Clinical Laboratory Tests and Terminology, Exams of Nursing

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MLT ASCP BOARD EXAM LATEST 2024-

ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED

ANSWERS 2024-2025. GRADED A+

% retics - ANSRetics in 100 RBC / 10 1 unit or PRBC - ANSRaises hemoglobin 1g and hematocrit 3% 1, 25-(OH)2 - ANSActive form of vitamin D 25 OH - ANSMeasurement of V D A plastic anemia - ANSDecreased retics Hypocellular BM Absolute retics - ANS %retics x RbC Acanthocytes - ANSSpur cell Starfish Sever liver disease McLead syndrome ACD/CPD/CPD2 - ANS21 days Acetest - ANSConfirm ketones and specific for diacetic acid and acetone Acidic urine - ANSMetabolic/respiratory acidosis High protein diet Acinetobacter - ANSgram negative bacilli Oxidase negative acromegaly - ANSenlargement of the extremities Hyperglycemia and excess GH ACTH - ANSanterior pituitary Increase glucose Insulin antagonist ACTH - ANSStimulated by CRH and activates adrenal cortex to release cortisol aldosterone estrogen and testosterone Acute hep B infection - ANSHighly infectious HBsAg HBeAg Addison's disease - ANSDecreased sodium chloride cortisol aldosterone and hemoglobin Alder- Reilly anomaly i - ANSDarks large metachromatic cytoplasm is granules Aldosterone - ANSComes from the adrenal cortex and increases the rate of sodium reabsorption Aldosterone - ANSMaintains blood pressure promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion Increases while standing Alkaline urine - ANSRT and vegetarian ALP - ANSIncreased bone disorders pagets disease osteoblastic tumors rickets and hyperparathyroidism Increased growing children Alpha hemolytic - ANSpartial hemolysis Green Ammonium biurate crystals - ANSthorny apple appearance Alkaline

Amorphous phosphates - ANSThis alkaline crystal is shapeless and resembles sand. Old urine Amorphous urates - ANSBrick dust/yellowish-brown granules, often in clumps in acidic urine Amount of H greatest to least - ANSO A2 B A1 A1B Amperometry - ANSMeasurement of the current flowing through an electrochemical cell when a constant electric potential is applied to the electrodes Androgens - ANSTestosterone Anion gap - ANSDifference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions. 10-20 or 7-16 Sodium and potassium - chloride and bicarbonate Anisocytosis - ANSVariation in size when RDW is greater than 14. apolopoproteins - ANSProtein without lipid A in HDL B atherogenic APTT RR - ANS20- 40 sec Auer rods - ANSAML Auramine-Rhodamine - ANSFluorescent stain Autoimmune diseases - ANSSLE Sjögren's syndrome Scleroderma RA AVP or ADH - ANSComes from the posterior pituitary gland and reabsorption of water from the distal tubule's Decreased in Diabetes insipidus Bacillus anthracis - ANSMedusa head Non hemolytic Non motile Gram-positive rods Bacillus cereus - ANSFried rice Gram- positive rods Spore forming Betta hemolytic BAnd neutrophils (hypo-segmented) - ANSPelegerHuey Aml Aids Basophilic stippling - ANSlead poisoning Thalassemia RNA Basophils - ANSRelative 0-2% Inflammation response mediator BBE - ANSB. fragilis Black colonies BCG - ANSSerum protein BCYE (buffered charcoal yeast extract) - ANSEnrichment media for Legionella spp. Beers law - ANSAbsorb ace and calculate concentration Bernard soulier - ANSAbnormal adhesion Ristocetin decrease Giant plt Beta hemolytic - ANSComplete hemolysis biliary obstruction - ANSIncreased ALP 5NT GGT bilirubin Bilirubin crystals - ANSClusters of fine needles Abnormal Biliruibinuria - ANSBile duct obstruction and liver damage Increased Blood gas normals - ANSI like

my oxygen at 100 but 90 will do partial CO2 is half of 90 which equals 45 bicarbonate is half of 45 which is roughly around 23 the pH is 1/3 of the bicarbonate which turns into 7.4 blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - ANS10-20 mg/dL Measurement of urea in blood Bordetella pertussis - ANSwhooping cough Mercury droplet Bordet gengou Regan lowe Bound coagulase - ANS"clumping factor" remains attached to the cell surface Clumping on slide BUN CREATINE RATIO - ANS10:1-20:1 C reactive protein - ANSAcute phase protein Inflammation CA 125 - ANSOvarian cancer CA 15-1 - ANSBreast cancer CA 19-9 - ANSPancreases cancer Cabot rings - ANSFigure 8 Mitotoic spindle Megaloblastic anemia Calcitonin - ANSInhibits bone reabsorption of calcium in other words decrease his calcium Calcium - ANSCombines with phosphate and bone controlled by three hormones PTH calcitonin and vitamin D calcium carbonate - ANSDumbbell Alkaline calcium oxalate - ANSmost common type of kidney stone Envelopes Antifreeze poisoning Cross Campylobacter growth condition

• ANS42 Campylobacter jejuni - ANSSeagul 2-4 days growth Capnophiles - ANSCo2 is 5 to 10% CCFA - ANSC. difficile can grow on this media, where it produces yellow colonies: CEA - ANSColon breast lung cancer Chediak higashi disease - ANSGiant lysosomal granules in granulocytes monocytes and lymphocytes Infections and bleeding Chemistry results increase by hemolysis - ANSKLAMP k Ld ALD Mg PO Chloride - ANSAnion outside cell 98-106 Chocolate agar - ANSHave XNB factor for hemophilia is a neisseria species Cholesterol crystals - ANSAbnormal, found in nephrotic syndrome, lipiduria Flat plates with notched corners Stair case or blocked rectangles with notched corner Chronic hep B - ANSCarrier Anti HBc Chronic renal disease - ANSDecreased EPO ChronicDisease inflammation - ANSDecreased TIBC and serum iron Increase serum ferritin Microcytic Chylomicrons - ANSexogenous

triglycerides from dietary fat Citrate test - ANSPositive blue CK-MB - ANSCardiac muscle Rises within 6 to 10 hours peaks within 24 hours and returns to normal 2 to 3 days Class A fire extinguisher - ANSWood and paper Class B fire extinguisher - ANSFlammable liquids Class C fire extinguisher - ANSelectrical fires Class D fire extinguisher - ANSReactive metals CLIA - ANSEnsure accuracy and reliability and timeliness of patient test results regarding of where test was performed Clinitest tablets - ANSGlucose and other reducing sugars Benedict's copper reduction Clostridium difficile - ANSCCFA Spore forming Gram positive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens - ANSGram positive anaerobe Double zone of hemolysis Gas gangrene Spores Clostridium tetani - ANSGram positive anaerobe Racquet shape tetanus Clot detection method - ANSPhoto optical Electromechanical Clue cells in urine - ANSSquamous epithelial with bacteria on them Bacterial vaginosis Coagulase negative staphylococci - ANSOpportunist and amino compromised hosts Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Cold enrichment bacteria

• ANSListeria monocytogenes Yersenia Compensatory for Metabolic acid dosis - ANSHyperventilation to decrease PCO2 Kidneys increase the excretion of H ions and reabsorbed bicarbonate Compensatory for metabolic alkalosis - ANSHypoventilation to increase retention of CO2 The kidneys decrease excretion of H ions and increased excretion of bicarbonate Compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis - ANSIncrease H iron excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption Compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis - ANSDecrease H ion excretion Congestive of heart failure - ANSBNp increased Correction retics - ANSRetic % x hct / 45 Cortisol - ANSHigher in the morning lower in the evening Stress hormone produced by the adrenal cortex increases glucose stimulates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Corynebacterium diphtheriae - ANSChinese letters Gram negative rods Tinsdale agar black colonies and halos Coulometry - ANSa technique in which the quantity of analyte is determined by measuring the number of coulombs needed for complete electrolysis CPDA-1 - ANS35 days Infants creatine kinase CK - ANSmuscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies Creatinine clearance - ANS120 ml/min Urine creatinine x volume / plasma creatinine CRH - ANSHypothalamus stimulates ACTH in pituitary Cryoprecipitate - ANSFactor 8 vWF Fibrinogen For DIC 6 hours Cryptococcus neoformans - ANSIndia ink CSF - ANSXanthochromia is pink Keep at RT CSF fungal infection - ANSIncrease protein Lymphocytes and monocytes CSF Hemorrhage - ANSAll tubes red Xanthochromic CSF tube 1 - ANSChemistry Protein glucose CSF tube 2 - ANSMicrobiology India ink CSF tube 3 - ANSHematology Cushing disease/syndrome - ANSIncreased glucose and cortisol and sodium an AL D Cystine C - ANSSierra marker for GFR Cystine crystals - ANShexagonal Abnormal Cytopenia - ANSBelow reference Cytosis - ANSIncreased above reference D control - ANSAB positive Any D negative Decrease ESR - ANSQNS Decrease temp Decrease in chemistry glucose - ANS10 mg/dL per hour Decreased in urine when at RT - ANSGlucose Ketones Bilirubin Urobilirubin oxidized cells and casts Decreased phosphorus - ANSHyperparathyroidism impaired renal absorption Destroyed by enzymes - ANSMN S Duffy diabetes insipidus - ANSADH or AVP decreased and SG Increase urine diabetes mellitus - ANSDecrease insulin Increase urine SG glucose and ketones Diabetic acidosis - ANSDecreased sodium and chloride with increased potassium and key tones Direct Bilirubin - ANSConjugated with glucuronic acid, water soluble Distal and collecting tubule's - ANSReabsorb sodium

Secretes potassium ammonia and hydrogen ions Potassium ions exchanged for sodium ions DNA viruses - ANSCMV EBV HBV Herps Poxvirus Varicella zoster Dohle bodies - ANSMay hagglin Hazy blue inclusion on NEUTROPHILS Dolichos biflorus - ANSAnti A1 lectin Dosage - ANSMNS Rh Kids Duffy Echinocyte - ANSBurr cell Small projections all around Uremia Pyruvate kinase deficiency EDTA in chemistry - ANSIncreases sodium and potassium decrease calcium EIA/ELISA - ANSSandwich technique HCG Elliptocyte - ANSHE Iron deficiency Thalassemia Enhanced by enzymes - ANSRh Kids Lewis I P1 Enterococcus - ANSgram positive cocci Bile esculon and 6.5 NaCl Group D Eosinophils - ANSRelative 0-3% Allergic response epiniephrine (adrenaline) - ANSAdrenal medulla Glycogenolysis Erythropoietin (EPO) - ANSComes from the kidneys and stimulates production of RBCs ESBL (extended spectrum beta- lactamase) - ANSReferring to a more resistant group of beta-lactamases that hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporins w/ an oxyimino side chain (abx ex: cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, aztreonam) Escherichia Klebsiella Escherichia coli - ANSIndole and lactose positive IMViC ++ - - UTI 0157:h7 Gram negative rods Estriol - ANSPregnancy Estrogens - ANSEstradiol metabolized by estrone Exposure control plan - ANSOSHA Extrinsic factors - ANSPT Ca Coumarin or Warferin 2 7 9 10 Exudate - ANSYellow inflammation Red bleeding Yellow brown bilirubin Milky green Greater SG protein glucose and cells Infections and malignancies Factor 1 - ANSFibrinogen Fasting glucose reference ranges for serum - ANS70to 99 mg/dL Ferritin - ANSIron storage Fibrinogen - ANS200-400 Fluorometry principle - ANSEnergy omission that occurs when certain compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation become excited and return to energy level is slightly lower than their original energy levels Forward scatter - ANSCell size FPIA (Fluorescence Polarization

Immunoassay) - ANSAdd reagent antibody and fluorescent tact antigen to patient serum Increase polarize light as a negative test decrease polarized light as a positive test Free coagulase - ANSGel test tube FSH - ANSFrom pituitary and stimulates testes for spermatogsndsis Gamma hemolytic - ANSno hemolysis Gardnerella vaginalis - ANSClue cells are associated with which organism that causes vaginal discharge 48 hours on BAP tiny Catalase and oxidase negative Hippurate and starch positive Grab positive rod Gastric fluids - ANSHCL and pepsin GFR - ANSAmount of blood filtered of a particular substance in a given time Assed by creatine clearance GGT - ANSSignificant for liver disease and increased after alcohol intake GH - ANSanterior pituitary Increase glucose Insulin antagonist Glanzmann - ANSAbnormal aggregation All agents decreased Glomerulus - ANSFiltrate water glucose electrolytes amino acids urea iron acid creatinine and ammonia Glucagon - ANSProduced by the pancreas that increase glucose and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose Glucocorticoids adrenal cortex - ANSCortisol Gluconeogenesis - ANSformation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources Glycogen - ANSStorage form of glucose Glycogenolysis - ANSbreakdown of glycogen to glucose GnRH - ANSFrom the hypothalamus to stimulate LH and FSH Gram stain - ANSCrystal violet (primary) Decolorizer Safranin (counter) stain Gram-negative bacteria - ANSBacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall covered by an outer plasma membrane. They stain very lightly (pink) in Gram stain. Gram-positive - ANScell wall with layer of peptidoglycan that retains the gram stain purple Granular cast - ANSRenal disease Not good if they are broad from collecting ducts Graves' disease - ANSHyperthyroidism Low TSH Increase production T3 and T4 Weight loss and anxiety Gray-top sodium fluoride tube. - ANSChemistry Slows glycolysis Inhibits urease H2s - ANSSodium thiosulfate

HACEK organisms - ANSHaemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella Hadimotos - ANSHypothyroidism Increase TSH Weight gain lethargy intolerance to cold Thyroglobulins Haemophilus ducreyi - ANSChancroid (STD) Haemophilus parainfluenzae - ANSSpecies of Haemophilus that is (1) associated with epiglottitis, (2) requires NAD but not hemin for growth, and (3) has non-hemolytic growth. Haptoglobin - ANSBinds free hemoglobin after RBC lysis to be destroyed by spleen, decreased levels in sickle cell, thalessemia, lead poisoning,etc. Increase in acute phase and nephrotic syndrome HCO3- - ANSBicarbonate 22-36 HDFN from ABO - ANSSpherocytes 1st pregnancy O mother HDFN from Rh - ANSRetics DAT positive Immediate jaundice After first baby HDL - ANSgood cholesterol Ideally greater then 60 Less than 40 risk for CHD HE - ANSSelective Lactose sucrose salicin Green blue is h2s Salmon in lactose positive Heamophilus influenzae - ANSBacteria ,causing meningitis , contagious , primaryly nonsocomial, rods shape gram- bacilli X and v factor Satelliteism with S aureus on BAP Fastidious Heinz bodies

• ANSdenatured hemoglobin Small dots on RBC not clusters G6PD deficiency Helicobacter pylori - ANSpeptic ulcers, gastritis Helmet cell - ANSKeratocyte RBS fragment Hemolytic anemia and burns Hematocrit reference ranges - ANSMales is 42% to53% Females are 38% of 47% Hemin - ANSX factor Hemoglobin a - ANSAlpha and beta globin chains Hemoglobin F - ANSAlpha and gamma globlin chains Hemoglobin Reference range - ANSMales 14-18 Females 12-16 Hep c infection - ANSAnti HcV Hepatic jaundice - ANSIncrease everything Hepatitis - ANSIncreased AST ALT GGT and Bilirubin Hexokinase - ANSglucose + ATP --> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP G6p + napd—> NADPH Hgb c crystal - ANSHexagonal dense hgb with RBC membrane Hgb sc crystal - ANSFinger like or quartz like dense hemoglobin protruding from the

RBC membrane Histogram of red cells - ANSRelative number of cells versus MCV Microcytic is a left shift Macrocytic is right shift Hodgkin lymphoma - ANSReed stern berg cell Howell jolly body - ANSDNA just one on RBC Post removal of spleen Megaloblastic anemia Hemolytic anemia Hyper-segmented neutrophils - ANSMegaloblastic anemia B12 and folate deficiency Hyperammonemia - ANSReyes syndromes Liver disease Viral hepatitis Hypercalcemia - ANSHyperparathyroidism cancer with the bone multiple myeloma renal failure Hyperkalemia - ANSIncreased potassium seen in diabetic acidosis intravascular hemolysis severe burns renal failure and Addison's disease Hypernatremia - ANSIncreased sodium seen in Cushing syndrome dehydration hyperaldosteronism insulin treatment of uncontrolled diabetes Hypocalcemia - ANSDecrease in vitamin D hypo parathyroidism Hypochloremia - ANSDecreased chloride seen in diabetic acidosis Chronic pyelonephritis Prolonged vomiting Hypokalemia - ANSDecreased potassium scene in Cushing syndrome alkalosis decreased renal reabsorption Hyponatremia - ANSDecrease sodium in diabetic acidosis diarrhea Addison's disease renal tubular disease I, i antibody - ANSi converts to I as infant matures Icotest - ANSBilirubin IgA antibodies - ANSSevere transfusion allergic reaction Anaphylactic IgE antibodies - ANSMild Allergic reactions IgG antibodies - ANSRh group K Duffy Jk IgM antibodies - ANSI H MN P1 Lewis Immunofluorescence direct - ANSAdd florescence labeled anti- body to patient tissue wash and examined under fluorescent microscope Immunofluorescence indirect - ANSAdd patient serum to reagent wash add florescence label to anti-globulin wash and examined under microscope IMViC -/-/+/+ - ANSEnterobacter IMViC +/-/+/+ - ANSKlebsiella oxytoca IMViC +/+/-/- - ANSE.coli Morganella Increase BUN - ANSImpaired renal function High protein diet

Increase ESR - ANSGreater than 20 Increase plasma proteins Tilting tube Increase temp Standing to long Excess EDTA Increase in urobilinogen - ANSLiver damage and hemolytic disease Increase LD - ANSMI Liver disease muscle trauma renal infarct hemolytic disease PA Increase MCV Increase MCHC (37) Decrease RBC - ANSCold agglutinate Increase serum glucose - ANSGag Chet Glucagon ACTH GH Cortisol HPL Epinephrine T 34 Increase uric acid - ANSGout renal failure leukemia and chemotherapy treatment And product of purine metabolism Increase urine protein - ANSRenal abnormality of glomerulus Strenuous exercise Increased amylase - ANSPancreatitis and obstruction to pancreas ducts Increased in urine when at RT - ANSNitrite from bacterial growth Alkaline pH increases Turbidity Increased phosphorus - ANSHypo parathyroidism chronic renal failure excess vitamin D increased unconjugated bilirubin - ANSIncrease in urine urobilinogen due to the increase amount of reabsorbed from intestines and filtered by the kidneys Indirect bilirubin - ANSUnconjugated, water insoluble Indole - ANSPositive pink infectious mononucleosis - ANSEBV Lymphocytes B cells Burkets disease? Insulin - ANSProduced by the pancreas decreases serum glucose and stimulates glucose uptake by cells Intrinsic factors - ANSAPTT Collagen and HMWK Heparin All factors except 7 and 13 Intrinsic renal disease - ANSGlomerulonephritis Iron deficiency - ANSDecreased serum ferritin serum iron saturation Increase TIBC Microcytic Irradiated blood - ANSPrevent GVHD Kernicterus - ANSExcess bilirubin in newborn KIA - ANSOnly glucose and lactose Kinyoun method - ANSAcid fast stain Cold stain Kirby-Bauer Test - ANSSusceptibility testing with disk diffusion Klebsiella - ANSLungs VP positive Citrate blue positive Pink urea VP Kleihauer Betke - ANSQuantitative fetal maternal bleed Kovac's - ANSMotility and indole purple lactate dehydrogenase -

ANSPyruvate to lactate while oxidizing and NADH to NAD Lactose tolerance - ANSIngest lactose and measure blood glucose Evaluates deficiency of lactase in small bowel Lattice - ANSLess sensitive LDL - ANSBad Greater than 100 mg/dL is risk for CHD Left shift - ANSDecreased CO2, increased pH with high affinity and decreased 23DPG Leucine - ANSYellow brown spheres with concentric circles or radial striations Leukoreduced RBCs - ANSLess than 5 x 10^6 to prevent febrile non hemolytic reactions LH - ANSFrom the pituitary and stimulates ovaries for ovulation Lipase - ANSAcute pancreatitis Lipoproteins - ANSCombine with proteins in the liver to form Lipo proteins Listeria monocytogenes - ANSgram positive rod Motile Catalase positive Bile esculin positive Loeffler's medium - ANSCorynebacterium diptheriae Loop of henle ascending - ANSReabsorbs sodium chloride calcium and magnesium Loop of Henle descending - ANSAbsorbs water Lymphocyte RR - ANSRelative 20-40% Viral infection Lysine iron agar - ANSPositive purple or red for slant MAC - ANSLactose pink Selective e Macro-ovalocyte - ANSMegaloblastic anemia Magnesium - ANSIncreased renal failure decrease in cardiac disorders diabetes and diuretics May hagglin - ANSDohle bodies Thrombocytopenia with stress platelets Myeloproliferation MCH - ANS28-32 pg Hgb/rbc x 10 MCHC - ANS32-36% Hgb/ hct x 100 MCV - ANS800-100 Hct/rbc x 10 Megaloblastic - ANSB12 deficiency Folate deficiency Marcrocytic Metabolic acidosis - ANSAll arrows decreased Seen in diabetic keto acidosis renal disease prolonged diarrhea late salicylate poisoning Metabolic alkalosis - ANSAll arrows are up Vomiting potassium depletion diuretic therapy and Cushing's syndrome Microaerophiles - ANSO2 8-10% Microbiology humidity - ANS to 70% Microcytic because of globin - ANSThalassemia Hemoglobin E Microcytic because of heme - ANSIron deficiency Sideroblastic I disease of inflammation mineral

corticoids adrenal cortex - ANSAldosterone Mono sodium urate crystal in synovial fluid - ANSGout Monochromator - ANSFilter and diffraction grading or prism Monocyte - ANSRelative 3-10% Moraxella - ANSgram negative cocci Oxidase positive DNAse positive Most immunogenicity antigen - ANSD Mycobacterium - ANSHigh lipid contents Mycolic acid LJ Tween 80 3-6 weeks Mycobacterium avium complex - ANSNon pigment in LJ Mycobacterium leprae - ANSHansen's disease (leprosy) Armadillo foot pads Mycobacterium tuberculosis - ANSCauliflower on LJ MDR variants Mycoplasma pneumoniae - ANSwalking pneumonia Myoglobin - ANSAm I peaks within 4 to 10 hours and returns to normal within 24 hours Myoglobinuria - ANSMuscle destruction NAD - ANSV factor Neisseria - ANSgram negative cocci Diplococci Oxidase positive Neisseria gonorrhoeae - ANSFermented glucose Gram negative oxidase positive Thayer Martin 48 hour growth Neisseria meningitidis - ANSGram negative oxidase positive Fermented glucose and maltose Thayer Martin Children under 3 Nephelometry - ANSInsoluble complexes Why is pass-through suspension scattered light absorbance is proportional to the number of insoluble complexes compared to standards Antibody concentration Nephelometry - ANSMeasures light that is scattered by small particles at right angles to the beam incident to the cuvette Amount of scatter is related to the number and size of the particles Nephron - ANSMajor function unit of kidney containing glomerulus and renal tubes Neutrophils reference range - ANSRelative 45-70% Bacteria Nitrate - ANSPositive pink and confirmed with zinc Nitrite in urine - ANSBacterial infection (UTI) Diazo compound to pink color No urobilinogen in urine - ANSBile duct obstruction Non lattice - ANSMore sensitive immunoassays nephelometry Non megaloblastic - ANSMacrocyclic Liver disease Target cells Normal acidic crystals -

ANSAmorphous urates Utica acid Calcium oxalate Normal alkaline crystals - ANSAmorphous phosphates Triple phosphate Ammonium biurate Calcium carbonate Normal CSF glucose - ANS60-70% of the blood glucose 2/3 Normal CSF protien - ANS15-45 ONPG - ANSPositive yellow Osmometry - ANSMeasure of total number of dissolved particles in a solution Ouchterlony - ANSAntibodies added to pre-cut wells in center of agar plate and patient Sera and standards are alternated in wells surrounding the center well Oxidase - ANSPositive purple P. mirabilis IMViC - ANS- +VV P. Vulgaris (IMViC) - ANS++-V PA - ANSB 12 deficiency Howel Holley bodies Macrocyclic Pappenheimer bodies - ANSIron Small clusters around RBC Prussian blue Sideroblastic anemia Past infection immunity to hep B - ANSAnti HBe Anti HBc Anti HBs Pasteruella multocida - ANSCats and dogs Mousy Oder PCH - ANSIncrease bilirubin Decreased haptoglobin Positiv dat Donath landsteiner anti body or anti p PCO2 - ANS35-45 PEA - ANSGram positive selective Anaerobic gram beg Pericardial fluid - ANSHeart Peritoneal - ANSAscites Abdomen Permanent deferral - ANSHepatitis after 11 HIV T. Cruzi CJD PH or urine - ANS6 Philia - ANSIncreased Phosphorus - ANSInversion relationship with calcium increase calcium phosphorus is decreased Photochromogens - ANSproduce pigment when exposed to light Photomultiplier - ANSTube detector Platelets 1unit - ANS5000 10000 Pleural fluid - ANSThoracic lungs PNH - ANSMembrane defect Flaer test positive Po2 - ANS80- poikilocytosis - ANSVariation in shape Sever anemia Polychromatsia - ANSBlue haze in RBC is stained with new methylene blue Seen with retics polydispia - ANSincreased thirst Porphyrin - ANSPort wine urine Positive D dimer - ANSFibrinolysis for DIC Positive hemolysis with negative DAT - ANSSickle cell crisis Thalassemia/G6PD deficient Unit overheated or frozen All cells hemolysis Post-

hepatic jaundice(obstructive) - ANSIncreased serum conjugated bilirubin and increased urine bilirubin Potassium - ANSCation inside cell 3.5-5 Potentiometry - ANSPH meters ion selective electrolytes Measurement of potential or voltage Pre- hepatic jaundice - ANSIncreased RBC destruction Increased unconjugated bilirubin Increased urobilinogen Normal conjugated bilirubin Pregnancy testing - ANSHCG Increased 8-10 weeks Primary fibrinolysis - ANSAbnormal Pt and APTT FDP positive Primary hyperthyroidism - ANSDecreased TSH increased T4 and T3 Primary hypothyroidism - ANSDecreased T4 and T3 increased TSH Primary immune response

• ANSIgM Primary thyroid disorders - ANSOrgan problem Procalcitonin - ANSConverts to calcitonin which causes the decrease of blood calcium protein electrophoresis - ANSAbby albumin is attracted to Andy and Nerd because of his positive attitude Albumin alpha-1 Alpha 2 Beta Gamma Prothrombin factors - ANS2 7 9 10 VK Proximal tubules - ANSReabsorb water sodium chloride bicarbonate potassium calcium amino acid phosphate protein and glucose Glucose has a threshold substance it's reabsorbed at 160 to 1 80 mg/dL or less Secretes hydrogen ions Prussian blue - ANSIron Pseudomonas aeruginosa - ANSOxidizer not fermenter Oxidase positive Pigment production Swimmer ear Eye infection UTI Gram negative PT RR - ANS1 2 5 7 10 Less than 13 sec PTH - ANSIncreased calcium PV - ANSJak 2 mutation Pyuria - ANSpresence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection Rapid growers - ANSGrowth less than 7 days M. Fortuitum M. Chelonei RBC RR - ANSMales 4.5-6.1 x 10^6 Females 3.8-5.2 x 10^6 RDW - ANS11-14% Recent acute hepatitis A infection - ANSAnti HaV Red Cell cast - ANSIndicates bleeding from nephron and glomerular dysfunction Orange red color and diagnostic of intrinsic renal disease Renin - ANSProduced in the kidneys And decrease in cons Respiratory

acidosis - ANSIncreased PCO2 and increased bicarbonate and CO2 but decreased PH Seen in pneumonia rebreathing air emphysema Respiratory alkalosis - ANSIncrease pH and bicarbonate but decreased PCO2 and CO2 Seen in hyperventilation and early salicylate poisoning Retics - ANSSeen with super vital stain Increase in hemolytic anemia blood loss and therapy rheumatoid arthritis - ANSIgG Fc RA factor Rickets - ANSChildren's softening of bones Rickettsiae - ANSParasites Ticks Weil Felix test Right shift - ANSIncreased CO2 Decreased pH Increased two, three DPG Rosette - ANSScreening for fetal hemorrhage RPR - ANSCharcoal for syphilis More sensitive but Les specific Rule of 3 - ANSHgb x3 = hct Rule of 3 not fitting consider - ANSClots Cold agglutination Lipemic icteric hemolyzed Poikilocytosis Salmonella - ANSH2s Lysine positive Indole and urea negative Gram negative rod Scotochromogens - ANSproduce pigment in light or dark Secondary fibrinolysis - ANSDecrease plt RBC fragments Positive Ddimer Abnormal PT and APTT FDP positive Secondary immune response - ANSIgG Secondary thyroid disorders - ANSPituitary problem Sensitivity - ANSTP/ TP + FN x 100 Serratia - ANSgram negative bacilli Bright red VP and DNAse positive Sex hormones adrenal cortex - ANSAndrogens and estrogens SG - ANS1.

• 1.035 Increase with glucose and radioactive dyes Shigella - ANSgram negative rod Lactose negative Non motile K/A HE Shistocytes - ANSRBC fragments DIC Hemolytic anemia Side scatter - ANSInterior cell structure Sideroblastic anemia - ANSIron overload Sodium - ANS135-145 Cation Specificity - ANSTN / TN + FP x 100 Sperm RR - ANSVolume 2-5 ml 20-250 Spherocytes - ANSHS Increase MCHC ABO HDN Immune hemolytic anemia Staphylococcus - ANSGram-positive cocci Catalase positive Oxidase negative Staphylococcus aureus - ANSCoagulase positive most are beta lactamase positive many are MRSA Skcalded skin syndrome and toxic shock

syndrome Staphylococcus epidermidis - ANSInfects prosthetic devices and catheters. Component of normal skin flora. Contaminates blood cultures. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus - ANSUTI Stomatocyte - ANSMouth in the middle of RBC or slit H stomatocytosis Liver disease (acquired) Streptobacillus moniliformis - ANSString of pearls rat bite fever Haverhill fever Streptococcus - ANSGram-positive cocci Catalase negative Streptococcus agalactiae - ANSGroup B beta hemolysis Camp reaction with S aureus Positive Na hippurate UTI young women Meningitis Streptococcus pneumoniae - ANSalpha hemolytic Diplococci Sensitive to optochin (p disk) Bile soluble Streptococcus pyogenes - ANSBeta hemolytic Scarlet fever Susceptible to bacitracin Sudan 3 stain or oil red stain - ANSUrine fat Susceptibility colonies within zone of inhibition - ANSMixed culture and resistant you ends within zone Susceptibility zones to large - ANSInocula is too light Susceptibility zones too small - ANSInocula is too heavy Susceptibility zones within zones - ANSI swarming Proteus Sweat chloride - ANSIncrease in cystic fibrosis Synovial - ANSJoints Syphilis - ANST palladium FTA abs TPI Dark field microscopy T3 and T4 - ANSthyroid hormones Stimulate glycogenolysis Target cells - ANSLiver disease Hgb c Thalassemia Pericious anemia TCBS (thiosulfate citrate bile salts) agar - ANSWhich agar is highly a selective medium for the recovery of most Vibrio Tear drop cells - ANSDacryocytes Thalassemia Megaloblastic anemia PA Tertiary thyroid disorder - ANSHypothalamic problem Thayer-Martin agar - ANSN. gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis Thrombin Time - ANSLess than 20 Tinsdale agar - ANSC. diptheriae (black colonies) Top three acute/immediate transfusion reactions and mortality - ANSTRALI, hemolytic transfusion reactions and TACO Transferrin - ANSIron transport Transudate - ANSColorless Clear Decrease SG protein LD and cells CHF Traumatic tap -

ANSSubsequent clearing of blood each tube Clear Clotted TRH - ANSStimulates TSH Triglycerides - ANSPrimary form of lipid storage Transported by chylomicrons and VLDL triple phosphate - ANScoffin lid Alkaline Troponin - ANSBest diagnosis of AMI Risers 48 hours after peaks approximately 12 to 14 hours and remains elevated for 10 days TSH - ANSComes from the thyroid and stimulates T4 and T3 TSI A/A - ANSYellow all sugars fermented SEEK serratia Escherichia Enterobacter Klebsiella TSI A/A H2S - ANSAll sugars fermented CAP Citrobacter proteus TSI K/A - ANSOnly ferment glucose Shigella Citrobacter Providencia Proteus Yersinia SKIPPY TSI K/A H2S

• ANSOnly glucose fermented CASE Citrobacter Salmonella Edwardsiella TSI K/K - ANSPseudomonas Turbidimetry - ANSMeasures the amount of light blocked by particulate matter as light passes through the cuvette by color meter or spectrophotometer Type 1 DM - ANSInsulin dependent because body struggles to provide it Type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSAnaphylactic Immediate Type 2 DM - ANSInsulin resistant because pancreases is over worked Type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSAntibody depending cytotoxicity Transfusion reactions Hashimotos Good pasture Type 3 hypersensitivity - ANSImmune complex Rheumatoid arthritis SLE Type 4 hyper sensitivity - ANSDelayed Monocytes and lymphocytes Tyrosine - ANSFine delicate needles Abnormal Liver disease with leucine crystals Ulex europaeus - ANSAnti H lectin Uncleared red cell WBC correction - ANSWbc X 100 / 100+NRBC Urea - ANSnonprotein nitrogenous substance produced as a result of protein metabolism Urease - ANSRed to pink uric acid crystals - ANSGout Rhomboid or diamond shaped Urine ammonia Oder - ANSOld Urine bilirubin strip - ANSDiasonium strip to purple Disappear with VC and light Urine blood strip - ANSPeroxidase can disappear with vitamin C Myoglobin Urine casts - ANSFormed in the lumen of the distal convoluted

tubule and collecting duct Urine fruity Oder - ANSKetones Urine glucose strip - ANSThreshold 160-180 Glucose oxidase with peroxidase to produce hydrogen peroxide and glycolic acid Urine ketones strip - ANSSodium nitroprusside + ketones is purple Diacetic acid (acetoacetste) Acetone Urine leukocytes - ANSLeukocyte esterase Purple color Urine mousy Oder - ANSPKU Urine oval fat bodies - ANSRefractile droplets Nephrotic syndrome Maltese cross Sudan 3 or oil red Urine protein strip - ANSAlbumin Yellow to green False positive if alkaline Urine renal tubular cells - ANSMost significant Round eccentric nucleus Tubular necrosis Renal tubules Urine transitional cells - ANSRound pear central nucleus and swell Renal carcinoma Urine urobilinogen - ANSEhrlich reaction with para dimethylaminibenzaldehyde to pink Urochrome - ANSColor of urine Vaccine immunity to hep B - ANSAnti HBs Vancomycin - ANSInhibit cell wall synthesis and choice for C. Diff MRSA VDRL - ANSSyphilis CSF screening but can be positive for malaria Vibrio cholerae - ANSgram negative curved rod Polar flagella Rice water VLDL

• ANSendogenous triglycerides TG/5 Voges-Proskauer Test - ANSPositive pink Von Willebrands - ANSAbnormal adhesion Decrease ristocetin Abnormal VWF WBC reference range - ANS5000-10000 Weak D - ANSNegative immediate spin and positive AHG Weak D donor - ANSMust be labeled Rh positive Weak D patient - ANSReceives D negative White blood cell histogram - ANSThree part differential relative number of cells versus the size First lymphocytes then monocytes then granulocytes White casts - ANSInfection in nephron Pyelonephritis XLD - ANSSelective Lactose surcrose Xylose Yello lactose Yersenia pestis - ANSBubonic plague Invasive Safety pin Yersinia growth conditions - ANS25-30 Ziehl-Neelsen stain

• ANSAcid fast stain for mycobacterium Hot stain Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - ANSIncreased gastrin with peptic ulcer is an excessive acid secretion