CIE A Level Sociology - Education: Factors Affecting Student Achievement, Exams of Nursing

Download CIE A Level Sociology - Education: Factors Affecting Student Achievement and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 External factors that could affect students' educational achievement - Correct Answers ✅Support system Bakcground - i.e. family Social class/finances Mental/physical health Race Gender Internal factors that could affect students' educational achievement - Correct Answers ✅Relationships with teachers Class size School/teacher quality School resources Type of school (e.g. grammar, comprehensive, vocational) Bullying - teacher to student/student to student Setting and streaming Padfield (1997 - Interactionist) - Correct Answers ✅Positive and negative labelling. Labels, such as "naughty child", gained withing the school influence the official definitions of pupils. Pupils' self-perceptions are then altered. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Brimi (2005) - Correct Answers ✅Notes the impact of family background and how successfully children are labelled - this can cause barriers to success. Keddie - Correct Answers ✅The academic label attached to pupils follows them through schooling. This is a crucial influence in how teachers perceive students. Teachers do not renew labels given to students. Evaluation of labelling - Correct Answers ✅You can reject these labels. Bowles and Gintis (2002 - Marxist) - Correct Answers ✅Correspondence principle - the structure and organisation of the workplace is mirrored in the organisation of schools. Workplace inequalities are reflected and reproduced through the education system in a range of ways: Discipline (i.e. through timings and routines) Uniform Hierarchy Lack of choice CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Davis and Moore (1945) - Correct Answers ✅"Education is proving ground for ability and hence a selective agency for placing people in different statuses according to their abilities." The most important economic roles must be filled by the most capable and competent members of society. Luhmann (1997 - Neo-functionalist) - Correct Answers ✅Traditional functionalism is too 'mechanical' - he questions the idea that people are simply allotted places within society. Parsons - Correct Answers ✅Meritocracy - the school and society are based on meritocratic principles. Butler Education Act 1944 - Correct Answers ✅Government act that introduced the tripartite system of secondary education and made school - in particular secondary schools - free for all pupils. The tripartite system created three types of state-funded secondary school: grammar schools, technical schools and secondary modern schools. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Turner (1960 - Social Democrat) - Correct Answers ✅Comprehensive schools fulfil the ideal of a meritocracy - the objective is to give "elite status to those who earn it". Social Democratic Theory - Correct Answers ✅Education is the means through which problems of technological change and social inequality can be addressed and managed. Technological changes + Social changes = Modern society There is now a need to retain and refocus the workforce in contemporary societies to address both economic and social changes. Chitty (2009 - Social Democrat) - Correct Answers ✅Social democrats believe that governments should invest heavily in "education and training" as a means to improve equality of opportunity, which, in turn, is the best way to ensure that education also contributes to economic growth. Best (1992 - Feminist) - Correct Answers ✅Found that pre-school books that were designed to develop reading skills remain populated by sexist assumptions. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Self and Zealey (2007 - Feminist) - Correct Answers ✅School level differences translate to undergraduate level: More women than men studied subjects allied to medicine, e.g. nursing. More men than women studied business/administration, engineering and technology subjects. Horizontal segregation - Correct Answers ✅Occupations are sex- segregated. E.g. Nursing and teaching for women; engineering and manufacturing for men. Vertical segregation - Correct Answers ✅Men dominate the higher managerial positions. Sommerland and Sanderson (1997 - Feminist) - Correct Answers ✅"Primary markets are conceptualised as male and characterised by male ways of working and career norms." Secondary labour markets involve worse working conditions, job security and lower wages. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Spatial-visual Interpersonal Intrapersonal NOTE: Interpersonal intelligence is often called 'emotional intelligence'. Ogundokun and Adeyemo (2010) - Correct Answers ✅Found it was impossible to quantify this types of intelligence (i.e. interpersonal/emotional intelligence), yet there was a correlation between levels of emotional intelligence and academic achievement. Dove (1971) - Correct Answers ✅Demonstrated that IQ tests assume particular kinds of cultural knowledge that bias them towards particular ethnic groups (i.e. white Americans/white middle-classes). One consequence of this bias is that those familiar with the cultural assumptions contained in the tests have higher measured IQ scores. He also showed how, by reversing these assumptions in favour of the minority, culturally different and disadvantaged groups' levels of measured intelligence could be reversed. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Burden (2004) - Correct Answers ✅Argues that the concept of 'intelligence' is both problematic - it is too complex to be reduced to simple forms of 'intelligence testing' - and context dependent: "It's a hypothetical construct psychologists have used to describe how people behave. How I would behave in the Amazon jungle is a lot less intelligently than I would in my job as a psychology professor. And if something goes wrong with my car I open the bonnet and hope someone will come and help me." Flynn (1987) - Correct Answers ✅Argues that "psychologists should stop saying IQ tests measure intelligence. They should say that IQ tests measure abstract problem-solving ability (APSA), a term that accurately conveys our ignorance". Aldridge (2001) - Correct Answers ✅Social mobility - "the movement of opportunities for groups between different social groups." Inter-generational mobility - Correct Answers ✅Movement between generations. E.g. The difference between a parent and their adult child's occupational position. Intra-generational mobility - Correct Answers ✅Refers to an individual's mobility over the course of their life, comparing the position of someone's starting occupation with their occupation on retirement. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Functionalist view of education - Correct Answers ✅The educational system represents a bridge between the family and the economy. 1) Social mobility is functionally necessary. 2) Upward mobility is earned through the demonstration of individual merit. Parsons (1959) - Correct Answers ✅"It is fair to give differential rewards for different levels of achievement, so long as there has been fair access to opportunity, and fair that these rewards lead on to higher-order opportunities for the successful." Lenski (1994) - Correct Answers ✅Marxist social systems, e.g. China and North Korea, support the idea the social inequality is inevitable, necessary and functional because 'incentive systems' are required to motivate and reward the best-qualified people for occupying the most important positions within a social system. Harris (2005 - Traditional Functionalist) - Correct Answers ✅Social mobility develops out of the way people are encouraged to perform different roles, some of which are more important, skilled and difficult to learn than others. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 The theory also fails to take account of pupil resistance to the processes working on them. Douglas (1964 - Functionalist) - Correct Answers ✅Notes the impact on educational attainment of variables, such as: Parental attitudes Family size Position within the family Deficient care of babies in larger families. Bernstein (1971) - Correct Answers ✅Restricted code - used by working class. Elaborated code - used by middle class and teachers ('the language of education'). Murray and Phillips (2001 - Neo-functionalist/New Right) - Correct Answers ✅"The underclass involves people at the margins of society, unsocialised and often violent...Parents who cannot provide for themselves, whose children are the despair of teachers." CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Saunders (1990 - New Right) - Correct Answers ✅Underclass life in both black and white families is characterised by dependency cultures involving a passive acceptance of low status. Ball et al. (New Right) - Correct Answers ✅Found ethnic minority groups were disadvantaged when trying to get their students into better schools. This was due to language barriers and lack of experience of the British educational system. Sewell (2010) - Correct Answers ✅Suggests that black children's educational performance is undermined by: Poor parenting 'Anti-school' peer group pressure An inability to take responsibility for their own 'anti-school' behaviour. Chua (2011) - Correct Answers ✅Suggests that the higher achievements of Chinese pupils can be partly explained by 'tiger mothers' who push their children relentlessly towards educational success. CIE A Level Sociology – Education Question & Answers 2024 Westergaard and Resler (1976) - Correct Answers ✅While working- class parents "have a high and increasing interest in their children's education, they lack the means to translate that interest into effective influence on their children's behalf". Demack et al. (1998) - Correct Answers ✅Social class differences are still the largest differences of all and the children of professional parents have the largest advantage of all. Carter and Wojtkiewicz (Feminist) - Correct Answers ✅Parents are getting much more involved in their daughters' education than they have in the past. Crespi (2003) - Correct Answers ✅There is now a range of gender identities available to adolescent girls, whereas previously the role has been largely restricted to part-time or domestic work. Labov - Correct Answers ✅Labov's study demonstrated the way in which working-class black children "spoke a different dialect". Their language codes were different but equal to the codes used by their middle class peers.