Communication Models and Principles, Exams of Communication

Download Communication Models and Principles and more Exams Communication in PDF only on Docsity! CMN 003V Midterm 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 Why is communication important? Essential to your personal and professional success Nature of Communication Unavoidable Strategic Relational Instrumental Identity management How we desire to present ourselves How is communication irreversible? Once, we said it, we said it How is communication a process? A message isn't sent or received in isolation What is the basic communication model? Interaction model What does the interaction model include? Sender, channel, noise, feedback Sender person who transmits the message Channel method used to deliver the message Noise factors that interfere with the message Feedback receivers response to the message Transactional model/competent model Expands by recognizing additional types of contexts that affect communication (social, relational, cultural) Social context refers to the social norms that guide communication choices in certain situations Relational context refers to your relationship with those that you are communicating with/audience Cultural context refers to the learned behaviors of a specific culture Three reasons why we communicate Express affiliation, maintain relationships, influence others Express affiliation The feeling of connectedness we have with other people. Expressing our association with someone by expressing liking, love, respect as well as dislike, hatred or disrespect. How do we express affiliation? Can be expressed verbally, nonverbally, or mediated Maintain relationships What we do and say affects others and what others say and do affects us Influence others Most communication is influential in one way or another and some is intentional Communication Apprehension Someone's fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication. Varies person to person, context to context. Characteristics of Effective Communication Strategic, professional, adaptable Being strategic purposeful , Audience-oriented ,Persuasive Being professional Appropriate to the situation/context, Clear and concise, Ethical Being adaptable Culturally sensitive, Collaborative What does verbal communication consist of? Words and verbal fillers Verbal fillers Things like mmmmm Language System of symbols (words) that we use to think about and communicate How is language symbolic? words are symbols that represent people, ideas or things and agreed upon by a language using community Example of how language is symbolic When the word "dog" is said, you might picture your own dog or one that you saw on tv or a friends dog Semantics 1- Women generally see conversations as negotiations and closeness and connection while men see it as a struggle for control, independence and hierarchy 2- Women use more intensifiers, qualifiers, tag questions, and are more indirect than men Intensifiers heighten or intensify topics Example of intensifiers I'm so excited vs I'm excited Qualifiers kind of, maybe, possibly Hedges adding things like "I think" or I feel" Disclaimers "it's probably nothing but" or "this may not be important but" Tag questions establish a connection Example of tag question "he was really rude, wasn't he?" nonverbal behavior communicative and can convey a message without words and in addition to words. Often spontaneous and considered unintentional. It is ambiguous. Can have multiple meanings. example of nonverbal behavior recently got lasik eye surgery but before wore contacts and had stuff in eye constantly and couldnt see well. Wouldnt be able to see others wave or smile so didnt acknowledge them and came across snobby Nonverbal behavior having multiple meanings example when you are tearing up, it could be a happy cry or a sad cry or a frustrated cry Why do people tend to believe nonverbal communication over verbal communication? people have less control over nonverbal communication so others find it a more reliable indicator of the truth example of why people believe nonverbal over verbal communication people saying they are ok but nonverbally acting not okay, meaning they probably arent ok 3 things that nonverbal messages require in professional setting Senders frame of reference, Cultural background, Specific situation contact cultures they rely more on touch and depend on touch. Lots of hugging and greetings with side to side kisses, holding on to people as they speak. example of contact cultures latin america, italy, meditarranian, eatsern europeans noncontact cultures touch sensitive and some try to avoid touch altogether differences in how sex/gender approach nonverbal communication women tend to engage in more eye contact and pay more attention to more verbal and nonverbal cues than men. Men are taught to take up more space than women. public private dimension physical space that affects nonverbal communication public private dimension example at home professor is known to reach over at her husbands plate with her fork and grab something with it and pop it into her mouth, but probably wouldn't do that if they were at a restaurant informal formal dimension perceptions of personal or impersonal situations informal formal dimension example you would behave differently if you are at a pub versus a fancy restaurant. Behave differently at a funeral vs a young child's birthday When do people notice/become uncomfortable in nonverbal communication? when nonverbal communication does not fit with the dimensions appropriately Things that can tell a lot about your role/status in an organization Clothes, size/location of a person's office, where someone sits in a meeting (who sits by whom, does it happen repeatedly?) example of how things can communicate status in an organization when professor was in finance, it was clear who director was based on size and location of her office. Signs of power in nonverbal communication confident movement and posture and relaxed behavior. Some also violate others personal space. Signs of weakness in nonverbal communication controlled movement or tense or hesitant to stand up or sitting very forward or playing with an object or nervous shaking example of weakness in nonverbal communication In public speaking, someone passed the beginning of jitters by stopping nervous shaking Why should people who do international business have training? they could have culture shock. Most americans assume that other countries behave the same as the us. Expectancy violation theory deals with how people respond when the nonverbal expectations they are waiting for are not met. Likely to happen when interacting with those from other cultures but not necessarily example of expectancy violation theory walking into elevator, expectation is to walk in, turn around, and face the door you just came in from and either push the button you need or have someone else do it. Then stand there patiently until you reach your floor. You can violate the expectation by facing the people in the elevator and trying to have a conversation with them, which will make them uncomfortable. Some may say it is because it is a confined space and people don't have a lot of control. immediacy behaviors behaviors that promote a sense of closeness through a specific verbal, vocal, and visual behavior. Great leaders use this to great affect. Using this can improve nonverbal communication because it can bring awareness of what you are doing non-verbally and allow you to think about context. kinesics tied closely to culture; emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, affect displays emblems intentional movements that have a direct verbal translation and used to substitute for words. example of emblems thumbs up illustrators intentional movements that help enforce the messages and help visually explain what's being said. Add to or clarify a verbal meaning example of illustrators holding up your hands really wide to emphasize how big a fish was when fishing regulators help manage interactions or control flow of conversation examples of regulators in tradition lecture you might raise your hand when you'd like to speak adaptors habitual movements that tend to satisfy a physical or psychological need and usually to reduce discomfort. Not usually conscious example of adaptors rubbing eyes when tired, twirling hair when nervous or bored. affect displays convey feelings, moods, and reactions example of affect displays professors son sit in chair and slump when he gets in trouble. When someone hits the table when they are mad Facial expressions face is responsible for the most meaning in nonvebral messages. Humans use faces to indicate emotions. Lots of facial expressions are culturally learned but some are innate include cues that give us information about emotional or physical states, such as yawning or crying or sighing. Also includes vocal quality which are things like a nasally voice, how quickly or slowly someone speaks, and accents. Also include non-word fillers which are things like shhhhh or throat clearing example of vocalizations Teenage girls use something called uptalk where they make statements into questions. back channel cues used to signal that we want to talk or encourage others to talk. perception process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our unique understandings. Perceptions affect how we communicate with others and how we interpret others' communication. Can be throughout of as our interpretation of things, such as what we hear, see, or touch. Perceptions are unique to us and we cant interpet something until we select something to interpret. schemas mental structures that help us put together bits of information to form patterns and create meaning. They function to help us understand and anticipate how things work and can change the more we interact with people places or things example of schemas as a child, you might have a schema for a cat as furry and fluffy and four legged, so now when you encounter one, you dont have to think about it much. If roommate comes home with a sphynx cat, your schema or a cat no longer works. Now you have to adjust the schema of a cat, which is a process called assimilation or accommodation. Assimilation new information is incorporated into pre-exisitng schema example of assimilation now we know not all cats are furry Accomodation existing schemas might be altered or a new schema is formed as you learn new information or have new epxereinces example of accomodation for cat example, friend no longer thinks all cats are adorable by accommodating her perception of cats because she is scared of sphynx cat why are schemas useful? they help us take shortcuts in interpreting information and do this automatically with little to no effort challenges with schemas mindlessness, selective perception, distorted perception, undue influence, gender expectations and steryotypes mindlessness reduced cognitive activity and accurate recall and uncritical evaluation selective perception selective information based on existing schemas, usually in a biased matter distorted perception lead use to judge events based on information that is most vivid to us undue influence give a piece of information greater credibility than it truly warrants, can lead to prejudice gender expectations and stereotypes everyone has a schema for what they consider masculine or femine in their culture. example of gender expectations and stereotypes professor took nieces and nephews to a movie with husband. Husband cried and the professor did not. Nephew thought girls were supposed to cry and not boys attributions when you use personal characteristics to try to explain behavior. May include internal attributions and external attributions internal attriubtions attributed behavior dissonance personality external attribtuions attribute behavior to something outside of a person's control internal attribution example student getting an A on an assignment and thinking that you are so awesome external attribution example same student getting a D on a midterm and blaming professor for it being too hard, when they did not study much and skimmed lectures what happens with attributions when a person is depressed? the roles reverse and they attribute negative events to their own character Fundamental attribution error says that we overemphasize the internal and underestimate the external causes of behavior we see in others Self serving bias when we see someone doing something we tend to think it is related to their personality rather than the situation a person might be in, but when we do something we always have a good reason. We attribute positive events to our own character but attribute negative events to external factors example of self serving bias having a friend that does not return call and think that they are a jerk and that you should drop them but there could be other reasons they did not call back perceptual barriers challenges we may encounter that can give rise to barriers in competent communication diversity differences among people such as race, education, geography, etc examples of perceptual barriers diversity, narrow perspective, cultural myopia, stereotyping, prejudice narrow perspective people see things through their own circumstances cultural myopia when people fail to consider the other cultural perspectives and assume their own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations stereotyping an impression of a group of people that is fixed so that you apply a set of perceptions to an entire group prejudice a deep-seated feeling of unkindness, an ill-will toward particular groups or an individual based on negative stereotypes competence 1) Be thoughtful when seeking explanations 2) look beyond first impressions 3) question your assumptions culture a learned system of thought and behavior that typifies a large group of people and includes their beliefs, values, and practices. Applies to any broadly shared group identity not simply a person's nationality. intercultural communication communication between people from different cultures who have different world views and may lead to different interpretations and expectations. Where is culture learned? From parents, peer groups, teacher, and media. Why is intercultural communication important? Important because we live in a very diverse society and as society has become more mobile, we access different cultures both face to face and through electronic media Fundamental differences The US is a pluralistic multicultural society and the US workplace is just as diverse and complex as our society context the information that surrounds in a map. References to how people in a culture deliver, receive, and interpret messages. high context cultures cognitive complexity Ability to consider a variety of explanations and understand a given situation in multiple ways empathy Skill at identifying and feeling what others around you are feeling emotional intelligence Ability to understand, express, and manage emotions, and to use emotion to facilitate thought ethics Ability to treat people fairly, communicate honestly, and avoid immoral or unethical behavior formal networks involve clear lines of authority and reporting structures, standard sets of responsibilities, and accountability to other members of the network. informal networks involve voluntary professional associations rather than formal reporting structures. downward communication communication initiated from superiors to subordinates. upward communication communication initiated from subordinates to superiors. lateral communication communication among peers or colleagues with relatively equal positions. credibility the extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy. What do credible communicators do? build trust, develop rapport, listen actively, maintain value and accountability, and know and adapt to their audiences relational needs our needs to form and maintain personal and professional relationships identity needs shaping the way we portray ourselves to others. informational needs asking questions, gathering information, and sharing knowledge with the people around us. instrumental needs our practical, everyday needs explicit rules someone has clearly articulated them as direct expectations for communicative behavior. implicit rules rules that almost everyone in a certain social group knows and follows, even though no one has formally expressed them. content dimension consists of the literal information being communicated by the message metacommunication communication about communication message verbal and/or nonverbal behaviors to which people give meaning sender source of the idea encode put your idea into the form of language or a nonverbal behavior that your supervisor can understand receiver the person who will decode or interpret it. decode interpret channel type of pathway context physical and psychological environment in which your message is communicated noise anything that interferes with a receiver's ability to understand your message physical noise such as background conversation in the room or static on the telephone line pyscological noise other concerns distracting your supervisor that day physiological noise experiences of fatigue or hunger feedback a receiver's various verbal and nonverbal reactions to a message dynamic constantly changing and evolving as people send, receive, and interpret messages from multiple sources. networkers saavy communicarors rapport a sense of harmony, goodwill, and caring among people active listening a person's willingness and ability to hear and understand. At its core, active listening is a state of mind communication competence the ability to communicate in ways that are effective and appropriate in a given situation co-cultures groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship nationality our status as a citizen of a particular country race differences in sets of physical characteristics ethncity our perception of our ancestry and heritage socioeconomic status a measure of his or her financial and social position relative to that of others uncertainty avoidance the extent to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable intimate distance the zone we willingly occupy with only our closest and most intimate friends, family members, and romantic partners. personal distance the distance we typically maintain with other friends and relatives. social distance used with customers, casual acquaintances, and others whom we don't know very well to convey more formal, impersonal interaction. public distance applies when someone is giving a speech or performing in front of a large audience. cultural centirsm the belief that your own culture is superior and the correct lens from which you judge other cultures. projected cognitive similarity the tendency to assume others share your cultural norms and values. outgroup homogenneity effect the tendency to think members of other groups are all the same. phonological rules deal with the correct pronunciation of a word, and they vary from language to language. syntactic rules govern the order of words within phrases and clauses. ambiguous language making a statement that we can interpret to have more than one meaning. cliches