniform composition throughout? What terms defines a mass which is exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom? Select one: a. Isotope number b. Mass number c. Mass-to-charge ratio d. Atomic number e. Atomic mass unit - answer Atomic mass unit How many neutrons are there in an atom of lead whose mass number is 208? Select one: a. 82 b. 126 c. 208 d. 290 e. none of them - answer 126 Which of these elements is chemically similar to magnesium? a. Sulfur b. Calcium c. Iron d. Nickel e. Potassium - answer Calcium C(graphite) and C(diamond) are examples of... Select one: a. isotopes of carbon. b. allotropes of carbon. c. the law of definite proportions. d. different carbon ions. - answer allotropes of carbon. The 80Br- ion has Select one: a. 45 protons, 35 neutrons, 45 electrons. b. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 34 electrons. c. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 36 electrons. e. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 46 electrons. - answer 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 46 electrons. The formula for sodium sulfide is Select one: a. NaS b. K2S c. NaS2 d. Na2S e. SeS - answer Na2S Which one of the following formulas of ionic compounds is the least likely to be correct? Select one: a. NH4Cl b. Ba(OH)2 c. Na2SO4 d. Ca2NO3 e. Cu(CN)2 - answer Ca2NO3 What is the name of ClO - ion? Select one: a. cannot be used to identify an unknown atom. b. can be used to identify unknown atoms. c. can be explained by the movement of protons colliding with electrons d. none of them - answer can be used to identify unknown atoms. Which one of the following equations correctly represents the process relating to the ionization energy of X? Select one: a. X(s) → X+(g) + e- b. X2(g) → X+(g) + X-(g) c. X(g) + e- → X-(g) d. X-(g) → X(g) + e- e. X(g) → X+(g) + e- - answer X(g) → X+(g) + e- Consider the element with the electron configuration [Kr]5s24d105p5. This element is Select one: a. a halogen. b. a transition metal. c. an alkali metal. d. an actinide element. e. a noble gas. - answer a halogen. Consider the element with the electron configuration [Kr]5s24d7. This element is Select one: a. a halogen. b. a transition metal. c. a nonmetal. d. an actinide element. e. a noble gas. - answer a transition metal How does atomic radius change as you move across the periodic table? Select one: a. Atomic radius decreases moving from left to right across a period and increases from top to bottom. b. Atomic radius increases moving left to right across a period and decreases from top to bottom. c. Smaller nuclear charge lowers energy; more electrons in an orbital lowers energy. d. Atomic radius increases diagonally across the periodic table. e. None of the answers is correct. - answer Atomic radius decreases moving from left to right across a period and increases from top to bottom. Which of these choices is the electron configuration of the iron(III) ion? Select one: a. [Ar]3d5 b. [Ar]4s13d5 c. [Ar]4s23d3 d. [Ar]3d6 e. [Ar]4s23d9 - answer [Ar]3d5 An element with the general electron configuration for its outermost electrons of ns2np1 would be in which element group? Select one: a. 2A b. 3A c. 4A d. 5A .b. 1. c. 0. d. -1. e. -2 - answer 2. Which molecule has the largest dipole moment? Select one: a. HF b. HI c. HBr d. HCl e. All of the molecules have the same dipole moment. - answer HF In which of the following species does the central atom violate the octet rule? Select one: a. CH4 b. SF4 c. PCl4+ d. CCl3+ e. NH3 - answer SF4 Which of these ionic solids would have the largest lattice energy? Select one: a. NaCl b. NaF c. CaBr2 d. CsI e. CaCl2 - answer CaCl2 The total number of bonding electrons in a molecule of formaldehyde (H2CO) is Select one: a. 3. b. 4. c. 6. d. 8 .e. 18. - answer 8. Which of the following molecules has a nonzero dipole moment? Select one: a. BeCl2 b. SF2 c. KrF2 e. CCl4 - answer SF2 According to the VSEPR model, a molecule with the general formula AB5 with one lone pair on the central atom will have a ______ molecular geometry. Select one: a. tetrahedral b. trigonalbipyramidal c. square pyramidal d. octahedral e. seesaw - answer square pyramidal Which is the most reasonable prediction for the three F-Br-F bond angles in BrF3? Select one: a. 90°, 90°, and 180° b. 86°, 94°, and 180° c. 86°, 86°, and 172° Select one: a. 1.055 × 10-22 g b. 63.55 g c. 1 amu d. 1.66 × 10-24 g e. 9.476 × 1021 g - answer 1.055 × 10-22 g What is the percent sulfur in iron(III) sulfate? a. 28% b. 32% c. 24% d. 48% e. 42% - answer 24% Proteins found in humans are polymers that consist of different combinations of 20 amino acids. Proline, one of the 20 amino acids, has the molecular formula, C5H9NO2. If a human protein has 25 proline monomers, how many carbon atoms from proline are present in the protein? Select one: a. 4 C atoms b. 25 C atoms c. 40 C atoms d. 100 C atoms e. 125 C atoms - answer 125 C atoms Aluminum oxide, Al2O3, is used as a filler for paints and varnishes as well as in the manufacture of electrical insulators. Calculate the number of moles in 47.51 g of Al2O3. Select one: a. 2.377 mol b. 2.146 mol c. 1.105 mol d. 0.4660 mol e. 0.4207 mol - answer 0.4660 mol Once the following equation is balanced with the smallest set of whole number coefficients, what is the sum of the coefficients? (Don't forget to include coefficients of one.) a. 4 b. 6 c. 7 d. 9 e. None of these answers is correct. - answer 9 What is the theoretical yield of chromium that can be produced by the reaction of 40.0 g of Cr2O3 with 8.00 g of aluminum according to the chemical equation below? 2Al + Cr2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Cr Select one: a. 7.7 g b. 15.4 g c. 27.4 g d. 30.8 g e. 49.9 g - answer . 15.4 g Which one of the following is a strong acid? a. CH3COOH b. H2SO3 c. NH3 d. H3PO4 e. HClO3 - answer HClO3 A sample of nitrogen gas at 298 K and 745 torr has a volume of 37.42 L. What volume will it occupy if the pressure is increased to 894 torr at constant temperature? Select one: a. 22.3 L b. 31.2 L c. 44.9 L d. 112 L e. 380 L - answer 31.2 L If the atmospheric pressure in Denver is 0.8800 atm, what is this pressure expressed in mmHg? (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr, 1 torr = 1 mmHg)? Select one: a. 151.5 mmHg b. 1.16 × 10-3 mmHg c. 863.6 mmHg d. 8.92 × 104 mmHg e. 668.8 mmHg - answer 668.8 mmHg What are the conditions of STP? select one: a. 0 K and 1 atm b. 273.15 K and 760 torr c. 0°C and 760 atm d. 273.15°C and 760 torr e. 0°C and 1 torr - answer 273.15 K and 760 torr In the van der Waals equation, the constant a is a constant that is part of a correction Select one: a. the volume of the gas b. the temperature of the gas c. the pressure of the gas d. the ideal gas constant - answer the pressure of the gas Which substance will exhibit hydrogen bonding between molecules? Select one: a. (CH3)3N b. CH3-O-CH3 c. CH3CH2-OH d. CH3CH2-F e. HI - answer CH3CH2-OH Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. The higher the viscosity, the faster a liquid flows. b. The viscosity increases with increasing temperature. c. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the viscosity. d. Hydrogen bonding in water gives rise to its unusually low viscosity. e. The viscosity of gases is larger than the viscosity of liquids. - answer The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the viscosity. If liquid bromine is cooled to form a solid, which type of solid does it form? Select one: a. atomic b. metallic Which of the following pairs of liquids is least likely to be miscible? Select one: a. Hexane-heptane b. Hexane-benzene c. Hexane-acetic acid d. Hexane-diethyl ether e. Acetic acid-acetone - answer Hexane-acetic acid What is the name given to a solution that contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve? Select one: a. Unsaturated b. Saturated c. Solvented d. Oversaturated e. Supersaturated - answer Unsaturated An emulsion is a dispersion consisting of a... Select one: a. solid in a liquid. b. liquid in a liquid. c. gas in a liquid. d. liquid in a solid. e. gas in a solid. - answer liquid in a liquid. Which is true regarding the solvation of a solute in a solvent? Select one: a. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an endothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an exothermic process. b. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an exothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an endothermic process. c. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, are both endothermic processes. d. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, are both exothermic processes. e. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, both result in a decrease in entropy. - answer Separation of solute molecules from one another is an exothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an endothermic process. What name is given to a minor component in a solution? Select one: a. Solvent b. Unsaturated c. Saturated d. Solute e. Supersaturated - answer Solute Which compound has the lowest solubility in pure water? Select one: a. Ag2C2O4, Ksp = 1.0 × 10-11 b. PbCl2, Ksp = 1.7 × 10-5 c. FePO4, Ksp = 1.3 × 10-22 d. Ca3(PO4)2, Ksp = 1.2 × 10-26 e. MgF2, Ksp = 6.9 × 10-9 - answer FePO4, Ksp = 1.3 × 10-22 When a strong acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH at the equivalence point Select one: a. is greater than 7.0. b. is equal to 7.0. c. is less than 7.0. d. is equal to the pKa of the conjugate acid. e. is equal to the pKb of the base. - answer is less than 7.0. Which is necessary for a process to be spontaneous? Select one: a. ΔHsys < 0 b. ΔSsys > 0 c. ΔSsurr < 0 d. ΔSuniv > 0 e. ΔGsys = 0 - answer ΔSuniv > 0 As the molar mass of a compound increases, the entropy ______. Select one: a. decreases b. is constant c. increases - answer increases The most probable state is the one with the _______. a. highest energy b. largest number of possible arrangements c. lowest number of possible arrangements d. most symmetry e. highest enthalpy - answer largest number of possible arrangements A spontaneous endothermic reaction always Select one: a. causes the surroundings to get colder. b. bursts into flame. c. requires a spark to initiate it. d. releases heat to the surroundings. - answer causes the surroundings to get colder. Which of the following is used to image the brain? Select one: a. 18O b. 131I c. 123I d. 24Na e. 99Tc - answer 123I Which of the following is an advantage of nuclear power plants over coal-burning plants? Nuclear power plants... Select one: a. form numerous radioactive fission products. b. do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly- ash. Correct c. produce more thermal pollution than coal plants. d. use more fuel. - answer do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly-ash. Which isotope, when bombarded with nitrogen-15, yields four neutrons and the artificial isotope dubnium-260? Select one: a. 2; 0 b. 4; +4 c. 5; 0 d. 4; +2 e. 6; +2 - answer 4; +2 What is the systematic name for [CoCl3(H2O)]-? Select one: a. cobalt(III) chloride monohydrate b. aquatrichlorocobalt(II) c. aquatrichlorocobaltate(II) d. aquatrichlorocobaltite(I) e. monoaquotris(chloro)cobalt(IV) - answer aquatrichlorocobaltate(II) In K4[Fe(CN)6], how many 3d electrons does the iron atom have? Select one: a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7 - answer 6 Write the formula for diamminedichloroethylenediaminecobalt(III) bromide. Select one: a. [CoCl2(en)(NH3)2]Br b. [CoCl2(en)(NH3) 2]Br2 c. [CoCl2(en)2(NH3)2]Br d. [CoCl2(en)2(NH3)2]Br2 e. (NH3)2Cl2(en)Co3Br - answer [CoCl2(en) (NH3)2]Br In the complex ion [Co(en)2Br2]+, what is the oxidation number of Co? Select one: a. +1 b. +2 c. +3 d. -2 e. -1 - answer +3 In which type of isomerism is there restricted rotation around a bond? Select one: a. Stereoisomers b. Geometrical isomers c. Constitutional isomers d. Conformational isomers e. Connectivity isomers - answer Geometrical isomers What name is given to a compound containing a - CONH2 group? Select one: a. Aldehyde b. Amine c. Amide d. Carboxylic acid e. Ester - answer Amide Select one: True False - answer False The juice from an orange is a mixture. Select one: True False - answer True The ripening of fruit, once picked, is an example of physical change. Select one: True False - answer False A particular temperature in degrees Celsius is larger than the temperature in kelvins. Select one: True False - answer False Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Select one: True False - answer True Elements in which the outermost electron has the same principal quantum number, n, show similar chemical properties. Select one: True False - answer False Atomic size decreases across a period due to an increase in the effective nuclear charge, Zeff. Select one: True False - answer True The radii of ions are always smaller than the radii of the corresponding atoms of the same element. Select one: True False - answer False The electron configuration of atomic argon is the same as the chloride ion (Cl-). Select one: True False - answer True Moseley's measurements of nuclear charges of the elements provided the basis for arranging the elements of the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number. Select one: True False - answer True Only valence electrons are shown in the Lewis structure held together by covalent bonds. False - answer False The molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula. Select one: True False - answer True There is only one distinct empirical formula for each compound that exists. Select one: True False - answer True Amphoteric oxides are compounds that exhibit both acidic and basic behavior. Select one: True False - answer True If a strong acid such as HCl is diluted sufficiently with water, the pH will be higher than 7. Select one: True False - answer False Kw = 1.0 × 10-14 under all conditions. Select one: True False - answer False A hydrohalic acid is a binary acid containing a halogen. Select one: True False - answer True Weak acids have weak conjugate bases. Select one: True False - answer False The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to its molar mass. Select one: True False - answer False Gases are compressible and have a density that is much higher than liquids and solids. Select one: True False - answer False For a gas obeying Boyle's law, a plot of V versus 1/P will give a straight line passing through the origin. Select one: True False - answer False Select one: True False - answer False The endpoint is used to estimate the equivalence point. Select one: True False - answer True If the pH of a buffer solution is greater than the pKa value of the buffer acid, the buffer will have more capacity to neutralize added base than added acid. Select one: True False - answer False For a conjugate acid-base pair, Kw = Ka/Kb Select one: True False - answer False The amount of strong acid added to a buffer solution cannot exceed the original amount of conjugate base present in order for the buffer to still work. Select one: True False - answer True The endpoint in a titration is defined as the point when the appropriate indicator changes color. Select one: True False - answer True Increasing the concentrations of the components of a buffer solution will increase the buffer capacity. Select one: True False - answer True A CH3COOH/CH3COO- buffer can be produced by adding a strong acid to a solution of CH3COO- ions. Select one: True False - answer True Indicators are weak acids that are one color in acidic solution and another color in basic solution. Select one: True False - answer True The pH of a solution that is 0.20 M CH3COOH and 0.20 M CH3COONa should be higher than the pH of a 0.20 M CH3COOH solution. Select one: True False - answer True True False - answer False The maximum oxidation state of an element in the first transition series never exceeds its group number. Select one: True False - answer True In complexes of transition metals, the maximum coordination number of the metal is equal to its number of d electrons. Select one: True False - answer False The systematic name of the coordination compound K2[Co(H2O)2I4] is potassium diaquotetraiodocobaltate(II). Select one: True False - answer True A complex ion that undergoes a very slow exchange reaction is called an inert complex. Select one: True False - answer True What is the vapor pressure above a beaker containing a solution of NaCl that is made up of 250ml of water and 12g of NaCl? a. 10.3 mmHg b. 23.4 mmHg c. 63.2 mmHg - answer 23.4 mmHg Plants use up copious amounts of which alkali metal, preventing most of it from being washed out to sea? a. lithium b. sodium c. potassium d. rubidium - answer potassium Which of the following isotopes is likely to be the most stable? Select one: a. F-21 b. Kr-77 c. Po-210 d. Sn-50 - answer Sn-50 Ernest Rutherford disproved J.J. Thomson's plum- pudding model of the atom by showing that... a. atoms are, in fact, not electrically neutral. b. the atom contains neutrons. c. positive matter is concentrated in the central core. d. electrons are actually greater in mass than protons. - answer positive matter is concentrated in the central core. What is the reducing agent in the following equation? Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Select one: a. -5.29 kJ b. -1.46 kJ c. 3.84 kJ d. 12.78 kJ - answer -1.46 kJ Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table of elements? Select one: a. s b. p c. d d. f - answer p Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values for Na at different phases? Select one: a. Na (g) < Na (s) < Na (l) b. Na (l) < Na (g) < Na (s) c. Na (s) < Na (l) < Na (g) d. Na (s) < Na (g) < Na (l) - answer Na (s) < Na (l) < Na (g) What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced in the redox reaction shown? 3CuS + 8HNO3 ==> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H20 Select one: a. Copper has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. b. Nitrogen has been oxidized; oxygen has been reduced. c. Sulfur has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. d. Oxygen has been oxidized; copper has been reduced. - answer Sulfur has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. When iron ions react with water, some of the iron ions will combine with water molecules, like this: Fe3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) à Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H+(aq)In this case, is the iron ion acting like an acid or a base? Explain. A. The iron ion is acting like a base. It is forcing water to give up a hydronium ion, which agrees with the Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid. B. The iron ion is acting like an acid. It has accepted a pair of electrons from the oxygen, which agrees with the Lewis definition of an acid. C. The iron is not acting like either an acid or a base. It is a reducing agent because it has been oxidized. D. The iron ion is acting like an acid. It is removing hydroxide from the solution, which agrees with the Arrhenius definition of an acid. - answer The iron ion is acting like an acid. It has accepted a pair of electrons from the oxygen, which agrees with the Lewis definition of an acid. Ammonia is a vitally important industrial chemical. Fertilizers and nitric acid (an important industrial chemical itself) are produced from ammonia. The Haber-Bosch process is used to create ammonia, and has two major steps: a) CH4(g) + H2O(g) à 2 H2(g) + CO(g) b) 3 H2(g) + N2(g) à 2 NH3(g) Is either of these steps an oxidation-reduction reaction? If so, identify which elements are oxidized, which are reduced and which are neither oxidized nor reduced. contains a lot of energy, and this energy is released when the bonds are broken. C. C2H4 + 3O2 à 2CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because the energy released - answer 2C2H2 + 5O2 à 4CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because the energy released when forming the chemical bonds in four moles of CO2 and two moles of water H2O is much more than the energy required to break the chemical bonds in two moles of ethyne and five moles of oxygen. In some enzymatic reactions, the product of the reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme is able to bind to the active site on the enzyme itself. What effect would this have on the activity of the enzyme? Could this be a biologically useful feature in some situations? Explain. A. This would inhibit the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. No, this could not be biologically useful and is the sign of a damaged enzyme. Enzymes should catalyze as many reactions as possible for biological efficiency. B. This would enhance the enzyme's activity, speeding it up. Yes, this could be biologically useful because it would maximize production of the product. C. This would inhibit the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. Yes, this could be biologically useful because it could prevent over- production of the product. D. This would enhance the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. No, this would not be biologically useful because it wou - answer This would inhibit the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. Yes, this could be biologically useful because it could prevent over-production of the product. Silicon can be "doped" with other elements by adding small amounts of those elements to the silicon. This can make "n-type" or "p-type" semiconductors, depending on what is added to the silicon. What type of semiconductor would be produced by adding indium to silicon? Why? Which element could you add to make the opposite type of semiconductor? A. Doping silicon with indium produces a "p-type" semiconductor. This is because the indium has more protons than silicon, so it is a "p-type" semiconductor. Adding arsenic to silicon would produce an "n-type" semiconductor. B. Doping silicon with indium produces a "n-type" semiconductor. This is because the indium has more neutrons than silicon, so it is an "n-type" semiconductor. Adding arsenic to silicon would produce a "p-type" semiconductor. C. There is not enough information to answer this question. To know what type of semiconductor will be produced requires knowledge o - answer Doping silicon with indium produces a "p-type" semiconductor. This is because the indium has fewer valence electrons than silicon, and this will produce positively charged "holes" in the electron structure. Adding arsenic to silicon would produce an "n-type" semiconductor. Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called - answer Isotopes proposed an atomic theory in 1808. - answer John Dalton The magnitude of the electron charge was discovered by - answer R. Millikan E. Rutherford is credited with discovering the - answer Nucleus Metals and non-metals are separated in the periodic table by a(n) - answer staircase Glass Amorphous Metallic - answer Amorphous The two types of close-packing are called cubic close-packing and ______ close-packing. Hexagonal Simple Triangular - answer Hexagonal Three types of atomic solids are nonbonded, metallic, and _____________. Network covalent Ionic Molecular - answer Network covalent Effusion is the transfer of gas through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber. True False - answer True Kinetic molecular theory is a basic atomic model that describes the behavior of liquids. True False - answer False Boyle's law is a gas law that associates the product of the pressure and volume with the number of moles, temperature, and a universal proportionality constant. True False - answer True Standard temperature and pressure are conditions defined as 0oC and 1 atm. True False - answer True The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by ________ forces. Ion-dipole Dipole-dipole Hydrogen-bonded - answer Ion-dipole An alloy is an example of a ____ solution. - answer solid-solid A concentration term commonly used for solutions that uses the volume of a solution is ______. - answer Molarity The Tyndall effect is the effect whereby a colloidal solution interacts with electricity. True False - answer False Raoult's law applies to a solution comprised of a non-volatile solute and is the relationship between the vapor pressure of the solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. True False - answer True A reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another is called a(n) __________ reaction. Redox or oxidation-reduction Acid-base Ionic - answer Redox or oxidation-reduction The fact that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins is called the ________. Heisenberg uncertainty principle Pauli exclusion principle Electron configuration - answer Pauli exclusion principle The p-orbitals can hold a maximum of _____ electrons. Six Two Ten - answer Six The d orbitals can hold a maximum of ____ electrons. Four Six Ten - answer Ten The actual nuclear charge minus the charge from the core electrons is the ____________. Effective nuclear charge Oxidation state Valence electron - answer Effective nuclear charge Unreactive gases that have a full valence shell of electrons are known as the _________. Halides Noble gases Hydrogens - answer Noble gases A reaction in which the same element gains and loses electrons is known as a(n) ________ reaction. Acid-base Dissolution Disproportionation - answer Disproportionation The Haber process is used to manufacture ________. - answer Ammonia The ________ is a point charge model that involves metal d orbitals and ligands. Crystal field model Acid-base mode Ionic model - answer Crystal field model _____ is a trend that describes ligands from strong field to weak field. Electronegativity The spectrochemical series The crystal field model - answer The spectrochemical series A coordination environment where a metal is surrounded by six ligands is called _______. Proposed the "plum pudding" model of the atom - answer JJ Thomson A cation has a ______ charge. - answer positive An anion has a _____ charge. - answer negative Empirical Formula - answer a formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound limiting reagent - answer any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction; it determines the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction Molarity - answer concentration of a solution molecular formula - answer The chemical formula of a compound determined by its molecular mass surface tension - answer A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Sublimination - answer solid to gas The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by - answer Viscosity Meniscus - answer Curved surface of liquid Two types of solids - answer Crystalline and Amorphous Two types of close-packing - answer cubic close- packing and hexagonal close- packing Three types of atomic solids are - answer nonbonded, metallic, network covalent Effusion - answer Transfer of gas through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber Avogardro's number represents - answer atoms Mass number vs. atomic number - answer mass number represents the total number of neutrons and protons in one atom of the element; atomic number represents the total number of protons. Mass number - answer protons + neutrons Atomic number - answer protons Ernest Rutherford disproved JJ Thomson's plum- pudding model by showing that - answer positive matter is concentrated in the central core Kinetic Molecular Theory - answer based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion Boyle's Law - answer A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) - answer 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm Solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by - answer ion-dipole forces Stable nuclei have __, ____, ____, _______, _____, ______ protons - answer 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126 Element essential for plant growth - answer potassium S Block Element - correct answer Most main group elements - answer Most main group elements P Block - answer Most nonmetallic elements Kelvin = C + - answer 273.15 Density - answer Mass/Volume Scientific Method - answer Observations give rise to laws, data give rise to hypotheses, hypotheses are tested with experiments, and successful hypotheses give rise to theories. Number of known elements - answer 118, 94 natural Units of Length - answer meter Units of Mass - answer kilograms Units of time - answer seconds Units of Temperature - answer kelvin Amount of substance - answer mole Acids are compounds that dissolve in water to produce - answer protons Bases are compounds that dissolve in water to produce - answer hydroxide ions Strong Acids - answer HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3, HSO4 Mass of Electron - answer charge/(charge/mass) Cl atom (atomic number 17) has ____ protons & ____electrons - answer 17 and 17 Cl- atom (atomic number 17) has ____ protons and ____electrons - answer 17 and 18 Element+ - answer Minus one electron Element- - answer plus one electron Group 1A elements have what charge? - answer 1+ Group 2A elements have what charge? - answer 2+ Group 3A elements have what charge? - answer 3+ Group 4A elements have what charge? - answer 4- Group 5A elements have what charge? - answer 3- Group 6A elements have what charge? - answer 2- Group 7A elements have what charge? - answer 1- Zinc Iodide formula: Zn2+ + I- - answer ZnI2 (Zn has a charge of 2+ and I has a