CMMB 343 Final Exam Review Questions: Human Microbiome, Exams of Advanced Education

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CMMB 343 Final Exam Review Questions

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HowTmanyThumanTcellsTareTinTtheTadultThuman?THowTaboutTtheTnumb erTofTmicrobialTcellsTlivingTin/onTtheThumanTbody?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 10^13ThumanTcells;TaboutTtheTsameTnumber HowTdoesTtheTnumberTofTORFsTinTtheThumanTmicrobiomeTrelateTtoTth eTnumberTofTORFsTinTtheThumanTgenome?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ORFsTinTtheTmicrobiomeToutnumberTtheTORFsTinTourTgenomeTinTaT150: 1 Tratio HowTmanyTmicrobialTspeciesThaveTbeenTidentified?THowTmanyTofTthes eTareTfoundTinTtheThumanTmicrobiome?THowTstableTareTtheTnumbersTo fTmicrobialTspeciesTinTtheTmicrobiome?T-TCorrectTAnswer- AboutT10,000TspeciesTwereTidentifiedTandTaboutT 1000 TspeciesTwereTfo undTin/onTanyTgivenTpersonT(thisTnumberTremainsTstableToverTtheTper son'sTlifetime) WhereTisTmostTofTtheThumanTmicrobiotaTfoundTinTtheTbody?TWhatTper centageTandTnumberTofTmicrobialTcellsTexactlyTexactlyTareTinTthisTarea ?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheTGITtractTwhichT95%T(10^13TmicrobialTcells)TofTtheThumanTmicrobio taTliveTin

HowTmuchTofTourTmassT(asTaThuman)TisTmicrobial?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 2 Tkg WhatTareTsomeTexamplesTofTmicrohabitats?T-TCorrectTAnswer- Skin,TGITtracts,Tetc WhatTareTtheT 2 TreasonsTwhyTdifferentTmicrohabitatsTsupportTdifferent Tmicrobes?T-TCorrectTAnswer-1)TTheyTvaryTinTphysicalTcharacteristics 2)TEachTmicrohabitatTisTNOTThomologous WhatTisTaTmicrobiota?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ItTdescribesTallTtheTmicrobesTinTaTmicrohabitat WhatTisTaTmicrobiome?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ItTisTtheTentireTcollectionTofTmicrobesTlivingTinTallTofTtheTmicrohabitats MostTofTtheTmajorTmicrobiotaTcontainTwhatTgeneralTtypeTofTmicrobes? TWhichTmicrobiotaTisTtheTexception?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Gram- positiveTbacteria;TtheTexceptionTisTtheTGITtractTwhichTcontainsTmostlyT Gram-negativeTbacteria WhichT 2 TthingsTdoesTtheTacquisition,Tcomposition,TandTmaintenanceTo fTmicrobiotaTtakenTtogetherTinfluence?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TDevelopment 2)THealth

HowTdoTtheTmicrobiomesTofThumansTrelateTtoToneTanother?T- TCorrectTAnswer- EachTmicrobiomeTisTunique;TmicrobiomesTofTrelatedTpeopleTtendTtoTha veTmoreTsimilarTmicrobiomes WhichT 3 TthingsTisTresearchTfocusedTonTidentifyingTinTregardsTtoTtheTmi crobiome?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TTheTdifferentTorganismsTinTeachTmicrobiome 2)TWhichTofTtheTorganismsTactuallyTplayTaTroleT(ie.TinfluenceThealthTan dTdevelopment) 3)TWaysTtoTmanipulateTtheTorganismsTtoTcureTorTpreventTdiseasesTlikeT likeTTypeTIITdiabetes WhatTisTtheTsurfaceTareaTofTtheTadultThumanTGITtract?T- TCorrectTAnswer- 400 Tm^ BetweenTtheTstomachTandTtheTlargeTintestine,TwhichTisTmoreTaerobicTa ndTwhichTisTmoreTanaerobic?TWhy?T-TCorrectTAnswer- StomachTisTmoreTaerobicTbecauseTasTyouTtravelTdownTtheTdigestiveTtra ctTfromTthereTtoTtheTlargeTintestine,TitTbecomesTmoreTanaerobic WhatTareTtheT 4 TmainTphylaTofTbacteriaTinTtheTGITtract?TWhichT 2 TareTth eTmostTimportant?TWhy?T-TCorrectTAnswer- FermentativeTBacteroidetes,TFirmicutes,TActinobacteria,TandTProteoba cteria;

FermentativeTBacteroidetesTandTFirmicutesTareTtheTmostTimportantTb ecauseTtheyTmakeTupTmostTofTtheTmicrobiota WhatThappensTtoTtheTpHTasTyouTmoveTdownTtoTtheTlargeTintestineTofTt heTGITtract?T-TCorrectTAnswer-IncreasinglyTneutralTpH WhatTtypeTofTsystemTdoesTtheTcolonTrepresent?TWhy?T- TCorrectTAnswer- ATcontinuousTcultureTsystemTbecauseTweTshedTaboutT 1011 TcellsTperTgT ofTfecalTmatterTeveryTday WhereTareTeachTofTtheTfourTmainTphylasTofTGITtractTbacteriaTfoundTexa ctly?T-TCorrectTAnswer- Firmicutes,TActinobacteriaTandTProteobacteriaTareTfoundTcloserTtoTtheT stomachTwhileTBacteroidetesTisTfoundTnearTtheTlowerTsmallTintestineTa ndTlargeTintestine WhichT 5 TgeneralTfactorsTareTinvolvedTinTmutualisticTsymbioses?T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TDigestion 2)TBiosynthesisTofTessentialTcompounds/nutrients 3)TChemicalTmodification 4)TMicrobialTwarfare 5)TImmuneTsystemTdevelopment

WhatTaboutTdigestionTdoesTBacteroidetesTandTFirmicutesThelpTwith?T- TCorrectTAnswer- TheyThelpTusTdigestTcomplexTcarbohydratesTlikeTstarches,Tchitin,TandTc ellulose WhereTdoesTaboutT10%TofThumanTnutritionTcomeTfrom?T- TCorrectTAnswer-FromTshort- chainTfattyTacidsTwhichTareTproducedTbyTBacteroidetesTandTFirmicutes WhichT 2 TessentialTcompounds/nutrientsTareTbiosynthesized?T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TVitaminsT(ie.TB12) 2)TAminoTacids WhatTisTchemicalTmodification?T-TCorrectTAnswer- AlteringTtheTbioacids/cycling WhatTisTmicrobialTwarfare?TWhatTareTsomeTexamplesTofTbacteriaTthatT doTthis?T-TCorrectTAnswer- OneTspeciesTofTbacteriaTattacksTanother;TBacteriocinsTandTLactobiotics TareTexamplesTofTbacteriaTthatTdoTthis WhatTisTimmuneTsystemTdevelopment?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TrainingTtheTimmuneTsystemTtoTrecognizeT"normal"TfromT"potentiallyT pathogenic"T(ie.TsystemTlearnsTwhichTbacteriaTareTgoodTvsTbad)

TheThumanTfetusTisTwhat?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Sterile WhenTdoesTcolonizationTofTaTfetusTwithTbacteriaToccur?THow?T- TCorrectTAnswer- DuringTandTimmediatelyTfollowingTbirthTviaTcontactTwithTskinTandTfeed ing BirthTconditionsTinfluenceTwhat?T-TCorrectTAnswer- EarlyTcompositionTandTdevelopmentTasTwellTasTdevelopmentTofTfuture TdiseaseTconditionsT(ie.Tallergies,TIBD,Tdiabetes,TandTobesity) WhatTdoesTbreastTmilkTcontainTandThowTdoesTitTcontributeTtoTcoloniza tionTofTbacteriaTinTtheTfetus?T-TCorrectTAnswer- BreastTmilkTcontainsTsugarsTthatTmammalsT(inTthisTcase,Tbabies)Tcan'tT digestTbutTdevelopmentalTbacteriaTcan;TthisTallowsTbacteriaTtoTgrowTin TtheTgutTofTtheTfetus WhatTkindTofTwasteTproductsTresultTdueTtoTcolonization?T- TCorrectTAnswer-MetabolicTwasteTproductsTofTmicrobialTfermentation AtTwhichTtimeTafterTbirthTdoesTaTmajorTchangeTinTbacteriaTcompositio nTinTtheTmicrobiomeToccur?T-TCorrectTAnswer-AtT 12 Tmonths WhichTtypeTofTbacteriaTdecreaseTinTcompositionTofTtheTmicrobiomeTov erTtimeTafterTbirthTofTtheTfetus?TWhy?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Gram-

negativeTbacteriaTwhichTdropsTtoT 0 TforTrelativeTabundanceToverTtimeTb ecauseTtheTbacteriaTareTconsideredTdangerous WhatTisTsomethingTthatTcanTbeTtakenTtoThelpTwithTdevelopmentTofTba cteriaTinTtheTfetusTafterTitsTbirth?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Probiotics HowTdoesTaTcesareanTdeliveryTaffectTtheTcompositionTofTbacteriaTinTth eTmicrobiomeTcomparedTtoTvaginalTdelivery?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ItTtakesTmuchTlongerTforTcertainTphylasTofTbacteriaTtoTappear/developT inTtheTmicrobiome WhatTareTMAMPs?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Microbe- associatedTmolecularTpatternsTwhichTareTaTseriesTofTaminoTacidsTfoun dTonlyTinTspecificTbacteria;TMAMPsThelpTtrainTtheTimmuneTsystem WhatTisTtheThygieneThypothesis?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ExposureTtoTMAMPsTearlyTinTlifeTisTcrucialTtoTneonatalTgutTmaturationT andTimmuneTsystemTdevelopment WhatTfourTthingsThappenTifTthereTisTinsufficientTexposureTtoTMAMPsT(r elatesTtoTtheThygieneThypothesis)?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TReducedTcolonizationTresistance 2)TIncreasedTsusceptibilityTtoTimmune- mediatedTdiseaseTlikeTTypeTIITdiabetes,Tasthma,Tetc 3)TIncreasedTriskTofTinfection

4)TIncreasedTriskTofTnutritionalTirregularities WhatTareTsomeTexamplesTofTMAMPs?T-TCorrectTAnswer-- TSpecificTcarbohydratesTinTtheTO-antigen

• TteichoicTacid WhichTtwoTfactorsTcanTcauseTchangesTinTGITmicrobiota?T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TTime 2)TDiet HealthyTmicrobiotaTareTdefinedTbasedTonTwhichTtwoTthings?T- TCorrectTAnswer-TheirTstabilityTandTresilience WhatTshouldTweTlookToutTforTinTregardsTtoThealthyTGITmicrobiota?T- TCorrectTAnswer- MicrobiomeTprofilingT(whichTisTdoneTtoTunderstandTwhichTmicrobiotaT contributeTtoThealthTvsTdisease) WhatTdoesTmicrobialTfermentationTproduce?T-TCorrectTAnswer-SCFAs WhatTareTSCFAs?T-TCorrectTAnswer-ShortTchainTfattyTacids WhichTthreeTSCFAsTspecificallyTareTproducedTbyTmicrobialTfermentatio n?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Butyrate,Tpropionate,TandTcitrate

WhatTisTtheTroleTofTSCFAs?T(Hint:TthereTareT 4 Tthings)T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTareTimportantTsignallingTmoleculesTthat: 1)TSuppressTinflammation 2)TStrengthenTtightTjunctionsTbetweenTepithelialTcells 3)TPromoteTb- oxidationTofTfattyTacidsT(consumesToxygenTandTreleasesTCO2) 4)TRepressesTglycolysis HowTdoesTb-oxidationTofTfattyTacidsTcontributeTtoTtheTmicrohabitat?T- TCorrectTAnswer- KeepsTtheTenvironmentTanaerobicTforTbacteriaTbecauseToxygenTisTbein gTconsumed WhichTtwoTthingsTresultTinTInflammatoryTBowelTDiseaseT(IBD)?T- TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TImproperTcolonizationTduringTinfancyTorTrapidTchangesTinTtheTenviro nment 2)TViewingTnormalTbacteriaTasTpathogenicT(causesTaTgreaterTinflammat oryTresponse) WhatTisTtheTroleTofTpathogenicTspeciesTinTIBD?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTgainTaccessTtoTtheTgutTepithelium,TalteringTnormalTfunctioning

WhichT 3 TthingsTresultTfromTtheTpathogenicTspeciesTinvolvedTinTIBD?T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TImmuneTsystemTrespondsTwithTinflammation 2)TImmuneTsystemTlearnsTtoTviewT"normal"TbacteriaTasTpathogenic 3)TGutTbecomesTmoreTaerobic,TallowingTmoreTgrowthTofTopportunisticT pathogens ObeseTanimalsThaveT__________________________TdistinctTfromTlean TanimalsT-TCorrectTAnswer-GITmicrobiota ObeseTanimalsTtendTtoThaveTwhatTvariationsTinTtheTcontentTofTtheTGIT microbiotaTcomparedTtoTleanTanimals?TThereTareT3.T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TFewerTBacteroidetes 2)TMoreTFermicutes 3)TWayTmoreTmethanogens WhatThappensTtoTtheTGITmicrobiotaTwhenTyouThaveTaThighTfat/lowTfib erTdiet?THowTaboutTwhenTyouThaveTaTlowTfat/highTfiberTdiet?T- TCorrectTAnswer--THighTfat/lowTfiberTdietTresultsTinTobese- likeTmicrobiota

• TLowTfat/highTfiberTdietTresultsTinTlean-likeTmicrobiota HowTwasTtheTcorrelationTbetweenTGITmicrobiotaTandTobesityTdemonst rated?T-TCorrectTAnswer-ViaTfecalTtransplantTexperiments

HowTdoTgermTfreeT(GF)TmiceTnormallyTcompareTtoTwild-typeTmice?T- TCorrectTAnswer-TheyThaveTaboutT40%TlessTbodyTfat WhatThappensTtoTGFTmiceTafterTgettingTaTfecalTtransplantTfromTanTobe seThuman?TWhatTdoesTthisTresultTimply?T-TCorrectTAnswer- GFTmiceTgainT60%TmoreTbodyTfatTevenTwithoutTdietaryTchanges;TthisTs howsTthatTtheTGITmicrobiotaTthatTGFTmiceTgainTdirectlyTaffectsTtheirTm ass WhatThappensTtoTGFTmiceTafterTgettingTaTfecalTtransplantTfromTaTleanT human?T-TCorrectTAnswer-GFTmouseTdidTnotTgainTanyTmass WhatTdoTGITmicrobiotaTofTobeseTanimalsTconsistThighTlevelsTof?T- TCorrectTAnswer-HighTmethanogenTcounts WhatTisTtheTroleTofTmethanogensTinTGITmicrobiota?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTremoveTH2TwhichTfavoursTgrowthTofTFermicutes WhatTdoTFermicutesTgenerate?T-TCorrectTAnswer- MoreTshortTchainTfattyTacidsT(SCFAs)TthatTbecomeTavailableTtoTtheThos tTasTnutrientsTthatTotherwiseTweren'tTthereTbefore HowTdoTGITmicrobiotaTofTleanTanimalsTcompareTtoTthatTofTobeseTanim als?TWhatTtwoTthingsThappen?T-TCorrectTAnswer- InTleanTanimals,TthereTareTfewerTmethanogensTsoTthereTare:

1)TGreaterTH2Tconcentrations 2)TLessTSCFAsTavailableTtoTtheThost WhatTdoTgreaterTH2TconcentrationsTinTleanTanimalsTleadTto?T- TCorrectTAnswer-RestrictedTFermicuteTgrowth WhatT 2 TthingsTdoTbacteroidetesTinhibit?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Inhibits: 1)THostTmetabolism 2)TTriglycerideTstorage HowTdoThighTandTlowTH2TconcentrationsTaffectTfermentation?T- TCorrectTAnswer- HighTH2TpreventsTfermentationTwhileTlowTH2TpromotesTfermentation WhatTareTtwoTwaysTtheTnormalTGITmicrobiotaTcanTbeTmodulated?T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TTakingTantibioticsTorallyT 2)TFecalTtransplants WhatThappensTtoTtheTGITmicrobiotaToverTtimeTafterTtreatmentTwithTan tibiotics?T-TCorrectTAnswer-UsuallyTreturnsTtoTnormalTafterTtreatment WhatTdisadvantageTdoesTtheTdisruptionTofTnormalTGITmicrobiotaTbyTan tibioticsTallowTfor?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ColonizationTandTgrowthTofT(antibioticTresistant)Tpathogens

WhatTdoesTaTmildTC.TdifficileTinfectionTcause?T-TCorrectTAnswer- Diarrhea,TabdominalTpainTandTfever WhatTdoTsevereTcasesTofTaTC.TdifficileTinfectionTeventuallyTresultTin?T- TCorrectTAnswer-SepticTshockT(andTdeath) HowTcanTC.TdifficileTinfectionsTbeTtreated?T-TCorrectTAnswer- SurgicalTremovalTofTtheTcolonTorTbyTfecalTtransplant WhatTareTfecalTtransplants?TWhyTareTtheyTdone?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TakingTgutTmicrobiotaTfromTaThealthyTindividualTandTtransplantingTitTi ntoTtheTpatientTsufferingTGITdysbiosis;TthisTisTdoneTtoTallowTtheseTnor malTspeciesTtoThopefullyTcompetitivelyTdisplaceTtheTpathogenicTstrains HowTcanTfecalTmatterTtransplantsT(FMT)TbeTdone?TThereTareT 3 Tways.T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TColonoscopyT 2)TEnema 3)T"PoopTpill" WhereThasTthereTbeenTsuccessTandTactiveTresearchTforTfecalTtransplant s?T-TCorrectTAnswer-TreatingTpost-antibioticTC.TdifficileTinfections WhichT 5 TthingsTcouldTbeTtreated/resolvedTpotentiallyTbyTFMTs?T- TCorrectTAnswer-Infections,Tobesity,Tdiabetes,TIBD,TandTanxiety

WhatTareTprobiotics?T-TCorrectTAnswer- IngestionTofTliveT"beneficial"Tbacteria WhatThappensTwhenTyouTtakeTprobioticsTcontainingTsomeTBacillusTspe cies?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ItTcanTpreventTcolonizationTofTpathogenicTS.TaureusTstrains WhichTtypesTofTbacteriaTareTfoundTinTyogurt,TfermentedTfoods,TandTba byTformulaTwhichTcanTallTactTasTprobiotics?T-TCorrectTAnswer- BifidobacteriumTandTLactobacillus WhatTareTprebiotics?T-TCorrectTAnswer- IngestionTofTnutrientsTthatTpromoteTtheTgrowthTofTbeneficialTbacteria WhatTareTsynbiotics?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ATmixTofTprobioticsTANDTprebiotics WhatTareTfourTexamplesTofTotherTtypesTofTmicrobiotaTinTaThuman?TWh atTdoTtheyTallThaveTinTcommon?T-TCorrectTAnswer- Oral,Trespiratory,Turogenital,TandTskinTmicrobiota;TtheyTallTsufferTfromT variousTdysbioses WhatTisTaTmycobiome?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheTcollectionTofTfungiTinTaThost

WhatTisTaTvirome?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheTcommunityTofTresidentTplant,Tanimal,TandTmicrobialTvirusesTinTthe ThostTorganism WhatTisTaTeukaryome?TWhatTareTsomeTexamplesTofTorganismsTthatTca nTbeTfoundTinToneTandTwhereTareTtheyTcommonlyTfound?T- TCorrectTAnswer- AllTeukaryoticTorganismsTswimmingTaroundTinTbloodTandTgutsTofTtheTh ostTorganism;TSomeTexamplesTareTprotozoaTandThelminthsTwhichTareT commonTinTanimalTGITtracts WhatTneedsTtoThappenTforTmanyTmicrobialTproteins?TThereTareT 2 Tpossi bilities.T-TCorrectTAnswer-Either: 1)TEmbeddedTinTtheTmembraneT OR 2)TReleasedTonTtheToutsideTofTtheTcell WhatTdoTtranslocaseTsystemsTdo?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTmoderateTproteinTtransportTusingTATP,TGTP,TorTPMF WhatTareTtheT 2 TuniversalTtranslocases?T-TCorrectTAnswer-SecTandTTat WhatTdoesTSecTmean?T-TCorrectTAnswer-GeneralTsecretoryTsystem

WhatTareTtheTtwoTthingsTthatTSecTdoesTasTaTgeneralTsecretoryTsystem? TWhatTareTtheseTtwoTdifferentTthingsTeachTmediatedTby?T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TFacilitatesTtheTco- translationTofTtransmembraneTproteinsTintoTtheTcytoplasmicTmembra ne:TSRP-TandTGTP-mediated 2)TTransportsTunfoldedTextracellularTproteinsToutTofTtheTcytosol:TSecA- TandTATP-mediated WhatTdoesTSecATdoTexactlyTinTunfoldedTextracellularTproteinTtransport ToutTofTtheTcyotsol?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ItTtakesTtheTpolypetideTtoTaTporeTandTwillTuseTATPTtoTfireTthatTpolypep tideToutTofTtheTcellTtoTfinishTfolding WhatTdoesTTatTmean?TWhatTdoesTitTdoTandTwhatTisTtheTprocessTmedia tedTby?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Twin- arginineTtransport;TitTtransportsTfoldedTproteinsToutTofTtheTcytosol:TRR T(ArgArg)T-TandTPMF-Tmediated WhatTdoesTPMFThelpTwithTexactlyTduringTTatTfunction?T- TCorrectTAnswer-PMFThelpsTwithTsecretion WhatTallowsTtheTfoldedTproteinTtoTbeTtakenTtoTTATTtoThaveTthatTprotei nTtransportedToutTofTtheTcytosol?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheTfoldedTproteinThasTrecognitionTsequencesTthatTgetTrecognizedTbyTs ignalTrecognitionTparticlesTwhichTallowsTtheTproteinTtoTbeTtakenTtoTTat

WhatTtypeTofTtranslocaseTisTnormallyTusedTforTproteinsTbeingTsecreted TintoTtheTperiplasm?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Sec WhatTtypeTofTtranslocaseTisTnormallyTusedTforTproteinsTbeingTinsertedT intoTtheTcellTmembrane?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Tat WhatThappensTtoTproteinsTthatTdoTnotTcontainTanyTsignalTsequences?T- TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTdon'tTgetTtransportedTtoTneitherTtheTcellTmembraneTnorToutTofTt heTcytosol WhatTisTtheTpurposeTofTgram-negativeTsecretionTsystems?T- TCorrectTAnswer-ForTwhenTGram- negativeTbacteriaTmayTrequireTproteinsTtoTbeTeitherTembeddedTinTtheT outerTmembraneTorTreleasedTonTtheToutsideTofTtheTcell WhatTareTtheT 2 TtypesTofTtwo-stepTtranslocases?TWhatTdoTtheyTallTdo?T- TCorrectTAnswer- TypeTIITandTVTsecretionTsystems;TtheseTmoveTproteinsTacrossTeachTme mbraneTseparately WhatTareTtheT 4 TtypesTofTone- stepTtranslocases?TWhatTtwoTthingsTdoTtheyTallTdo?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TypeTI,TIII,TIV,TandTVI;Tthey: 1)TMoveTproteinsTacrossTbothTmembranesTinToneTstep

2)TMoveTproteinsTacrossTbothTmembranesTandTintoTaThostTcellTinToneTs tep WhatTareTTypeTIITsecretionTsystemsT(T2SS)?T-TCorrectTAnswer- SecTorTTatTmoveTproteinsTacrossTtheTinnerTmembraneTandTthenTaTseco ndTtranslocaseTmovesTfoldedTproteinsTacrossTtheTouterTmembraneTbyT havingTtheTproteinsTattachTtoTtheTsecretionTporeTandTbeTpushedToutTof TtheTcellTbyTATP-mediatedTpseudopilinTextension WhatTareTTypeTIITsecretionTsystemsTcommonlyTusedTfor?T- TCorrectTAnswer-SecretionTofTABTtoxinsTsuchTasTExoATandTCT WhatTareTTypeTVTsecretionTsystemsT(T5SS)?T-TCorrectTAnswer- SecTmovesTautotransporterTproteinsTacrossTtheTinnerTmembrane WhatTisTtheTexactTroleTofTtheTautotransporterTinTTypeTVTsecretionTsyst ems?TWhatTseparatesTtheTtwoTinvolvedTdomains?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheTtransporterTdomainTofTtheTautotransporterTformsTaTporeTinTtheTou terTmembraneTforTtheTpassengerTdomainTtoTexitTtheTcell;TAutoproteol ysisTseparatesTtheTtwoTdomains WhatTareTTypeTVTsecretionTsystemsTcommonlyTusedTfor?T- TCorrectTAnswer- SecretionTofTexoenzymesT(IgATprotease),TadhesinsT(pertactin),TandTcyt otoxinsT(vacuolatingTcytotoxin)

WhatTareTTypeTITsecretionTsystemsT(T1SS)?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ABCTtransportersTthatTmoveTproteinsTacrossTbothTbilayersTinToneTstep WhatTtypeTofTABCTtransporterTspecificallyTisTinvolvedTandTwhatTdoesTit TdoTexactly?T-TCorrectTAnswer- AnTIMTABCTtransporter;TitTdeliversTproteinsTtoTaTperiplasmicTmembran eTfusionTproteinTviaTATPThydrolysis,TwhichTpushesTtheTproteinToutTthro ughTanTouterTmembraneTpore WhatTareTTypeTITsecretionTsystemsTcommonlyTusedTfor?T- TCorrectTAnswer- SecretionTofTbacteriocins,TbiofilmTmediatorsT(LapTA),TandTRTXTtoxins WhatTisTtheTmostTcommonTtypeTofTsecretionTsystem?THowTisTitTmediat ed?T-TCorrectTAnswer-TypeTIVT(T4SS);TmediatedTbyTATP WhatTareTTypeTIIITsecretionTsystemsT(T3SS)?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTareT"injectisomes";TtheyTtransportTproteinsTdirectlyTfromTtheTcyt osolTofTtheTbacterialTcellTintoTtheTcytosolTofTaTrecipientTcellT(prokaryot eTorTeukaryote) WhereTareTT3SSTfound?T-TCorrectTAnswer- BothTpathogensTandTsymbionts

HowTdoesTaTT3SSTwork?T-TCorrectTAnswer- UponTcontact,TtheTtipTfusesTwithTtheThostTcellTmembraneT(ofTtheTrecipi entTcell)TandTproteinsTareTtransportedTviaTPMF WhatTareTTypeTIIITsecretionTsystemsTcommonlyTusedTfor?T- TCorrectTAnswer-UsedTtoTtransportTaTvarietyTofTcytotoxins InjectisomeTsharesThomologyTwithTwhat?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Flagella WhatTareTTypeTIVTsecretionTsystemsT(T4SS)?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTtransportTproteins/DNATdirectlyTfromTtheTcytosolTofTtheTbacteria lTcellTintoTtheTcytosolTofTaTrecipientTcellT(prokaryoteTorTeukaryote) WhatTtwoTgeneralTtypesTofTsystemsTdoTT4SSTactTas?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TConjugatedTsystems 2)TProteinTtransportTsystems HowTdoTT4SSTactTasTconjugatedTsystems?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTareTresponsibleTforTtheTmajorityTofTHGTTinTprokaryotesTandTareTu sedTtoTtransferTFTplasmidsTandTTiT(tumor-inducing)Tplasmids HowTdoTT4SSTactTasTproteinTtransportTsystems?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTtransferTproteinsTintoTotherTcellsTorTintoTtheTextracellularT-

TpertussisTtoxin

WhatTareTTypeTVITsecretionTsystemsT(T6SS)?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTtransportTproteinsTdirectlyTfromTtheTcytosolTofTtheTbacterialTcellTi ntoTtheTcytosolTofTaTrecipientTprokaryoticTorTeukaryoticTcellTviaTanTATP

• mediatedTT4-phageTlikeTinjectionTsystem HowTdoTT6SSTworkTexactly?T-TCorrectTAnswer- WhenTcloseTtoTaTtarget,TcontractileTsheathTproteinsTundergoTaTconfor mationalTchangeTthatTextendsTaTspikeToutTofTtheTdonorTcellTandTintoTt heTrecipient,TdeliveringTtheTexoproteins WhatTareTT6SSTprimarilyTusedTfor?T-TCorrectTAnswer- UsedTinTmicrobialTwarfareTandTmayThelpTmaintainTstableTspeciesTcomp ositionTinTcomplexTcommunitiesT(ie.Tmicrobiome) WhatTkindsTofTsignalsTinTtheTenvironmentTdoTprokaryoticTcellsTneedTto TrespondTto?Tie.TwhatTareTtheT 4 TdifferentTtypesTofTchangesTandT 3 Tdiffer entTthingsTtheTcellsTrespondTtoTtheTpresenceTof?T-TCorrectTAnswer-- TChangesTinTtemperature,TpH,T[nutrient],TandTcellTdensity
• TPresenceTofTantibiotics,Tenzymes,TandTimmuneTcomponents InTwhichTtwoTwaysTcanTsignalsTact?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TCanTactTdirectlyTasTeffectorTmolecules 2)TCanTactTindirectlyTbyTbindingTtoTcellTsurfaceTreceptors WhatT 2 TkindsTofTeffectorTmoleculesTcanTsignalsTactTas?T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TInducersT-

TbindTtoTtranscriptionTfactorsT(activatorsTorTrepressors)TtoTturnTtranscri ptionTonT 2)TCorepressorsT-TbindTtoTrepressorsTonlyTtoTturnTtranscriptionToff WhatTareTtheT 2 T(orTpossiblyT3)TcomponentsTofTtwo- componentTregulatoryTsystems?TExplainTwhatTtheyTareTexactly.T- TCorrectTAnswer-1)TSensorTkinaseT- TtransmembraneThistidineTkinaseTthatTautophosphorylatesTatTHisTwhe nTreceivingTaTsignal 2)TResponseTregulatorT- TaTtranscriptionTfactorTthatTreceivesTphosphateTfromTHis-kinase 3)TPhosphatase?T- TremovesTphosphateTtoTdeactivateTtheTresponseTregulatorTasTsoonTasTt heTsignalTgoesTawayT(akaTsignalTleavesTtheTsensorTkinase) WhatTisTquorumTsensing?T-TCorrectTAnswer-Density- dependentTmechanismTforTcellTcommunicationTtoTinduceTaTpopulation TorTcommunityTresponse WhatT 5 TthingsTdoesTquorumTsensingTregulate?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TBiofilmTformation 2)TSporulation 3)TCompetence 4)TBioluminescence 5)TProductionTofTvirulenceTfactors

WhatTtwoTthingsTcanTfacilitateTquorumTsensing?T-TCorrectTAnswer- 1)TExtracellularTpeptides 2)TNon-peptideTmolecules EitherTofTtheTtwoTaboveTwouldTaccumulateTtoTcreateTaTsignalTasTpopul ationTdensitiesTincreaseTinTorderTtoTfacilitateTtheTquorumTsensingTproc ess WhatTisTrequiredTforTactionTtoToccurTinTquorumTsensing?TWhatThappen sTwhenTthisTrequirementTisTmet?T-TCorrectTAnswer- WhenTaThighTenoughTcellTdensityTisTreached,TakaTwhenTtheTpopulation TasTreachedTquorumT(lowTcellTdensityTdoesTnotTleadTtoTanyTaction);Tthi sTcauseTcoordinatedTgeneTregulationTtoTbeTactivated WhatTareTgram-negativeTautoinducers?T-TCorrectTAnswer-WhenTgram- negativeTbacteriaTthatTregulateTgeneTexpressionTbyTquorumTsensingTpr oduceTaTuniqueTacylThomoserineTlactoneT(AHL) WhatTcanTsomeTgram- negativeTautoinducersTproduceTinsteadTofTAHLTautoinducers?T- TCorrectTAnswer-AHKTautoinducers WhatTdoTAHLsTdoT(ie.TwhereTdoTtheyTgo)?TAreTtheyThydrophilic,Thydro phobic,TorTamphipathic?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTdiffuseToutTofTtheTcellTintoTtheTsurroundingTenvironmentTincludin gTsurroundingTcells;TAHLsTareThydrophobic

WhatThappensTtoTgram- negativeTAITconcentrationTwhenTcellTdensitiesTareThigh?THowTisTtheTco ncentrationTeffectedTonTtheToutsideTandThowTisTitTaffectedTinsideTtheTc ells?T-TCorrectTAnswer- AutoinducerT(AI)TconcentrationTincreasesTbothToutsideTandTinsideTtheT cells WhatTkindsTofTthingsTdoTAHLsTtypicallyTbindTto?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TranscriptionTfactors;TsomeTbindTaTsensoryTkinaseT(inTaT 2 - componentTregulatoryTsystem)TandTactiveTtranscriptionTfactorsTindepe ndently WhatTisTtheTresultTofTanTincreaseTinTAIT(ie.TAHL)Tconcentration?T- TCorrectTAnswer-CoordinatedTup-regulationTofTquorum- specificTgenesTsuchTasToneTforTAHLTsynthaseTwhichTproducesTAHLTtoTb eTreleased WhatTisTtheTstructureTofTAHLTlike?T-TCorrectTAnswer- CyclopentanoneTwithTOTreplacedTtheTsecondTcarbon;TcomingToutTofTth eTfifthTcarbonTisTtheTaminoTgroupTwhichTformsTaTpeptideTbondTfurtherT downTwithTaTcarbonylTgroupTwhichTisTattachedTtoT 2 TmethyleneTgroupsT whichTareTattachedTtoTanTRTgroup WhatTareTGram-positiveTautoinducers?T-TCorrectTAnswer-WhenTGram- positiveTbacteriaT(andTarchaea)TthatTregulateTgeneTexpressionTbyTquor umTsensingTproduceTaTuniqueToligopeptideTautoinducerT(AIP)

WhereTdoTAIPsTgoTandThowTareTtheyTactivated?T-TCorrectTAnswer- TheyTareTtransportedToutTofTtheTcellTintoTtheTsurroundingTenvironmen tTandTareTactivatedToutside WhatThappensTtoTgram- positiveTAITconcentrationTwhenTcellTdensitiesTareThigh?T- TCorrectTAnswer-TheTAITconcentrationTincreasesToutsideTtheTcells WhatTdoTAIPsTbindTto?T-TCorrectTAnswer- SensorTkinaseTwhichTthenTphosphorylatesTtheTresponseTregulator WhatTisTtheTresultTofTAIPTbindingTtoTsensorTkinaseTandTthenTtheTphosp horylationTofTtheTresponseTregulator?T-TCorrectTAnswer- ResultsTinTupregulationT(orTsometimesTdown-regulation)TofTquorum- specificTgenes WhatTareTuniversalTautoinducers?T-TCorrectTAnswer-WhenTGram- positiveTandTGram- negativeTbacteriaTalsoTproduceTautoinducersTinvolvedTinTinterspecificT quorumTsensing WhatTisTtheTbestTstudiedTuniversalTautoinducer?TWhatTkindTofTstructur eTisTitTexactly?T-TCorrectTAnswer-AI-2;TitTisTaTfuranosylTborateTdiester