Classroom Management and Instructional Strategies, Exams of Organizational Development

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TExES PPR 160 Exam Questions

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Solitary play - ANSWER-where children prefer to play with toys alone and do not pay any attention to the children or activities going on around them. This is an important stage where children first learn to use their imagination and keep themselves occupied in play. Onlooker play - ANSWER-occurs when children start to notice other children playing around them but they do not join them. They might ask another child a question about their play but social interactions do not go further. Parallel Play - ANSWER-where children often play with similar toys next to one another and copy one another, but they do not play together. This is an important stage in play development that will contribute to the development of social maturity in later stages of play, Associative play - ANSWER-usually begins around the age of 3 and 4. Children begin to play together and develop important skills in cooperation,

problem-solving, and language development. It is common to see children talking and playing with the same toys. They may even begin trading toys with one another. Cooperative play - ANSWER-begins between the ages of 4 and 6. Children begin to cooperate with one another and have a genuine interest in the people and activity at hand. Children begin to develop leadership roles and organize themselves into groups with goals and tasks. Assisstive technology - ANSWER-any device or means that can be used to help a person with a disability. It needs to be listed in a child's Individualized Education Plan (IEP) or 504 plan. Can be anything as small as a pencil grip that helps a child's fine motor skills to something more advanced for a child with hearing impairment who might need their teacher to wear and speak into an FM system. Deafness - ANSWER-is a severe hearing impairment of an individual who cannot process language through hearing. Visual Impairment - ANSWER-ncludes an individual who has any visual impairment that eyewear cannot improve. Blindness is also included.

Hearing Impairment - ANSWER-involves individuals who cannot process language through hearing. Deaf blindness - ANSWER-covers individuals who have a visual and hearing impairment. Orthopedic impairment - ANSWER-is any body impairment according to IDEA. Intellectual disability - ANSWER-is an individual that has a below-average intellectual ability. Examples: below average IQ (70-75), down syndrome Traumatic brain injury - ANSWER-covers someone who has suffered a physical injury or accident that affects the brain. Multiple disabilities - ANSWER-are when a student has a combination of impairments and has such severe educational needs that their needs cannot be met in one special educational program. Deaf-blindness is not included.

Learning Goal - ANSWER-are long-term and should be broad and achievable. Example: Students will learn the skills necessary to be able to pass their state exam. Learning Objective - ANSWER-are specific, measureable, and short-term. Lessons are built around the learning objectives and then assessed at the end of the lesson to guide planning. Example: Students will be able to identify a verb in a sentence by circling the verb. Emotional Disturbance - ANSWER-involves a diagnosis of an individual having a mental or behavioral disorder. ex)OCD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety Other Health Impairment - ANSWER-(OHI) usually covers a wide range of conditions that relate to an individual's focus, alertness or strength. Examples: ADHD, ADD Specific learning disability - ANSWER-covers a wide range of disabilities that affects someone's ability to read, write, reason or their ability to do math. Examples: Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia

Speech and Language Impairment - ANSWER-involves a variety of communication problems. Examples: stuttering, language or articulation impairments Formal Assessment - ANSWER-measure mastery of what a student has learned. These assessments are usually standardized, scored, and used to compare students. Examples: benchmark tests, state exams (STAAR), ACT, SAT Informal Assessment - ANSWER-focus on content and performance. Examples: running records, quizzes, rubrics Formative Assessment - ANSWER-are ongoing and occur frequently in the learning. Examples: exit tickets, think-pair-share, daily work Summative Assessment - ANSWER-measure a student's ability at the end of the instruction or unit. Examples: end of unit tests, end of course exams, final portfolios

Activating Prior Knowledge - ANSWER-is when students connect what they are learning to past experiences or prior knowledge to better understand information. I Constructivism - ANSWER-theory that believes individuals bring background knowledge to actively contribute to more in-depth learning. In classroom would support learners coming to new knowledge through exploration and discovery to enhance their learning. The teacher is a facilitator as students self-discover with themselves or peers. (Dewey, Montessori, Kolb) Cognitivism - ANSWER-compares the mind to a computer. It is a theory that believes individuals come in with knowledge, process it, and certain outcomes come out of it. Questioning is an important step as a teacher in this kind of classroom. (Piaget, Vygotksy, Chomsky, Bruner) Behaviorism - ANSWER-believed to be a learned theory based on learned behaviors between stimuli and responses. Example: Pavlov's salivating dogs. Teaching methods that support this is negative and positive reinforcement. (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike)

Positive Classroom - ANSWER-A classroom where students feel safe and comfortable enough to ask questions and make mistakes. Teacher can promote by building relationships with students, setting expectations so students are aware of what to expect each day, developing mutual trust and respect, and positively responding to students. Non interventionists - ANSWER-believe that less authority is needed in the classroom. They have a more carefree approach and feel that students need more control over their environment. Example: If a student misbehaves they would be given a silent gesture or cue to get back on task. Interventionists - ANSWER-follow strict rules and have expectations for students to meet. They believe reinforcement and continuous practice will fix behavior problems. Example: If a student misbehaves they will be punished by practicing doing the right behavior. Self assessment - ANSWER-Students are able to figure out what worked and what did not work for them in their learning. Students are able to see where their weaknesses are without someone having to tell them w/ assmt.

Feedback - ANSWER-needs to be clear, focused, and given in a timely manner to be effective. Ensure that graded assignments are given back promptly and don't overwhelm a student with the amount of this. School Board - ANSWER-has the responsibility to evaluate and improve school environments. They are the advocates for the students and teachers and vote on important decisions that affect the entire district. Interactionist - ANSWER-develop a relationship that teaches students to take ownership of their actions. They interact with students and share the responsibility of correcting the behavior. Example: If a student misbehaves the student and teacher will have a conversation that leads to a solution to fix the behavior. Wait time - ANSWER-silent period that allows students the time to adequately process the information before they answer. When given an appropriate amount of this they usually produce more in-depth answers. Teachers should wait at least 3 seconds before allowing students to answer discussion questions.

Skilled questions - ANSWER-means having prepared questions to ask students that pertain to your lesson. Internal motivation - ANSWER-is when a person is motivated by themselves. They do not need rewards or praise from others. External Motivation - ANSWER-comes from the outside world and not within a person. A person is motivated by a reward, opportunity, or praise they receive from others. Hardware - ANSWER-is the storage device where the data from the computer is stored. Software - ANSWER-is any program used on a computer. Network - ANSWER-a shared place where computers or other devices are connected. Could also be referring to the shared internet connection. CPU - ANSWER-the main component of the computer, sometimes referred to as the brains of the computer.

Monitor - ANSWER-is where the visuals are projected from the CPU. Mouse - ANSWER-is a device that is hooked up to the computer to control the cursor. USB - ANSWER-is a connection port that connects devices to the computer (CPU) Privacy Guidelines - ANSWER-are developed to ensure that information is only shared when allowed. Copyright Laws - ANSWER-protect resources against being duplicated or reused. Teachers need to be aware of this on materials used in the classroom. Acceptable Use policies - ANSWER-give students the right and responsibility to use technology with a set of guidelines and rules they need to follow.

Digital Etiquette - ANSWER-is the awareness of how you respond and treat others online. Superintendent - ANSWER-oversees the district and sets clear expectations and guidelines that each school needs to follow. They routinely check on schools to make sure things are running smoothly. Curriculum Coordinator - ANSWER-is in charge of adopting the standard curriculum to be used district-wide. They relay important information to teachers regarding trainings, deadlines, scope and sequences and on-going changes. Technology Coordinator - ANSWER-has a wide-range of responsibilities that involves the implementation and maintenance of technology in the classroom High Expectations - ANSWER-Teachers set these in the classroom to create a positive learning environment Jobs System - ANSWER-Creating this in the classroom allows the opportunity for students to take pride in being able to complete a task or job.

Reward System - ANSWER-Can use this type of classroom management for behavior, grades, or good deeds motivates students to work towards a goal and get rewarded when they meet their goal. Modalities - ANSWER-or methods of learning that can activate different types of learners and present knowledge in a different way to students. Knowing that her students are visual and kinesthetic learners, she thinks seeing the process prior to taking down the notes will help them understand what they're learning. Development - ANSWER-the way that people grow and change as they age. Advancement of thinking and physical characteristics. Maturation - ANSWER-involves physical, emotional, or intellectual development; Learning - ANSWER-involves changing thoughts, behaviors, or emotions based on environmental stimuli.

Social Cognitive perspective - ANSWER-is the perspective in which learning by observing others is the focus of study. (BANDURA) Developmental Perspective - ANSWER-Perspective that studies change that occurs in learners over the course of a long period of time. (Erikson, Kohlberg) Pre Operational stage - ANSWER-During this developmental stage by Piaget, a child develops several skills, including the ability to perform simple mental operations, the development of symbolic thought, which can lead to being able to read and write, and a move away from egocentrism. Symbolic thought - ANSWER-the ability to use symbols to represent things. Egocentrism - ANSWER-in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view Referential style - ANSWER-a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects

Expressive style - ANSWER-a style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others Nativist theory - ANSWER-A biologically based theory, which argues that humans are pre-programmed with the innate ability to develop language. Noam Chomsky is the main theorist associated with this perspective. Neuroplasticity - ANSWER-is the brain's ability to change and adapt to become better at functioning, and it is at its highest point in early childhood. Vyotsky Zone of proximal development - ANSWER-Theory that socializing with other kids can help the child learn and develop better with the children close to his or her age than with adults and children who are much older. Centration - ANSWER-involves focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring the others. It is common in early childhood. Decentration - ANSWER-when a person is paying attention to multiple aspects of a situation

Conservation - ANSWER-which is the idea that an object is the same despite how it is presented. This cognitive principle comes from decentration in cognitive development. Reversibility - ANSWER-which is the understanding that things can be reversed Static reasoning - ANSWER-wherein the child believes the world is always the same Transformative reasoning - ANSWER-which involves understanding that the world changes. Children start to use this during early childhood. Classfication - ANSWER-which involves understanding that one set of items can include another set of items. Concrete Operational Stage - ANSWER-During this developmental stage by Piaget, It involves the ability to perform mental operations, as well as to think logically, including utilizing classification, seriation, and transitivity. Occurs in middle childhood.

Transitivity - ANSWER-involves ordering things by comparing them to a benchmark piece. Seriation - ANSWER-which is the ability to order items with respect to a common feature. Reciprocity - ANSWER-is the idea that two things can be changed in opposite ways to balance each other out. Meta Cognition - ANSWER-which involves knowing what you know and how you learn. formal operational stage - ANSWER-During this developmental stage by Piaget, taking place during adolescence, when teens think in more abstract and complex ways. They also become more focused on themselves and concerned about the viewpoints of others. Self concept - ANSWER-refers to a set of abilities, opinions and thoughts by which we define and categorize ourselves.

Maladaptive behaviors - ANSWER-are behaviors that prevent a person from recognizing the need to change and/or failing to adapt to the circumstances or the environment around them. Stratification - ANSWER-which is a system by which schools categorize students. Manifest Functions - ANSWER-are functions that people believe are the obvious purposes of school. They include the academic curriculum plus functions like socialization and the transmission of cultural norms and values to new generations. Latent Functions - ANSWER-are functions that people are not aware of or don't think of straight away. They include the hidden curriculum that prepares students for adult life plus functions like matchmaking. Community Based Learning - ANSWER-joining with the community and allowing students to apply academic learning to real-life experiences, creating an authentic experience for the learner. It can be done at any level of education and is beneficial for students, the school, and the community.

Ability group - ANSWER-is where students are placed into small groups within a single classroom based upon their performance level. Short period of time and not recorded on transcript. Tracking - ANSWER-is segregating students into different classrooms based upon their academic ability. enrolls a student into a sequence of curriculum, which is not easily changed and is recorded into their transcripts. differentiated instruction - ANSWER-is a teaching method in which teachers adapt their instruction to accommodate a variety of learning needs. teachers proactively develop a variety of teaching materials so that all students within a classroom can learn effectively regardless of differences in learning needs. Reciprocal teaching - ANSWER-occurs when students take turns leading the class discussion. This method invites students to use their cultural viewpoints to express the instructional material in their own words. Developmental Delay - ANSWER-refers to when a child does not achieve developmental milestones within the normal age range.

Developmental Disability - ANSWER-describes any one of a number of conditions that emerge during key developmental periods in childhood which significantly impact a person's physical, cognitive, or behavioral health. Culturally responsive teaching - ANSWER-mainly involves acknowledging the validity of cultural heritages; understanding and building on your students' cultures and prior knowledge; connecting the home and school environments; using students' cultures as part of lessons; identifying your students' learning styles; and maintaining high expectations. Learning disability - ANSWER-is an umbrella term used to describe many different disorders. Three of the most common disorders found in school-age children are dyscalculia, dysgraphia and dyslexia. chunking - ANSWER-breaking a lesson into smaller, manageable sections. central concept - ANSWER-main idea that will guide all instruction standards - ANSWER-are a state-produced document that details the content that needs to be covered each year in each subject for schools, teachers, and administrators.

critical concepts - ANSWER-are skills or more abstract idea that a student needs to have or understand. instructional materials - ANSWER-are resources teachers use to teach students, like a textbook series or curriculum guide. discovery instruction - ANSWER-is when students discover information or a process for themselves through experimentation with little to no help from the teacher. multicultural education - ANSWER-an educational philosophy that focuses on celebrating cultural differences while also recognizing the importance of challenging all forms of discrimination based on race, gender, age, religion, ability or sexual orientation consistency - ANSWER-refers to dealing with behaviors in the same way and is essential in the classroom. Teachers must be this in how they interact with students and deal with behavior problems.

overjustification effect - ANSWER-When someone is rewarded for doing something that they want to do, it can decrease their intrinsic motivation. ACTIVE LISTENING - ANSWER-is more than just hearing what is being said - it means being attentive to what someone else is saying, with the goal of understanding the feelings and views of the person. Expository instruction - ANSWER-when students receive information from an expert or authority on the subject. EX) lectures, presentations, textbooks and videos. hands-on instruction - ANSWER-when students are engaged and doing something hands-on in order to learn. EX) practicing a physical skill, filling out a worksheet or crafting something like a map. COLLABORATIVE INSTRUCTION - ANSWER-when students learn from multiple teachers who are working together. EX)multiple coaches for a sports team or a special education teacher and a general education teacher working together.

BLENDED LEARNING - ANSWER-combines elements of face-to-face instruction with elements of online instruction. COOPERATIVE LEARNING - ANSWER-a teaching method where a group of students, of mixed levels of ability, share responsibility with the goal of completing the given task. rewarded according to the group's success, rather than the success of an individual member. Sometimes thought of simply as 'group work,' but groups of students working together might not be working collaboratively Direct Instruction - ANSWER-the use of straightforward, explicit teaching techniques, usually to teach a specific skill. teacher directed method, teacher stands in front of a classroom and presents the information. It is most effective when used in combination with more hands-on methods of instruction. concept attainment - ANSWER-a teaching strategy created by Jerome Bruner that encourages critical thinking and involves a teacher giving students a group of pictures or words and asking them to decide what the pictures or words have in common. The concept or common theme, therefore, is kept from the students so that they can use their critical thinking skills to figure it out themselves!

mental rehearsal - ANSWER-involves imagining yourself carrying out the activity you want to do prior to doing it. EX) WOOP graphic organizer - ANSWER-Visual Representations that help students organize ideas, see relationships, and retain information. advance organizer - ANSWER-a tool used to introduce the lesson topic and illustrate the relationship between what the students are about to learn and the information they have already learned. EX)analogies and metaphors, as well as graphic organizers, such as Venn diagrams and KWL charts. reinforcing - ANSWER-or responding to students' behaviors in a way that ensures they will recur and recognizing effort are very important ways to motivate students to work and learn. independent learning - ANSWER-The goal is to shift the learning process to the student, making them an active participant with the teacher providing guidance and structure.

inquiry based learning - ANSWER-is an approach to instruction that begins with a question. Students construct their own knowledge as they engage in a variety of experiences that provide them an opportunity to investigate solutions. scaffolding - ANSWER-Providing temporary supports to be removed or restructured as the learner progresses. critical thinking - ANSWER-Someone who can think this way can see the world from different points of view. We hope our students become this. interactive learning - ANSWER-is a hands-on approach to helping students become more engaged and retain more material. With or without a form of technology, helps students strengthen problem-solving and critical thinking skills. flipped classroom - ANSWER-students learn the basics of the material outside of the classroom (online) and then delve deeper into concepts in the classroom. Tool to use is educational videos to provide students with the fundamentals of a lesson.

project based learning - ANSWER-hands-on activities and experiences that help them generate and apply new concepts and skills. Students of all ages can work on in-depth projects over time, growing excited about their learning while gaining an important understanding of how the things they learn in school are relevant to their lives. performance assessment - ANSWER-assessments in which students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in a non-written fashion. These assessments are focused on demonstration versus written responses. For example, giving oral presentations, raw score - ANSWER-the score based on the number of correctly answered items. normal distribution - ANSWER-which shows that the majority of scores fall in the middle of the curve, with a few falling along the upper or lower range. This distribution shows us the spread of scores and the average of a set of scores. standard deviation - ANSWER-which measures the average deviation from the mean in standard units.