CLC latest Exam questions and answers 2025-2026 rated A, Exams of Nursing

Download CLC latest Exam questions and answers 2025-2026 rated A and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

2025-2026 rated A

What are green/shiny stools a sign of? - Correct Answer ✅-sign of overproduction leading to less fat in milk, faster digestion causing not enough time for lactase to digest the lactose in milk. An improved latch could allow for more fat flow Signs of oversupply - Correct Answer ✅Rapid weight gain in infant, unsettled baby after feeding, recurrent plugged ducts and mastitis, painful feedings, voluminous (huge volumes of) stools- often green & shiny What causes nipple pain? - Correct Answer ✅Improper latch--> need lactation support to help with proper latch on, good seal True/false: baby should be pulled into breast. - Correct Answer ✅False! Do not pull baby into breast, let baby tilt head back for optimal latch. Hand on back of baby's head can interfere baby's interoral function by restricting the movement of the cranio-cervical spine--> causes nipple trauma. Make sure crook of arm in cradle position does not block baby from being able to fully tilt back. Should a latch be symmetric or asymmetric? - Correct Answer ✅Asymmetric! A baby should form a teat with breast tissue underneath the nipple as part of a latch

2025-2026 rated A

What is a symmetric latch - Correct Answer ✅Not a good latch, causes nipple damage Asymmetric latch - Correct Answer ✅Optimal attachment to the breast, where the baby's lips are not centered in relationship to the areolar, but rather vertically off- centered with the baby's chin and lower lip closer to the edge of the areola than the baby's upper lip. A baby should form a teat with breast tissue underneath the nipple as part of a latch Do nipple creams work? - Correct Answer ✅Continued questions of effectiveness, fear of ingestion by baby Should a frenotomy be suggested for tongue tie? - Correct Answer ✅No study was able to report that frenotomy led to better long term breastfeeding Tongue tied breastfeeder - Correct Answer ✅-complete feeding assessment and suggest ways to optimize latch. -refer onward for diagnosis (have PCP diagnose TT) -provide support

2025-2026 rated A

Thrush during BF - Correct Answer ✅painful for mother & baby. may be visible or may not (whiteness that can't be wiped off) -mother will have itchy, flaky, shiny skin -candida not found inside the ducts or milk Treatment of candida on breast - Correct Answer ✅-nystatin first line -flucanizole second line -throw out all yeast vectors (pacifiers sterilize breast pumps) -flucanazole oral capsules may be used to clean yeast vectors due to the biofilm created on pacifiers by candida What to do if antifungal treatment for yeast doesn't work? - Correct Answer ✅Not candida infection! Reynaud's Phenomenon - Correct Answer ✅-vasospasm of nipple, recognized by triple color sign: from white--> blue--> raspberry or bicolor sign white --> raspberry. pain is extreme and spasmodic (not continuous)

2025-2026 rated A

-this happens after feeding once baby's mouth comes off nipple has vasospasm, feels like frostbite treatment of reynauds - Correct Answer ✅-prevent/decrease cold exposure -avoid vasoconstrictive drugs such as caffeine and hypertensive drugs, nicotine -can use nifedipine or calcium channel blocker Nipple pain and poor milk transfer that is persistent despite optimal latch - Correct Answer ✅-can use nipple shield as a test to see if baby exerting too much pressure? -OT involvement -in rare cases baby have a strong sucking vacuum as measured by a pressure transducer or nipple shield Clogs/plugs - Correct Answer ✅Palpable lumps of milk within the lumen or duct system, usually not visible. Solids dont get absorbed...could be too tight of a bra slowing flow of milk

2025-2026 rated A

Common mastitis - Correct Answer ✅-can be non-infective or infective -blocked ducts from engorgment, hurried feedings, nipple shield (pressure will build until milk sneaks out of space, body reacts to this like invader) causes of common mastitis - Correct Answer ✅-tight bra (look for indentation of breast straps) -use of breast shell or nipple shell -attachment difficulties -anemia in the mother -tongue tie in baby (ineffective milk emptying) s/s common mastitis - Correct Answer ✅systemic- fever, ill, malaise, redness, pain, one inflamed breast What bacteria causes infective mastitis - Correct Answer ✅Staphylococcus tx common mastitis - Correct Answer ✅NSAIDS first line but make sure diagnosed by PCP

2025-2026 rated A

-must keep pumping/breastfeeding to keep milk flowing. keeps breasts soft/comfortable to avoid abscess development Abscess on breast - Correct Answer ✅Localized areas of pus and necrotic tissue that can develop with a breast infection •Can develop in the subcutaneous, intramammary, retromammarylayers •Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, fever, increased WBC count, palpable mass -pocket of pus forms in the breast -from untreated mastitis Antibiotics for mastitis? - Correct Answer ✅Usually for double mastitis, not generally proscribed for one breast common mastitis. If treatment uneffective consider anemia, ductal or inflammatory breast cancer Double mastitis - Correct Answer ✅EMERGENT AND UNCOMMON- tissue of both breasts inflamed.

2025-2026 rated A

abscess surgical intervention - Correct Answer ✅can cut through nerves and ducts. try to avoid surgical intervention treatment of abscess - Correct Answer ✅drainage through ultrasound-guided technique is first choice (needle aspiration often has to be repeated) Report any suspicious area of the breast to a qualified provider because it could be... - Correct Answer ✅MRSA or herpes- fatal for babies Goldsmith's sign - Correct Answer ✅The association of a baby's persistent refusal of one breast with possible breast cancer in the mother -can also happen suddenly with older babies -rule out common problems such as ear infection, teething, birth trauma -CA may be diagnosed as late as 5 yrs after this sign Neonatal hypoglycemia - Correct Answer ✅-symptomatic infants = glucose of 40 requires per APP -dextrose & BF = first line tx -SGA, LGA, diabetic moms, late preterm infants at gretest risk

2025-2026 rated A

Signs of neonatal hypoglycemia - Correct Answer ✅• Jitteriness, tremors

• Poor muscle tone
• Diaphoresis (sweating)
• Poor suck, failing to sustain latch
• Tachypnea
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea
• Grunting
• Cyanosis
• Apnea
• Low temperature
• High-pitched cry
• Irritability
• Lethargy & poor feeding
• Seizures, coma
• No signs (some infants may be asymptomatic)

2025-2026 rated A

infant thriving, gaining wt, stooling pathologic causes ruled out factor in human milk increases the intestinal absorption of bilirubin -often called breastmilk jaundice actually related to metabolic issues with infant -do not discontinue breastfeeding, can persist for 12 weeks Kernicterus - Correct Answer ✅Bilirubin encephalopathy, a form of brain damage resulting from unconjugated bilirubin entering the brain. Characterized by lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, irregular respiration, perhaps death -can damage brain, spinal cord and nerve cells. warning signs of kernicterus - Correct Answer ✅extreme jaundice (advancing from upper body to lower body), lethargy, fussiness, feeding difficulties, muscle rigidity, high pitched cry -fewer than 4 wet or dirty diapers/24 hrs can skin to skin help a latch? - Correct Answer ✅yes- influences state organization and motor system modulation, can help with difficulty latching and sustaining a feed

2025-2026 rated A

skin to skin with twins- each breast... - Correct Answer ✅warms up depending on the temperature of each baby closest to breast preemies/skin to skin - Correct Answer ✅decreased time of nicu stay, improved weight gain, more mature sleep patterns, improved cerebral blood flow, warmer/more stable, better breastfeeding Negative influences on milk production - Correct Answer ✅Long spaced between feedings Long, slow feedings-can effect prolactin production Excessive pressure in breast Breast surgery/injury Suboptimal breast anatomy Why does pressure occur in breast? - Correct Answer ✅Vascular, lymphatic, and third-spacing forces, especially early on Sensory activation- lactogenesis II

2025-2026 rated A

What causes pressure to build up in breast - Correct Answer ✅-lactogenesis II (Secretory activation) -too much milk left in breast -missed feedings -restrictive bras and clothing -breast implants (storage capacity reduction= greater incidence of lactation insuffiency) Why is breast surgery/injury a concern for BF? - Correct Answer ✅-damage to nerves/ducts may not be patent -peri-areolar incision extends all around areola, look for defined margin where color changes from areola to breast. Types of breast reduction - Correct Answer ✅-free nipple graft -pedicle (women who underwent breast reduction surgery had shorter time of exclusive/any BF) -chest masculinization "top" surgery

2025-2026 rated A

Supporting chest feeding - Correct Answer ✅-restarting testosterone and binding were common concerns -care providers should communicate an understanding of gender dysphoria and transgender identities in order to build trust and provide transgender competent care Counseling implications after breast surgery - Correct Answer ✅-likelihood of full breastfeeding is unknown -hormonal exposure of pregnancy and lactation may mitigate some effects of surgery -assessment and close follow up are the keys -assure adequate nutrition for the infant -determine innervation/sensation Anatomical concerns for BF - Correct Answer ✅-absence of breast changes (in pregnancy or early days postpartum) -no postpartum breast fullness or signs of abundant milk production -hypoplastic breasts -discrepant breast size -one implant may indicate that were was a discrepant breast size

2025-2026 rated A

-may evert during pregnancy or postpartum -flat nipples always evert during suckling -both may evert from stimulation (cold, sex, finger) -ask if and when nipple everts -look over shoulder just after feeding for nipple eversion and compare to pre-feed nipple -if not seen, intensive follow up -consider expressure, assure adequate nutrition Grade I Inverted NIpple - Correct Answer ✅Easily pulled out by pump or infant nursing Grade 2 Inverted Nipple - Correct Answer ✅can be pulled out but doesn't maintain projection Grade 3 Inverted Nipple - Correct Answer ✅Difficult or impossible to pull out How to classify inverted nipples - Correct Answer ✅It's about function during feeding, not how the nipple looks at rest

2025-2026 rated A

-grade 1 & 2 go back in rapidly -grade 3 inverted nipple, before & after are the same Women with uncorrected Grade 3 inverted nipples had... - Correct Answer ✅lower prolactin levels and therefore less milk Does prenatal nipple prep help improve inverted nipples? - Correct Answer ✅No Iron deficiency anemia/milk production - Correct Answer ✅-can be physiologic (poor oxygen to milk making cells) -due to exhaustion or depression altering parents coping behavior -more than 20% PP women have IDA -can decrease milk supply Sheehans syndrome/milk supply - Correct Answer ✅Hemorrhage can result in anemia & sheehans syndrome -pituitary deprived of blood and its funcitons are impaired--> can happen when PP hemorrhage is well managed -symptoms; Low BP, anemia, fatigue, profound hair loss, dry dull hair