Clinical Psychology Degree and Training Requirements, Exams of Nursing

Download Clinical Psychology Degree and Training Requirements and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Clinical Psychology Exam 1 questions well answered to pass The term clinical psychology was first used in print in the year ______. A. 1780 B. 1894 C. 1907 D. 1952 - correct answer ✔✔C. 1907 ______ was the first person to operate a psychological clinic. A. Richard McFall B. Abraham Maslow C. Alfred Adler D. Lightner Witmer - correct answer ✔✔D. Lightner Witmer John is an undergraduate psychology major. He wishes to become a clinical psychologist. In order to reach this goal, John must ______. A. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology B. earn a master's degree in clinical psychology C. earn a bachelor's degree in psychology D. complete 300 clinical internship hours while an undergraduate student - correct answer ✔✔A. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology The Boulder model of training is also known as the ______ model of training. A. practitioner-scholar B. clinical scientist C. clinical psychologist D. scientist-practitioner - correct answer ✔✔D. scientist-practitioner Currently, there are more clinical psychology graduate programs subscribing to the ______ model of training than any other model. A. counselor educator B. practitioner-scholar C. scientist-practitioner D. clinical scientist - correct answer ✔✔B. practitioner-scholar Clinical psychology graduate programs that subscribe to the practitioner-scholar model of training ______. A. typically award the PhD, rather than the PsyD, degree B. emphasize practice over research C. emphasize research over practice D. equally emphasize research and practice - correct answer ✔✔B. emphasize practice over research Which of the following is true? A. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged before the practitioner-scholar model of training. B. The scientist-practitioner model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time. C. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged after the clinical scientist model of training. D. The clinical scientist model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time. - correct answer ✔✔A. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged before the practitioner-scholar model of training. Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs ______. A. typically place greater emphasis on research-related aspects of training B. are more often housed in "professional schools" rather than departments of psychology in universities C. prepare their graduates to work as researchers in academic settings D. are more likely to require a research-based dissertation - correct answer ✔✔B. are more often housed in "professional schools" rather than departments of psychology in universities D. teaching - correct answer ✔✔C. psychotherapy Compared to clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists tend to ______. A. work with clients whose degree of psychopathology is greater B. work in settings such as inpatient psychiatric units C. work in settings such as college counseling centers D. work in settings such as hospitals - correct answer ✔✔C. work in settings such as college counseling centers Social workers ______. A. typically earn a doctoral degree B. undergo training that places heavy emphasis on research methods and psychological testing C. emphasize the biological causes of mental illness D. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society - correct answer ✔✔D. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society Between 1988 and 2001, the number of PsyD degrees awarded ______. A. more than doubled B. remained constant C. declined by 10% D. increased by 10% - correct answer ✔✔A. more than doubled Students enrolled in a practitioner-scholar program typically earn what degree? A. PsyD B. PhD C. MD D. MS - correct answer ✔✔A. PsyD The discipline of clinical psychology didn't come into existence until ______. A. around the turn of the 19th century B. around the turn of the 20th century C. the 1950s D. the 1980s - correct answer ✔✔B. around the turn of the 20th century The ______, a residential treatment center for the mentally ill in England, served as a model for humane treatment facilities that subsequently opened throughout Europe and the United States. A. Pinel Institute B. Hartford Retreat C. York Retreat D. Todd Institute - correct answer ✔✔C. York Retreat Which of the following is NOT true of Philippe Pinel? A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England. B. Pinel advocated for institution staff to record a patient's case history and ongoing treatment notes. C. Pinel wrote Treatise on Insanity, in which he argued for empathy for the mentally ill. D. Pinel created institutions where patients were given healthy food and kind treatment. - correct answer ✔✔A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England. ______'s work directly resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill throughout the United States. A. William Tuke B. Philippe Pinel C. Eli Todd D. Dorothea Dix - correct answer ✔✔D. Dorothea Dix The first psychological clinic was founded by ______. A. Lightner Witmer B. Wilhelm Wundt C. James McKeen Cattell D. William Tuke - correct answer ✔✔A. Lightner Witmer The journal founded by Lightner Witmer was titled ______. A. Treatment of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders B. The Psychological Clinic C. Behavior Change D. Psychology and Cognition - correct answer ✔✔B. The Psychological Clinic ______ is credited with the first known publication in which the term clinical psychology was used. A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Lightner Witmer C. Emil Kraepelin D. Edward Lee Thorndike - correct answer ✔✔B. Lightner Witmer Emil Kraepelin ______. A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness B. authored an objective personality test that remains widely used among clinical psychologists today C. created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders D. argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill in France - correct answer ✔✔A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness ______, a term coined by Emil Kraepelin, described a cluster of symptoms similar to what is now known as schizophrenia. A. Dementia praecox B. Paranoia C. Depressive psychosis D. Cyclothymic personality - correct answer ✔✔A. Dementia praecox The DSM is published by the ______. Which of the following assessment methods was created most recently? A. MMPI B. Thematic Apperception Test C. NEO-PI-R D. Rorschach Inkblot Method - correct answer ✔✔C. NEO-PI-R ______, more than any other activity, characterized clinical psychology during the earliest years of the profession. A. Cognitive psychotherapy B. Behavioral psychotherapy C. Motivational interviewing D. Assessment of intelligence - correct answer ✔✔D. Assessment of intelligence Currently, ______ have passed legislation that grants prescription privileges to appropriately trained psychologists. A. all 50 states B. 31 states C. 5 states D. no states - correct answer ✔✔C. 5 states Patrick DeLeon, Morgan Sammons, and Robert McGrath are best known as advocates ______. A. for evidence-based psychotherapies B. for computer-based psychotherapies C. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists D. against evidence-based psychotherapies - correct answer ✔✔C. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists 3. Which of the following is NOT true of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists? A. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists have made the argument that other nonphysicians have been granted prescription privileges. B. The American Society for the Advancement of Pharmacotherapy was created, in part, to promote prescription privileges for psychologists. C. Psychopharmacology training programs are available for psychologists in the U.S. military. D. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe. - correct answer ✔✔D. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe. 4. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite ______ as support for their argument. A. an excess of psychiatrists, especially in rural areas B. convenience for clients C. the opportunity to work collaboratively with physicians D. the ability to replace psychotherapy with medication - correct answer ✔✔B. convenience for clients Opponents of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite all of the following EXCEPT ______ as support for their argument. A. the need for further training during or after graduate school B. the possibility that the practice of psychotherapy would decline C. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists D. questions about the type and length of required training - correct answer ✔✔C. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists ______'s 1950s assertion that therapy had no positive outcome helped to jumpstart what has evolved into the evidence-based practice movement. A. Raymond Cattell B. Hans Eysenck C. William F. Buckley D. Patrick H. DeLeon - correct answer ✔✔B. Hans Eysenck An example of a manualized psychotherapy with empirical evidence for its efficacy is ______. A. exposure plus response prevention for bulimia B. exposure plus response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder C. dialectical behavior therapy for depression D. dialectical behavior therapy for antisocial personality disorder - correct answer ✔✔B. exposure plus response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder A book entitled A Guide to Treatments That Work was published in ______ and represented a significant step in the ______ movement. A. 1960; humanistic psychotherapy B. 1990; prescription privileges C. 1998; evidence-based practice D. 2005; psychotherapy via videoconferencing - correct answer ✔✔C. 1998; evidence-based practice Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate ______. A. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology B. the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals' lives C. a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online, rather than in person D. the APA's commitment to release all of its major publications online - correct answer ✔✔A. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology Evidence-based practice has also been referred to as ______. A. empirically researched interventions B. empirically supported treatments C. dialectical behavior therapy D. exposure plus response prevention - correct answer ✔✔B. empirically supported treatments The term evidence-based practice includes ______. A. the psychological treatment for a disorder B. factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service C. both the psychological treatment of a disorder and factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service C. Studies refute the idea that psychologists' diagnostic decisions are influenced by how a client pays for therapy. D. Most managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy even if a client does not receive a DSM diagnosis; however, health insurance companies require a diagnosis. - correct answer ✔✔B. Recent surveys of psychologists have indicated that the way a client is diagnosed is affected by the client's method of payment. Robert is paying for psychotherapy services with his health insurance. Anne is paying for psychotherapy services out-of-pocket (i.e., with a personal check). Robert is told by his clinical psychologist, Dr. Honores, that he has "several symptoms associated with depression." Anne receives the same diagnostic information. Based on your textbook's discussion of current controversies, which of the following is MOST likely to occur? A. Robert will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Anne will not B. Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Robert will not C. Both Robert and Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder D. Neither Robert nor Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder - correct answer ✔✔D. Neither Robert nor Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder The use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists is often referred to as ______. A. conference therapy B. digital therapy C. telepsychology D. techpsychology - correct answer ✔✔C. telepsychology Based on current reviews and meta-analyses, we can say that telepsychology generally appears to work ______. A. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy B. far worse than in-person forms of psychotherapy C. far better than in-person forms of psychotherapy D. we cannot compare telepsychology and in-person psychotherapy because no studies exist on this topic - correct answer ✔✔A. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy Guidelines regarding the use of new technologies by clinical psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. obtain informed consent from clients about the services they may receive, the technologies that may be used to provide them, and the confidentiality of the communication B. ensure client confidentiality as much as possible by using encryption or similar methods C. be knowledgeable about emergency resources in any community from which your clients may seek services D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online - correct answer ✔✔D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online According to Cummings (2007), ______ of prescriptions written for psychoactive medications come from primary-care physicians. A. under 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. over 80% - correct answer ✔✔D. over 80% In 1952, ______ made the (now refuted) claim that there was no proof that psychotherapy was efficacious. A. Dianne Chambless B. Hans Eysenck C. John Watson D. Lightner Witmer - correct answer ✔✔B. Hans Eysenck When psychotherapy outcome researchers seek clients on whom to conduct psychotherapy in a study, they typically seek clients who ______. A. are "textbook cases" of the diagnosis the therapy intends to treat B. are simultaneously taking medication for their psychological problems C. have advanced knowledge about psychological disorders D. have previous experience as "test subjects" in clinical research - correct answer ✔✔A. are "textbook cases" of the diagnosis the therapy intends to treat In which of the following states do clinical psychologists currently have prescription privileges? A. Missouri, Indiana, and Texas B. New York, New Jersey, and Wisconsin C. Oregon, Nevada, and California D. Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho - correct answer ✔✔D. Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho The first list of empirically supported treatments was published in ______. A. 1905 B. 1935 C. 1965 D. 1995 - correct answer ✔✔D. 1995 From 1990 to 2000, ______. A. the Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States decreased slightly B. the Latino/Latina/Hispanic population in the United States grew by about 50% C. the African American population decreased significantly D. the Caucasian population grew by about 60% - correct answer ✔✔B. the Latino/Latina/Hispanic population in the United States grew by about 50% In 2016, the number of immigrants in the United States represented about ______ of the U.S. population. A. 2% B. 5% C. 13% D. 20% - correct answer ✔✔C. 13% Authors such as Pedersen (1990, 1999, 2008) have labeled ______ as the "fourth force" in the history of psychology. A. multiculturalism 11. Taijin kyofusho ______. A. is an example of a specifier for major depressive disorder included in the most recent edition of the DSM B. is experienced by members of Native American tribes C. involves a preoccupation with death and the dead which brings on psychological symptoms D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others - correct answer ✔✔D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others 12. Maladi moun ______. A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others - correct answer ✔✔A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM 13. According to Sue and Sue (2008), "______ is defined as the counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society." A. multicultural counseling competence B. evidence-based practice C. empathy D. unconditional positive regard - correct answer ✔✔A. multicultural counseling competence 14. Which of the following is TRUE? A. It is generally unacceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to openly and directly acknowledge cultural differences with a client. B. It is generally acceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to begin treating a culturally dissimilar client with no knowledge of that client's culture, and to require a client to explain all culturally relevant information to the clinical psychologist. C. Most research suggests that cultural self-awareness on the part of a clinical psychologist does little to improve treatment effectiveness. D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds. - correct answer ✔✔D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds. 15. "Although a cultural group may have a collective tendency, its individual members may vary greatly from that tendency." This statement best illustrates the ______ inherent in every culture. A. homogeneity B. heterogeneity C. unidimensionality D. bidimensionality - correct answer ✔✔B. heterogeneity 16. Maria recently immigrated from her hometown of Bowling Green, New York, to Mexico City, Mexico. Once in Mexico, Maria adopts much of her new nation's culture and abandons much of her original U.S. culture. Which acculturation strategy is Maria using? A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration - correct answer ✔✔A. assimilation 17. In the ______ acculturation strategy, an individual reject much of his new culture and retains much of his original culture. A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration - correct answer ✔✔B. separation 18. The etic perspective ______. A. emphasizes similarities between all people B. attaches great importance to differences between cultural groups C. was less dominant in the early days of psychology than it is today D. seeks to emphasize the differences among people - correct answer ✔✔A. emphasizes similarities between all people 19. The ______ perspective recognizes and emphasizes culturally specific norms and considers a client's behaviors, thoughts, and feelings within the context of that client's culture. A. etic B. emic C. behavioral D. individual - correct answer ✔✔B. emic 20. The ______ places importance on multiple perspectives, including those that recognize the uniqueness of each individual, as well as the similarities between each individual and other individuals. A. tripartite model of personal identity B. etic approach C. behavioral approach D. evidence-based psychotherapy movement - correct answer ✔✔A. tripartite model of personal identity 21. What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personality identity? A. individual, group, and universal B. primary, secondary, and tertiary C. narrow, moderate, and wide D. singular, plural, and multifaceted - correct answer ✔✔A. individual, group, and universal 22. Which of the following is TRUE? A. No single "best method" has emerged for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. B. In-class discussion of one's own cultural background has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. C. Conducting psychotherapy (under supervision) with members of varied cultures has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. D. 2002 - correct answer ✔✔B. 1953 3. Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, ______ revised editions of the ethical code have been published. A. zeroth B. second C. ninth D. 20 - correct answer ✔✔C. ninth 5. The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: ______ and ______. A. General Principles; Ethical Standards B. Research Standards; Practice Standards C. Assessment Code; Treatment Code D. Aspirational Goals; Enforceable Principles - correct answer ✔✔A. General Principles; Ethical Standards 7. The ______ section of the current ethical code includes enforceable rules of conduct, as opposed to aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists. A. Ethical Standards B. General Principles C. Research Standards D. Assessment Code - correct answer ✔✔A. Ethical Standards 9. The idea that clinical psychologists strive to benefit the patients with whom they work, while at the same time ensuring they do not harm their patients, is best captured by which ethical principle? A. beneficence and nonmaleficence B. integrity C. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D. fair billing and reporting - correct answer ✔✔A. beneficence and nonmaleficence 11. According to recommended models of ethical decision-making (e.g., Fisher, 2017), it is important to ______. A. make ethical decisions as quickly as possible B. consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand C. avoid consulting with colleagues D. refrain from altering or revising an ethical plan once one is established - correct answer ✔✔B. consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand 15. The landmark court case that established the duty to warn for psychologists was ______. A. Brown v. The Board of Education B. Hughes v. The APA Board of Ethics C. Poddar v. The State of New Mexico D. Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California - correct answer ✔✔D. Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California 17. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. An ethical clinical psychologist should never break a child client's confidentiality to report child abuse B. Less than half of the states in the United States have laws requiring mental health professionals to break confidentiality to report known or suspected child abuse C. A psychologist must abide by a child client's request to withhold information about treatment from parents D. Therapists working with child clients often attempt to negotiate an arrangement in which parents will not be informed of what the child discloses except under specified conditions - correct answer ✔✔D. Therapists working with child clients often attempt to negotiate an arrangement in which parents will not be informed of what the child discloses except under specified conditions 13. For the profession of clinical psychology, confidentiality ______. A. is absolute B. should be negotiated with a client at the onset of treatment C. does not apply to legal minors D. can ethically be broken in specific situations - correct answer ✔✔D. can ethically be broken in specific situations 19. Based on the APA code of ethics, informed consent for psychotherapy should occur ______. A. once, at the onset of treatment B. twice, before the diagnostic interview and once a treatment plan is created C. as needed throughout the therapy process D. only if requested by the client - correct answer ✔✔C. as needed throughout the therapy process 21. Informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as a one-time event, but informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as an ongoing process. A. assessment; research B. behavioral psychotherapy; psychodynamic psychotherapy C. research; psychotherapy D. psychotherapy; research and assessment - correct answer ✔✔C. research; psychotherapy 23. According to the current edition of the APA ethical code, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients ______. A. unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions, in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist B. under any circumstances C. unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available D. unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist - correct answer ✔✔B. under any circumstances 25. A clinical psychologist who is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks they undertake is fulfilling the ethical standard of ______. A. resolving ethical issues B. competence C. multiple relationships D. justice - correct answer ✔✔B. competence Clinical Psychology Exam 1 questions well answered to pass The term clinical psychology was first used in print in the year ______. A. 1780 B. 1894 C. 1907 D. 1952 - correct answer ✔✔C. 1907 ______ was the first person to operate a psychological clinic. A. Richard McFall B. Abraham Maslow C. Alfred Adler D. Lightner Witmer - correct answer ✔✔D. Lightner Witmer John is an undergraduate psychology major. He wishes to become a clinical psychologist. In order to reach this goal, John must ______. A. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology B. earn a master's degree in clinical psychology C. earn a bachelor's degree in psychology D. complete 300 clinical internship hours while an undergraduate student - correct answer ✔✔A. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology The Boulder model of training is also known as the ______ model of training. A. practitioner-scholar B. clinical scientist C. clinical psychologist D. scientist-practitioner - correct answer ✔✔D. scientist-practitioner Currently, there are more clinical psychology graduate programs subscribing to the ______ model of training than any other model. A. counselor educator B. practitioner-scholar C. scientist-practitioner D. clinical scientist - correct answer ✔✔B. practitioner-scholar Clinical psychology graduate programs that subscribe to the practitioner-scholar model of training ______. A. typically award the PhD, rather than the PsyD, degree B. emphasize practice over research C. emphasize research over practice D. equally emphasize research and practice - correct answer ✔✔B. emphasize practice over research Which of the following is true? A. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged before the practitioner-scholar model of training. B. The scientist-practitioner model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time. C. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged after the clinical scientist model of training. D. The clinical scientist model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time. - correct answer ✔✔A. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged before the practitioner-scholar model of training. Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs ______. A. typically place greater emphasis on research-related aspects of training B. are more often housed in "professional schools" rather than departments of psychology in universities C. prepare their graduates to work as researchers in academic settings D. are more likely to require a research-based dissertation - correct answer ✔✔B. are more often housed in "professional schools" rather than departments of psychology in universities D. teaching - correct answer ✔✔C. psychotherapy Compared to clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists tend to ______. A. work with clients whose degree of psychopathology is greater B. work in settings such as inpatient psychiatric units C. work in settings such as college counseling centers D. work in settings such as hospitals - correct answer ✔✔C. work in settings such as college counseling centers Social workers ______. A. typically earn a doctoral degree B. undergo training that places heavy emphasis on research methods and psychological testing C. emphasize the biological causes of mental illness D. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society - correct answer ✔✔D. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society Between 1988 and 2001, the number of PsyD degrees awarded ______. A. more than doubled B. remained constant C. declined by 10% D. increased by 10% - correct answer ✔✔A. more than doubled Students enrolled in a practitioner-scholar program typically earn what degree? A. PsyD B. PhD C. MD D. MS - correct answer ✔✔A. PsyD The discipline of clinical psychology didn't come into existence until ______. A. around the turn of the 19th century B. around the turn of the 20th century C. the 1950s D. the 1980s - correct answer ✔✔B. around the turn of the 20th century The ______, a residential treatment center for the mentally ill in England, served as a model for humane treatment facilities that subsequently opened throughout Europe and the United States. A. Pinel Institute B. Hartford Retreat C. York Retreat D. Todd Institute - correct answer ✔✔C. York Retreat Which of the following is NOT true of Philippe Pinel? A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England. B. Pinel advocated for institution staff to record a patient's case history and ongoing treatment notes. C. Pinel wrote Treatise on Insanity, in which he argued for empathy for the mentally ill. D. Pinel created institutions where patients were given healthy food and kind treatment. - correct answer ✔✔A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England. ______'s work directly resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill throughout the United States. A. William Tuke B. Philippe Pinel C. Eli Todd D. Dorothea Dix - correct answer ✔✔D. Dorothea Dix The first psychological clinic was founded by ______. A. Lightner Witmer B. Wilhelm Wundt C. James McKeen Cattell D. William Tuke - correct answer ✔✔A. Lightner Witmer The journal founded by Lightner Witmer was titled ______. A. Treatment of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders B. The Psychological Clinic C. Behavior Change D. Psychology and Cognition - correct answer ✔✔B. The Psychological Clinic ______ is credited with the first known publication in which the term clinical psychology was used. A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Lightner Witmer C. Emil Kraepelin D. Edward Lee Thorndike - correct answer ✔✔B. Lightner Witmer Emil Kraepelin ______. A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness B. authored an objective personality test that remains widely used among clinical psychologists today C. created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders D. argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill in France - correct answer ✔✔A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness ______, a term coined by Emil Kraepelin, described a cluster of symptoms similar to what is now known as schizophrenia. A. Dementia praecox B. Paranoia C. Depressive psychosis D. Cyclothymic personality - correct answer ✔✔A. Dementia praecox The DSM is published by the ______. Which of the following assessment methods was created most recently? A. MMPI B. Thematic Apperception Test C. NEO-PI-R D. Rorschach Inkblot Method - correct answer ✔✔C. NEO-PI-R ______, more than any other activity, characterized clinical psychology during the earliest years of the profession. A. Cognitive psychotherapy B. Behavioral psychotherapy C. Motivational interviewing D. Assessment of intelligence - correct answer ✔✔D. Assessment of intelligence Currently, ______ have passed legislation that grants prescription privileges to appropriately trained psychologists. A. all 50 states B. 31 states C. 5 states D. no states - correct answer ✔✔C. 5 states Patrick DeLeon, Morgan Sammons, and Robert McGrath are best known as advocates ______. A. for evidence-based psychotherapies B. for computer-based psychotherapies C. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists D. against evidence-based psychotherapies - correct answer ✔✔C. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists 3. Which of the following is NOT true of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists? A. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists have made the argument that other nonphysicians have been granted prescription privileges. B. The American Society for the Advancement of Pharmacotherapy was created, in part, to promote prescription privileges for psychologists. C. Psychopharmacology training programs are available for psychologists in the U.S. military. D. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe. - correct answer ✔✔D. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe. 4. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite ______ as support for their argument. A. an excess of psychiatrists, especially in rural areas B. convenience for clients C. the opportunity to work collaboratively with physicians D. the ability to replace psychotherapy with medication - correct answer ✔✔B. convenience for clients Opponents of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite all of the following EXCEPT ______ as support for their argument. A. the need for further training during or after graduate school B. the possibility that the practice of psychotherapy would decline C. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists D. questions about the type and length of required training - correct answer ✔✔C. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists ______'s 1950s assertion that therapy had no positive outcome helped to jumpstart what has evolved into the evidence-based practice movement. A. Raymond Cattell B. Hans Eysenck C. William F. Buckley D. Patrick H. DeLeon - correct answer ✔✔B. Hans Eysenck An example of a manualized psychotherapy with empirical evidence for its efficacy is ______. A. exposure plus response prevention for bulimia B. exposure plus response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder C. dialectical behavior therapy for depression D. dialectical behavior therapy for antisocial personality disorder - correct answer ✔✔B. exposure plus response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder A book entitled A Guide to Treatments That Work was published in ______ and represented a significant step in the ______ movement. A. 1960; humanistic psychotherapy B. 1990; prescription privileges C. 1998; evidence-based practice D. 2005; psychotherapy via videoconferencing - correct answer ✔✔C. 1998; evidence-based practice Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate ______. A. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology B. the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals' lives C. a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online, rather than in person D. the APA's commitment to release all of its major publications online - correct answer ✔✔A. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology Evidence-based practice has also been referred to as ______. A. empirically researched interventions B. empirically supported treatments C. dialectical behavior therapy D. exposure plus response prevention - correct answer ✔✔B. empirically supported treatments The term evidence-based practice includes ______. A. the psychological treatment for a disorder B. factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service C. both the psychological treatment of a disorder and factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service C. Studies refute the idea that psychologists' diagnostic decisions are influenced by how a client pays for therapy. D. Most managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy even if a client does not receive a DSM diagnosis; however, health insurance companies require a diagnosis. - correct answer ✔✔B. Recent surveys of psychologists have indicated that the way a client is diagnosed is affected by the client's method of payment. Robert is paying for psychotherapy services with his health insurance. Anne is paying for psychotherapy services out-of-pocket (i.e., with a personal check). Robert is told by his clinical psychologist, Dr. Honores, that he has "several symptoms associated with depression." Anne receives the same diagnostic information. Based on your textbook's discussion of current controversies, which of the following is MOST likely to occur? A. Robert will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Anne will not B. Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Robert will not C. Both Robert and Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder D. Neither Robert nor Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder - correct answer ✔✔D. Neither Robert nor Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder The use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists is often referred to as ______. A. conference therapy B. digital therapy C. telepsychology D. techpsychology - correct answer ✔✔C. telepsychology Based on current reviews and meta-analyses, we can say that telepsychology generally appears to work ______. A. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy B. far worse than in-person forms of psychotherapy C. far better than in-person forms of psychotherapy D. we cannot compare telepsychology and in-person psychotherapy because no studies exist on this topic - correct answer ✔✔A. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy Guidelines regarding the use of new technologies by clinical psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. obtain informed consent from clients about the services they may receive, the technologies that may be used to provide them, and the confidentiality of the communication B. ensure client confidentiality as much as possible by using encryption or similar methods C. be knowledgeable about emergency resources in any community from which your clients may seek services D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online - correct answer ✔✔D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online According to Cummings (2007), ______ of prescriptions written for psychoactive medications come from primary-care physicians. A. under 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. over 80% - correct answer ✔✔D. over 80% In 1952, ______ made the (now refuted) claim that there was no proof that psychotherapy was efficacious. A. Dianne Chambless B. Hans Eysenck C. John Watson D. Lightner Witmer - correct answer ✔✔B. Hans Eysenck When psychotherapy outcome researchers seek clients on whom to conduct psychotherapy in a study, they typically seek clients who ______. A. are "textbook cases" of the diagnosis the therapy intends to treat B. are simultaneously taking medication for their psychological problems C. have advanced knowledge about psychological disorders D. have previous experience as "test subjects" in clinical research - correct answer ✔✔A. are "textbook cases" of the diagnosis the therapy intends to treat In which of the following states do clinical psychologists currently have prescription privileges? A. Missouri, Indiana, and Texas B. New York, New Jersey, and Wisconsin C. Oregon, Nevada, and California D. Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho - correct answer ✔✔D. Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho The first list of empirically supported treatments was published in ______. A. 1905 B. 1935 C. 1965 D. 1995 - correct answer ✔✔D. 1995 From 1990 to 2000, ______. A. the Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States decreased slightly B. the Latino/Latina/Hispanic population in the United States grew by about 50% C. the African American population decreased significantly D. the Caucasian population grew by about 60% - correct answer ✔✔B. the Latino/Latina/Hispanic population in the United States grew by about 50% In 2016, the number of immigrants in the United States represented about ______ of the U.S. population. A. 2% B. 5% C. 13% D. 20% - correct answer ✔✔C. 13% Authors such as Pedersen (1990, 1999, 2008) have labeled ______ as the "fourth force" in the history of psychology. A. multiculturalism 11. Taijin kyofusho ______. A. is an example of a specifier for major depressive disorder included in the most recent edition of the DSM B. is experienced by members of Native American tribes C. involves a preoccupation with death and the dead which brings on psychological symptoms D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others - correct answer ✔✔D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others 12. Maladi moun ______. A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others - correct answer ✔✔A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM 13. According to Sue and Sue (2008), "______ is defined as the counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society." A. multicultural counseling competence B. evidence-based practice C. empathy D. unconditional positive regard - correct answer ✔✔A. multicultural counseling competence 14. Which of the following is TRUE? A. It is generally unacceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to openly and directly acknowledge cultural differences with a client. B. It is generally acceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to begin treating a culturally dissimilar client with no knowledge of that client's culture, and to require a client to explain all culturally relevant information to the clinical psychologist. C. Most research suggests that cultural self-awareness on the part of a clinical psychologist does little to improve treatment effectiveness. D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds. - correct answer ✔✔D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds. 15. "Although a cultural group may have a collective tendency, its individual members may vary greatly from that tendency." This statement best illustrates the ______ inherent in every culture. A. homogeneity B. heterogeneity C. unidimensionality D. bidimensionality - correct answer ✔✔B. heterogeneity 16. Maria recently immigrated from her hometown of Bowling Green, New York, to Mexico City, Mexico. Once in Mexico, Maria adopts much of her new nation's culture and abandons much of her original U.S. culture. Which acculturation strategy is Maria using? A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration - correct answer ✔✔A. assimilation 17. In the ______ acculturation strategy, an individual reject much of his new culture and retains much of his original culture. A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration - correct answer ✔✔B. separation 18. The etic perspective ______. A. emphasizes similarities between all people B. attaches great importance to differences between cultural groups C. was less dominant in the early days of psychology than it is today D. seeks to emphasize the differences among people - correct answer ✔✔A. emphasizes similarities between all people 19. The ______ perspective recognizes and emphasizes culturally specific norms and considers a client's behaviors, thoughts, and feelings within the context of that client's culture. A. etic B. emic C. behavioral D. individual - correct answer ✔✔B. emic 20. The ______ places importance on multiple perspectives, including those that recognize the uniqueness of each individual, as well as the similarities between each individual and other individuals. A. tripartite model of personal identity B. etic approach C. behavioral approach D. evidence-based psychotherapy movement - correct answer ✔✔A. tripartite model of personal identity 21. What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personality identity? A. individual, group, and universal B. primary, secondary, and tertiary C. narrow, moderate, and wide D. singular, plural, and multifaceted - correct answer ✔✔A. individual, group, and universal 22. Which of the following is TRUE? A. No single "best method" has emerged for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. B. In-class discussion of one's own cultural background has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. C. Conducting psychotherapy (under supervision) with members of varied cultures has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. D. 2002 - correct answer ✔✔B. 1953 3. Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, ______ revised editions of the ethical code have been published. A. zeroth B. second C. ninth D. 20 - correct answer ✔✔C. ninth 5. The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: ______ and ______. A. General Principles; Ethical Standards B. Research Standards; Practice Standards C. Assessment Code; Treatment Code D. Aspirational Goals; Enforceable Principles - correct answer ✔✔A. General Principles; Ethical Standards 7. The ______ section of the current ethical code includes enforceable rules of conduct, as opposed to aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists. A. Ethical Standards B. General Principles C. Research Standards D. Assessment Code - correct answer ✔✔A. Ethical Standards 9. The idea that clinical psychologists strive to benefit the patients with whom they work, while at the same time ensuring they do not harm their patients, is best captured by which ethical principle? A. beneficence and nonmaleficence B. integrity C. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D. fair billing and reporting - correct answer ✔✔A. beneficence and nonmaleficence 11. According to recommended models of ethical decision-making (e.g., Fisher, 2017), it is important to ______. A. make ethical decisions as quickly as possible B. consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand C. avoid consulting with colleagues D. refrain from altering or revising an ethical plan once one is established - correct answer ✔✔B. consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand 15. The landmark court case that established the duty to warn for psychologists was ______. A. Brown v. The Board of Education B. Hughes v. The APA Board of Ethics C. Poddar v. The State of New Mexico D. Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California - correct answer ✔✔D. Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California 17. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. An ethical clinical psychologist should never break a child client's confidentiality to report child abuse B. Less than half of the states in the United States have laws requiring mental health professionals to break confidentiality to report known or suspected child abuse C. A psychologist must abide by a child client's request to withhold information about treatment from parents D. Therapists working with child clients often attempt to negotiate an arrangement in which parents will not be informed of what the child discloses except under specified conditions - correct answer ✔✔D. Therapists working with child clients often attempt to negotiate an arrangement in which parents will not be informed of what the child discloses except under specified conditions 13. For the profession of clinical psychology, confidentiality ______. A. is absolute B. should be negotiated with a client at the onset of treatment C. does not apply to legal minors D. can ethically be broken in specific situations - correct answer ✔✔D. can ethically be broken in specific situations 19. Based on the APA code of ethics, informed consent for psychotherapy should occur ______. A. once, at the onset of treatment B. twice, before the diagnostic interview and once a treatment plan is created C. as needed throughout the therapy process D. only if requested by the client - correct answer ✔✔C. as needed throughout the therapy process 21. Informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as a one-time event, but informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as an ongoing process. A. assessment; research B. behavioral psychotherapy; psychodynamic psychotherapy C. research; psychotherapy D. psychotherapy; research and assessment - correct answer ✔✔C. research; psychotherapy 23. According to the current edition of the APA ethical code, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients ______. A. unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions, in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist B. under any circumstances C. unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available D. unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist - correct answer ✔✔B. under any circumstances 25. A clinical psychologist who is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks they undertake is fulfilling the ethical standard of ______. A. resolving ethical issues B. competence C. multiple relationships D. justice - correct answer ✔✔B. competence B. efficacy C. effectiveness D. status - correct answer ✔✔B. efficacy 5. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have ______. A. greater internal validity B. greater external validity C. little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate D. significant funding from the American Counseling Association - correct answer ✔✔A. greater internal validity 6. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have ______. A. weaker internal validity B. weaker external validity C. little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate D. significant funding from the American Counseling Association - correct answer ✔✔B. weaker external validity 7. ______ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex. A. Effectiveness B. Exposure and response prevention C. Internal validity D. Efficacy - correct answer ✔✔A. Effectiveness 8. The 1995 Consumer Reports survey regarding psychotherapy outcome as an example of a(n) ______ study. A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. cognitive D. behavioral - correct answer ✔✔B. effectiveness 9. The 1995 Consumer Reports study found that ______. A. less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial B. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit C. the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors D. shorter therapy tended to produce greater benefit - correct answer ✔✔B. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit 10. ______ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to how two groups differ in real-world terms. It answers the question, "Is there a meaningful difference between the groups?" A. Statistical B. Clinical C. Theoretical D. Control - correct answer ✔✔B. Clinical 11. ______ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to a numerically significant difference between two groups. It is measured quantitatively. A. Statistical B. Clinical C. Theoretical D. Control - correct answer ✔✔A. Statistical 12. Dr. Grant is a practicing clinical psychologist who is thinking about using a new treatment for anxiety with patients in his practice. If he is most concerned with how this new treatment works in the real world, Dr. Grant will be most interested in published studies that discuss the treatment's ______. A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. power D. design - correct answer ✔✔B. effectiveness 13. ______ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable. A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Test-retest reliability D. Split-half reliability - correct answer ✔✔A. Internal validity 14. ______ refers to the generalizability of the result of a scientific study or the extent to which the same finding is applicable to different settings and populations. A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Convergent validity D. Reliability - correct answer ✔✔B. External validity 15. Dr. Smithton initially creates a new PTSD treatment under highly controlled laboratory conditions. He then shares the treatment with practitioners who subsequently implement the treatment with real- world patients. The practitioners report that Dr. Smithton's PTSD treatment is very helpful for their patients. The benefit the practitioners' patients experienced seems to support the ______ of Dr. Smithton's treatment. A. internal validity B. external validity C. power D. design - correct answer ✔✔B. external validity 16. Clinical psychologists may develop, validate, or expand the use of psychological instruments such as the MMPI-2 and the WAIS-IV. Such activity is an example of ______. A. researching assessment methods B. exploring diagnostic issues C. evaluating professional issues D. appraising teaching standards - correct answer ✔✔A. researching assessment methods C. Case studies D. Correlational studies - correct answer ✔✔C. Case studies 26. The ABAB design is an example of a(n) ______. A. case study B. analogue design C. between-groups design D. meta-analysis - correct answer ✔✔A. case study 27. A(n) ______ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings. A. ABAB design B. case study C. qualitative review D. meta-analysis - correct answer ✔✔D. meta-analysis 28. ______ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time, often over many years. A. Cross-sectional B. ABAB C. Analog D. Longitudinal - correct answer ✔✔D. Longitudinal 29. The growing popularity of Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk, is an example of ______. A. the implementation of technology in the delivery of online psychotherapy services B. a shopping platform that sells self-help and other books useful for therapy patients C. the use of technology in clinical psychology research D. an Internet-based intervention for social anxiety disorder - correct answer ✔✔C. the use of technology in clinical psychology research 30. Which of these statements is NOT consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A. Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants B. Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data C. Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis D. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances - correct answer ✔✔D. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances 32. Reading a single review of a movie can be informative, but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the movie had across many individuals. This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as ______. A. case studies B. between-group designs C. correlational methods D. meta-analysis - correct answer ✔✔D. meta-analysis 33. Another phrase for "generalizability" is ______. A. internal validity B. external validity C. positive psychology D. negative psychology - correct answer ✔✔B. external validity For the profession of clinical psychology, confidentiality_______. A. is absolute B. should be negotiated with a client at the onset of treatment C. does not apply to legal minors D. can ethically be broken in specific situations - correct answer ✔✔D. can ethically be broken in specific situations