The Qin Dynasty: Legalism, Population Growth, and Bureaucracy in Ancient China - Prof. Jud, Study notes of World History

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Clicker Questions:

1. Qin Dynasty: Effective bureaucracy, rapidly rising agricultural output, growing population, political philosophy called legalism, scholars executed, books burned, uniform system of currency I. Early China  Rivers  Yellow River, Yangtze River, Wei River II. Shang Dynasty  After Xia Dynasty  No record of this dynasty  1500-  Chariot appears  Cultural Continuity  Capital: Anyang near Yellow River  Chronological context  Assyrian Empire (1245-612)  New Kingdom Egypt (1539-1069)  Israelites re-enter Palestine (between 1290-1250)  First Olmec remains (ca. 1200)  Geography  Mountains, Deserts, Steppe Lands  Origin Stories  Shang Dynasty  T'ang  A man of great virtue and wisdom who over threw Chieh a.Chieh was the emperor of previous dynasty  1500-  Characteristics  Beginnings  Bureaucracy  More Centralized than in Xia Dynasty  Warfare  A lot of wars so that the emperor and protect his people.  Wars take place on the borders of the territory, not in the center which differentiates the Shang Dynasty from other empires  Usually against non-urbanized populations, mostly to the northern border populations  Kingship (Emperor)  Polygamist  More than one wife (PLAYER, LMAO)  Religion Figure 1 China

 Intermediary between heaven and earth and helps with the relationship with the gods are good  King has an afterlife a.Sacrifices made to the King i. Variety of forms, including human. Hundreds of slaves and prisoners were buried with the emperor  Veneration (worship) of ancestors a.Ancestors live in heaven, but keep an eye on their family on earth i. Demonstrates strong family bonds ii. Behavior appropriately  Divination a.Oracle Bones: carved questions onto a animal bone to get answer from the gods i. Enigmatic ii. Archaic b. Writing i. Pictographic

1. The image looks like the thing you are talking about ii. Ideographic iii. Modern day Chinese writing still maintains similarity with their old written language  Tributes to prevent war  Horses, Slaves, Ivory, Turtle Shells  Women  Tomb of Fu Hao  First wife of the 21st^ king, Wu Ding, of the Shang Dynasty  Contained several hundred jades, axes, arrowheads, a polished casket  Buried with 6 human beings and 6 dogs  Fu Hao  Possessed a fortified town and was the leader of this town a.Town was a military, agricultural and religious unit b. Possibly a kingship unit  Oracle Bones say… a.Fu Hao could conduct sacrificial ceremonies b. Fu Hao was leading armies i. Fu Hao once led 13,000 troops  Afterlife i. Posthumous name (name received after she died)
2. Si Mu Xin ii. Weapons inscribed with name iii. Fu Hao had sacrifices made to her after she died; she was worshiped for quite awhile after she died  Implications a.She was an elite member of society rather than like a women of other classes b. Sacrifices are only made to the 1st^ wife of the emperor

c.Got status from her husband  Society  Class, Gender + Power  Theocratic  Women achieved status from either their husband or their sons  Conspicuous Consumption a.Elite Class had lots of money while the rest of the population worked hard to provide for the Elite Class  Attitudes Toward Women  It is unlucky to give birth to a girl  Clan vs. Family  Villages organized by Clans  Clan was a way of self-identification  Class  Aristocracy a.Own most of the land b. Spend lots of time fighting c.Serve as officials of the emperor  Merchants and Artisans (small middle class)  Peasants (agricultural based, majority of population)  Slaves a.Criminals or Prisoners of war b. Possibly you would be a slave if your parents were a slave  Decline of Shang Dynasty  Ended with ignominious rule (bad rule) of Emperor Chou  Emperor Chou was overthrown  Next Dynasty would be led by a virtuous ruler  King Wen and Son Wu 2/11/ Clicker Questions:

1. Chinese dynasties chronological order is Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
2. Zhou philosophers first articulated the "Mandate of Heaven" which is a political-social philosophy about the responsibilities of the King
3. Zhou dynasty was proto-feudal I. Zhou Dynasty  Western Zhou (1045-771)  Legitimizing the New Dynasty  Chronology  Geography  Size of china increases over time  Continuity  Political Organization  Decentralized  Proto-feudal

 Hereditary aristocracy  Longest lived dynasty in china  Political Change  Feudal decrease  Increased centralization  Local  Taxation  Demise  Rebellion  Nomads  Corruption  Military mistakes  Eastern Zhou (770-221)  Fragmentation  Subdivisions  Spring and autumn  770-  Warring States  475-  Little in the sense of centralized authority  Constant chaos  Aliens arrive on earth (6th-5th^ BCE) (ANYONE ELSE CONFUSED? LOL)  Confucius  Socrates  Buddha  Zoroaster  Mandate of Heaven II. Qin Dynasty  Chronology  221-207 BCE  Shin Huangdi  Geography  Political Organization  Unification  Centralization  Everything is based on centralized power  Standardization  Weights and measures  Writing characters  Massive construction of roads  Legalism  Rigidly enforced system of laws; no flexibility; absolute  Military might is paramount (SUPREME, NOW WHY COULDN'T SHE JUST SAY THAT?)  Books are burned and scholars are killed so that no one will think any other way, wants everyone to live the same way

 Construction of the great walls  Legalism + Confucianism = state Confucianism 2/14/ CLICKER QUESTIONS:

1. The first dynasty with archaeological evidence was Shang Dynasty
2. The idea of "Mandate of Heaven" originated in the Zhou Dynasty
3. The policy of legalism occurred in the Qin Dynasty I. Fall of Qin Dynasty  Shin Huangdi  Brutal in his attempts to make everyone follow the same rules and laws across the entire empire  Legalism  Standardization  Conscripted (Forced) Labor  The Great Wall of China was built by forced labor and then if a laborer died they were put into the Great Wall  Taxation  Heavily taxed population; direction taxation of the peasants  All of the above led to dissatisfaction among the population (the infighting and the harshness) led to the demise of the dynasty  Usurped the power II. Han Dynasty: Final Foundation of Chinese Empire  People of the Han  Language of the Han  Chronology  206 BCE to 220 CE  Han inherited Qin government  Tripartite (3 parts to the government)  Civilian  Military  Censorate  Control of local officials  Merit (Liu Bang Han Kao Tsu, the exalted Emperor of Han ordered this)  Recommendations  Exams, 165 BCE  Training  Other Characteristics of the Han  Bureaucracy  So much in the government that there will be less people to do all the other work Figure 5 Han Dynasty Figure 4 Qin Dynasty Figure 3 Zhou Dynasty Figure 2 Shang Dynasty

 Taoism  Silk Road  Connects people from the east to the west  Paths from China to the Mediterranean  Paper  Economy (very successful)  Peasants  Not as heavily taxed as they were during the Qin Dynasty, but taxed through direct taxation  Population triples  Taxation  Population  Trade 2/16/ CLICKER QUESTIONS:

I. Akkadian → Old Babylonian → Assyrian → Neo Babylonian (smallest to biggest land ownership) II. Cyrus the Great  Conquers most of Neo Babylonian  Successor: Darius I  521-  Uncle was Cambyses  In power for a little while  Is insane and doesn't pay attention to what he should  Revolts start  Empire begins to split up a.Darius pulls the empire back together 2/18/ CLICKER QUESTIONS:

1. The Rock Edicts of Ashoka suggest that Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism resulted in his concern for his subjects regardless of caste (5), meant an increase respect for animal life (2), was inspired by remorse over the destruction and slaughter of the Kalingas, gave rise to government involvement in the teaching of religious beliefs. He did not believe that all the subjects of the Mauryan empire should convert to Buddhism I. Han Dynasty  State Confucianism  Education  Civil Service  Economy  Peasants

 Direct taxation  Less taxation  Military/labor obligations  Month  Trade  Merchants heavily taxed and not allowed in politics  State controlled trade, not eagerly  Silk Road  China to places west (not a ton, but some connections)  Prosperity  Wealth led to a increase of population which led to a decrease in prosperity  Population increase (from 20 to 60 million)  Growing bureaucracy  Decreasing available arable land  1 acre per capita  Taoism and invention of paper (Fire → Agriculture → Paper) II. Introduction to India  After Indus Valley Civilization  Rivers start to dry up in Indus Valley leads to people leaving the area  People move into the Caucasus Mountain  Lots of movement around the world, leading to lots of distress  Centuries of Decline (ca. 1500 B.C.E.)  Politics of Scholarship  Aryan Invasion: History or Propaganda  Possibly a gradual transition  Vedic Texts  Indra (God) comes down to the earth and takes over the world a.No archeological evidence of a military conquest  Chronology  Aryan Period  Aryan Government (1000-400 B.C.E.)  Regional Kingdoms and Tribes a.Raja/Chief b. Council of Elders c.Warrior Class  Rajas to Maharajas a.Defeated by Chandragupta (founder of the Mauryan Empire i. Reigned from 321- ii. Arthashastra b. Mauryan Empire i. 321-  Vedic Age of Literature (1500-500 B.C.E.)  End of Middle Assyrian Empire (1076)  Egypt Third Intermediate Period (1069)  Unified Kingdom in Judah (1020)  Peak of the Dark Ages in Greece (1000) Figure 6 India Figure 7 Mauryan Empire

 Rise of Zhou Dynasty (1045)  Mauryan Empire  Government  Defeated by Alexander the Great  Alexander dies and his empire does not stay working for long after his death  Ashoka becomes Ruler  Ashoka converts to Buddhism  Society  Social Hierarchy  Historical a.Aryans arrived in India, possessing a strong system (ruling warrior class) i. Light skin led to higher social status  Religious a.Hinduism i. Varna

1. In English it means Caste (AKA color)
2. Determines your occupation, status, and hopes of ultimate salvation ii. Castes
3. Brahmins  Priestly Caste  Born into this position  Religious rulers/folk  Aristocracy  Mostly Aryans
4. Kshatriyas  Warrior Caste  Aristocracy  Mostly Aryans
5. Vaishyas  Mercantile Caste  Commoners  Can hunt, keep cattle  Receive corn from the king  Wanderers that dwell in tents
6. Shudras  Lower Class  Bulk of India civilians  Possibly, not fully Aryan  Peasants, manual laborers, Artisans  Limited rights in society
7. Untouchables  Pariahs  Outcasts of India Society (outside of the Caste system)  Possibly slaves and prisoners of war

 Given most menial of labors – 5% of the total population of India, work with the dead iii. Survival of Caste System

1. Identity
2. Incorporation
3. Welfare  Jarte help to support
4. Stability  Order helps to create stability
5. Religion 2/21/ Clicker Questions:
6. Zoroastrianism influenced Judaism in the following ways: notion of a last judgment, idea of a coming savior, conflict of god against evil counterpart, and remaking of the world at the end of time. They did not influence them with the idea of followers are the chosen of god. I. Extra Points on Midterm by Sunday  Read what you wrote, next time I will do this to make my essay better. II. Israelites in Cannan/Palestine  Thesis: The Israelites' understanding of their god and their relationship to their god changed over the course of their history as a result of external and internal political developments.  Themes  Justification of rule  politics and religion/belief systems  Documentary Hypothesis  Inconsistencies  Repetitions  Stylistic difference  Four Main Sources  J  God's name is always presented as YHVH (Jahweh/Jehovah)  E  God's name is presented as Elohim (Hebrew for God/Power) until revelation of God's name to Moses after which God is referred to as YHVH  D  Source that wrote Deuteronomy and books of Joshua, Judges, I and II, Samuel, I and II Kings  P  Priestly material  Uses Elohim and El Shaddai as names of God III. Prehistory  Into and out of Palestine/Canaan  Slavery in Egypt and then they left Egypt during the reign of Ramses the II

 Political  Desert nomads  Values of nomadic people  Brotherhood, sisterhood  Hospitality  Asylum a.A safe place to go, protection  Vendetta a.Revenge  Religious  Austere god demanding loyalty  Exodus 20. IV. 1 st^ Great Political Change  Political  Tribal, Sedentary agriculturalists  Ca. 1200 B.C.E. – 1020  Chronological Context  Assyrian Empire (1245-612)  New Kingdom Egypt (1539-1069)  Demise of Hittites (1210)  Religious  Ba'al  Fertility festivals of Yahweh  Leviticus 23.33-43: the feast/the festival of Sukkot  God instructs the people to have this festival V. 2 nd^ Political Change  Unified Kingdom  Saul → 1020-1000 (20 years)  David → 1000-970 (30 years)  Solomon → 970-930 (40 years)  Central Government  Wars  Soldiers  Treaties  Administrators  Taxes  Tension between divine and human authority  "David's City" AKA Jerusalem  2 Samuel 5  Physical  Temple  Ark (APPARENTLY SOMETHING IS IMPORTANT IN THIS AREA, LMAO; KELSEY DOESN'T KNOW IT EITHER SO WE BOTH FAILED  )  Literary  Unity  History of Jahweh's great deeds

 Experience of the people from the time of Abraham  Book of "J" (JENGA TO REMEMBER, LOL)  Genesis  Exodus  Numbers  Judges VI. 3 rd^ Great Political Change  Political  2 kingdoms  After the death of David  930 BCE  Israel (north)  Judah (south)  Jerusalem  Religious  Literature (Israel)  Historical Narrative  To look at how things are you look at how the relationship was between god and the people before  Why things are or are not working right are related to relationship between people and god  Prophets  Deuteronomy → Book of "D"  Ca. 721 VII. Assyrian Empire  Israel is destroyed  People dispersed and lost VIII. Chaldean/Neo-Babylonian Empire IX. 4 th^ Great Political Change  Political  Babylonian Exile/Captivity 586-  Priests (and powerful elite) of Judah  Circumstances  Attractions of  Millennia of religious and literary tradition  Incorporate older religion into their texts  Cling more closely to their own god  Babylonian Gods  Far from temple in Jerusalem  Desires of Priests  Maintain religion  Religion without physical center  Religious consequences of Babylonian captivity  Second Isaiah (Isaiah 40-66)  "Heaven is my throne and the earth is my footstool." –Isaiah 66:  Monotheism

 Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great  Allowed all the captives go home X. 5 th^ Great Political Change  Post Exilic Israel (538 BCE)  Monotheism  Politics  Governor of Jerusalem  Nehemiah  Fortification  Repopulation  Religion  Return to David's city postponed  Ezra  Laws  The most significant way to identify yourself as a Jew  Tabernacles 2/23/ Clicker Questions:

1. According to Genesis 3, the exile from Eden is mostly Eve's fault I. The Israelites  The Israelites' understanding of their god and their relationship to their god changed over the course of their history as a result of external and internal political developments  Documentary Hypothesis  Books of Bible, including Torah/Pentateuch,  Written over time  By many people  In different political circumstances II. 5 th^ Great Political Change  4 th^ was Babylonian Exile  Nebuchadnezzar 586 BCE  Post exilic Israel (538 BCE)  2 nd^ temple period  Politics  Diaspora  Temple State (within provinces of Persian Empire)  Governor of Jerusalem  Nehemiah (455 BCE) a.Fortify i. Rebuilds the city wall b. Repopulate i. 10 people from each family go to Jerusalem  Ideal Kingdom  Religion

 Difficulties  In Israel  Insignificant city state  In Diaspora  Far from the temple  Far from other Jews  Mosaic Law (Law of Moses)  To overcome the difficulties people in Israel and Diaspora were supposed to observe Mosaic Law  Loosely defined before this time and then they became stricter  You HAVE to obey the laws  Ezra (ca. 400 BCE)  Laws a.Goes to the temple and reads the laws to the people; then explains the laws to the people  Tabernacle a.Feast of the Tabernacle b. Swear to obey laws  This begins the importance of modern day study  Knowledge of Law  Ideal kingdom NOT on Earth  Deuteronomy (600's BCE) notion that ideal kingdom is on earth III. Interpretation of Texts  Adam and Eve  Eve  Didn't have to eat apple  Gave Adam apple  Got apple from a snake  Punishment: labor Pains and husband will rule over you  Adam  Didn't have to eat apple  Punishment: work in toil  Snake  Punishment: hated by all  Does God lie?  The man has become one of us  Men rule women  (LAME; NOT TRUE, LMAO)  Pandorization of Eve  Eve gets a bad rap from this story 2/25/ Clicker Questions:

1. According to Strayer, the politics of the Greeks have expansionist in common with the Persian government; Persian expansionism is through conquest and military conquest while Greek was done through colonization; Persians have one single political unit and

monarchies (people are subjects); Greeks had monarchies early in their earlier history and they had different concepts of citizenship. I. Greece  Political Diversity  Not a country; but a shared culture  Philosophy  Citizenship  Citizens are expected to participate in politics  Greek Governments  Athenian  Strategoi = Generals  9 generals that rotate through the role day by day  Elected by assembly  9 Archons  Rulers  Elected by Lot; basically names in hat; religion involved in the process  Anyone can be the ruler  Council of 500  Probouleutic: decide what legislation is going to come before the assembly  Annual body; nearly every adult male citizen in Athens will serve on the council at some point during his life  Assembly of the people  All adult male citizens  Democracy  Ruled by the demos (people)  Spartan  2 Kings  Hereditary position  5 Ephors  Support the kings  Chosen by election by acclamation  Gerousia  Council of 30 old men; at least 60 years old to be on the council  Senate  Decide what legislation comes before the Spartiates  Gerousia chosen are voted by acclamation  Assembly of Spartiates  Helots  Like medieval serfs; bound to the land a.You sell your property and the Helots come with the land  Provide food for the Spartiates  Perioikoi  Free citizens but do not make any decisions for Spartan government II. Achaemenid Persians  Influence on Athenians

 Marathon (490 BCE)  Athenians win  Spartans couldn't help because they had to wait for full moon  Persians were slaves to king  Athenians were free people (just began on path to democracy)  Sparta and Athens join together (480-479 BCE)  Defeat Persians again  Athenians have a great navy which helps them to win  Athenians  Get an empire and takeover fight against Persians III. Pericles  Thucydides says I am going to tell you what people said in their speeches or what they should have said IV. Thucydides, Perikles' funeral Oration  Perikles describes Athenian democracy  American statesman plagiarized from Perikles  Lincoln  His argument for democracy derive from fundamental principles, such as human equality, or from practical benefits that derived from such a system  What does Perikles think is Athens' relationship with its neighbors  We get along really well with the neighbors because we are all in this together (APPARENTLY THIS IS BULLSHIT)  Litigious society; went to court a lot  What kinds of citizens does he believe democracy produces? Keep in mind that not everyone shared his idealized view of Athenian democracy. How might critics have responded to his arguments? 2/28/ Clicker Questions:

I. Spartans  Peloponnesian War (411-403)  Spartans are victorious over Athenians  Oligarchy is aristocracy (the 30) II. Be familiar with Melos dialect  Successful democracy  Mede is Persians III. Women  Pericles  "Say anything on the subject of female excellence to those of you, who will now be in widowhood, it will be all comprised in this brief exhortation. Great will be your glory in not falling short of your natural character; and greatest will be hers who is least talked of among the men, whether for good or for bad."  Don't know the names of most women except for geishas such as Aspasia  Euphiletus

 "Members of the jury; when I decided to marry and had brought a wife home, at first my attitude towards her was this: I did not wish to annoy her, but neither was she to have too much of her own way. I watched her as well as I could, and kept an eye on her as was proper. But later, after my child had been born, I came to trust her, and I handed all my possessions over to her, believing that this was the greatest possible proof of affection."  Cuckold: a man whose wife is having sex with someone else  Providing a son has done her job in the marriage agreement; less of an alien because she contributes to the family  Managing household shows that women had some education  Story of Pandora  Misogynistic IV. Spartan Women vs. Athenian Women  Spartan Women  Obligation is to have sons  Healthy women make healthy sons; so they must work to be healthy and strong  More educated  Marriage is about the same either male or female  Wear less clothing  Everything you do serves the state  Athenian Women  Obligation is to have son  High class prostitutes are educated  Women tend to marry younger to older men  Stay covered up 3/4/ Clicker Questions:

1. The Roman Senate controls public money; Censors are responsible for public works; senate is responsible for sending embassies abroad; Quaestors can serve as financial officers; The Roman Senate does not decide against whom the Romans will wage war.
2. Roman Empire, Persian Empire, Mauryan Empire, Han Dynasty from west to east.
3. Polybius sees three divisions of government I. Chronology  Roman Republic (509-30 BCE)  China  Eastern Zhou: Warring States (475-221 BCE)  Qin (221-207 BCE)  Han (206 BCE- 220 CE)  India  Mauryan Empire (321-185 BCE)  Greece  Classical Age (499-323 BCE)  Hellenistic Age (323-30 BCE) II. Classical Through Hellenistic Greece  City-states: Politically independent

 Athens  Sparta  Greeks come into contact with Persian Empire  Persian Expansion  Takeover of Greek City-states  Alexander III of Macedon  Philip II  Conquers Greece but dies when Alexander is young  Alexander takes over  Convinces Greeks to follow him  Uses forces  Goes East to Persian empire to free the Greeks  Keeps moving east and he takes over Persian Empire  Alexander dies and the entire kingdom collapses  Hellenistic Kingdoms emerge  Hellas = place  Hellenic = adjective  Cleopatra VII  Last of Hellenistic monarchs  Died 30 BCE  Influence of Hellenistic Period in Rome  Literature  Philosophy  Stoicism  Epicureanism  Royal Power III. Rome  Does Rome have a Republic?  No, largely an aristocracy  Founded 753 BCE  Along the Tiber River in Italy  Founded as a monarchy  509 BCE – 30 BCE  Republic  res publica  30 BCE – 479 CE  3 rd^ political form of government  Polybius  Ca. 200-120 BCE  Sees three divisions of the Government  Aristocracy: Problem fixed by The Senate  Problem with Aristocracy: Oligarchy  Senate gives advice to Consuls  Richest people are in the Senate  Monarchy: Problem fixed by The consuls

 Problem with Monarchy: Tyranny  Veto power over one another a.No appeal or override of a veto  Democracy: Problem fixed by the People as they meet in assemblies  Problem with Democracy: Ochlocracy (ruled by the mob)  Only the People make laws  Conduct elections  Modifying Polybius' conclusions  Political  "monarchic" a.Annual government b. Veto power over each other in Consuls c.Consuls go back into the Senate i. Part of aristocratic party d. Consuls get advice from Senate  "Democratic" a.Assemblies i. Timocratic

1. Power based on wealth
2. Assemblies weighted toward the wealthier people in population ii. Presiders  Social a.Roman republic is an aristocracy b. Nepotism i. For the Romans this was a good thing  Polybius's accuracy  Hierarchical Pyramid  Senators/Equestrians  Ordinary Citizen  Slaves  Patron/Client Relationship  Patron is higher  Client is lower  Roman System is very personal  If you do not do something good for your client or patron your reputation becomes bad  Relationships among equals  Friendship (amicitia) is based upon doing things for one another  Enemyship (inimicitia) is if you do something bad to me, I'll do something bad to you  Family  Personalized system  Which is why you take other peoples advice IV. Military successes eventually led to demise of Roman Republic  Roman empire gets too big for the system to handle  Military Successes

 Enemies in the West  Tribal  Carthage  Hannibal  Enemies in the East  Hellenistic  Macedon  Seleucids  Ptolemies  Pressures  Economy  They get really rich  Huge number of slaves  Government  Economic and Social Elite  More opportunities to get really rich  Military  Generals are political leaders 3/07/ Clicker Questions: 1. I. Rome  Military Successes eventually led to demise of republic  Pressures  Society  Hierarchical  Personal a.Amicitia (Friendship) / Inimicitia b. Patron/Client c.Family  Obligations a.Protect one's friends b. Attack one's enemies c.Defend one's own (and families) honor i. Extremely important to the Romans d. Achieve one's own (and families) Glory i. Must surpass everyone around you  Economy  Wealth  Slaves a.Agriculture i. Dispossessed Farmers ii. Urban poor

1. Attempts to reform

 KINGSHIP is ANATHEMA: Kingship is greatly hated by the Romans  133 BCE, first person to be assassinated in Rome: He tried to reform the land and stepped on another person's toes  Citizen is a farmer and a soldier  Government  Military  Resolving economic problems a.Generals and land distribution to the veterans  Soldiers a.Poor b. Italians  Generals = Governors = Senators vs. Senate  Military Pressures are increased by Values a.Ever increasing glory i. Julius Caesar's Uncle: Marius

1. 7 consulships  Defeat of an enemy in Africa  Defeat of Gauls II. Civil Wars (49-30 BCE)  Triumvirate  Antony  Lepidus  Octavian (44-30 BCE part of civil war)  Becomes Augustus (27 BCE)  Creates a stable empire  Pretends it is not a monarchy  Refers to self as first among equals  Gives it back  Takes only some provinces  In charge of almost all armies in Rome  Grain supply  No political posts a.Maius imperium (more power) b. Tribunicia potestas (tribunician power) i. Veto power over everyone else  Pontifex Maximus a.Priesthoods (senators)  Sensor III. Chronology  Augustus, (30 BCE – 14 CE)  Vespasian (69-79 CE)  Aelius Aristides (ca. 155 CE) IV. Republic to Empire  How does Vespasian articulate his power differently from Augustus and why?  Senate and people

 Dictatorship  Aqueducts  Temples  Where are consistent elements in the three different articulations of Roman imperial political power that you read and what changes over time? 3/9/11 Clicker Questions:

1. The African North East: religious traditions influenced by contact with Mediterranean civilizations; long distance trading connections; urban centers; monumental architecture; written language; imperial ambitions
2. Bantu Region south of Equator: accelerated movement of peoples; cultural adaptation; focus of worship on ancestor or nature spirits; variety of means of accessing leadership roles in different areas
3. August is connected to the Roman Empire
4. Asoka is connected to the Mauryan Empire
5. Kautilya is connected to the Mauryan Empire
6. Shi Haungdi is connected to the Qin Dynasty
7. Cleopatra VII is connected to the Ptolemaic Kingdom I. Mesoamerica  638 C.E.  Chan Bahlum  Put three slits into his penis and then inserted paper into the slits ( CAN ANYONE SAY "OW"?) II. Attributes of Mesoamerica Civilization  Highly stratified society  Specialized religious architecture  Anthropomorphic religious iconography  Gods with human forms  Urbanization  Long distance exchange  Writing  Calendar's III. Geography  Olmec  Peninsula  First complex society in America's IV. Olmec  Politics  City-kingdoms  Don't become cities  Share same culture and language  Ceremonial centers  1200 B.C.E.  La Venta

 Ca 800 B.C.E.  Evidence of class differentiation  Most people don't live in centers, but in the surrounding areas and come into the cities for special occasions  Religion and economic days  Priests live in centers  Socio-Political Structure  La Venta  Lower class farm, build ditches, and other menial labor  Priest king at the top  Politics and Religion  Big heads protect the borders of the ceremonial centers  Water is important to the religion  They live in lowlands and wetlands  Watery spirits in divine realm  Negotiate between water spirits and the earthly/human realm  art reflects connection between marine world and the agriculture  Priests in charge of calendars  Representation of the jaguar  Economy and Culture  Olmec artifacts found as far south as Guatemala and El Salvador, even a few in South America  Demise  Peaks in 900 B.C.E.  Ca 800 B.C.E–300 B.C.E.  Olmec ceremonials centers are all destroyed and abandoned around 400-300 B.C.E.  Unknown as to what exactly happens  Olmec demise around 100 B.C.E.  Ceremonial sites evolve into cities V. Mayans  Moved uphill from Olmec and live in the highlands  Politics  City-Kingdoms  Size of city-kingdoms vary greatly  A territory that is less than a square kilometer  A territory that covers 123 square kilometer's  Averages the amount of territory you could walk in a single day  Lots of war  No standing armies, but frequent war  War tribute is important to rulers  Politics of Rule  Economic

 work of the peasants  Tribute from other rulers  Charisma  Politics depend very strongly on the notion of the individual leader, big man or big woman.  Must be a charismatic ruler  Supernatural origins give the king and the kings family the right to rule  Religion  Politics and Religion  Chan Bahlum  Palenque  Cutting rituals are acts of piety performed by the ruler  Part of the accession ritual  Shedding or royal blood is essential to the world's survival  Palenque people will regain fertility  Blood often drawn from tongue, genitals, ears and cheeks  Blood associated with rain ( RAIN IS AWESOME. BLOOD IS AWESOME. RAIN IS BLOOD AND BOTH ARE AWESOME THUS AWESOMENESS IS EVIDENT  ) a.Rain essential to agriculture b. Imitating gods with blood sacrifice c.Gods make the world bountiful  Lady Xoc, wife of Lord Shield Jaguar  In Yaxchilan  Pyramid at Temple of the Great Jaguar  47 meters high  Demise  Kept fighting each other and this weakened them substantially VI. Test (chapters 4-7), essays from back of chapter again; will include today's lecture