CNPR Exam Questions with Complete Questions And Answers Graded A+, Exams of Advanced Education

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CNPR Exam Questions with Complete

Questions And Answers Graded A+

approvable letter - Correct Answer-letters sent by the FDA to the applicant indicating whether the new drug application meets necessary requirements. asymptomatic - Correct Answer-without sings or symptoms of disease. blinded or masked study - Correct Answer-a study in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group in a research study. control or control group - Correct Answer-the standard by which experimental observations are evaluated. double-blind or double masked study - Correct Answer-one in which neither the participants nor the study staff know which participants are receiving the experimental treatment and which ones are getting either a standard treatment or a placebo. edema - Correct Answer-swelling. fast-track drugs - Correct Answer-fast-track approval is provided for drugs that meet medical needs for patients with serious or life-threatening conditions. indication - Correct Answer-in terms of drugs approval, the exact cause or purpose for which the FDA has approved that a drug can be prescribed institutional review board (IRB) - Correct Answer-committee of physicians, statisticians, community advocated, and others which ensure that a clinical trial is ethical and that the rights of the study participants are protected. All clinical trials must be approved by an IRB before they begin. off label - Correct Answer-usage of a medication for purposes other than the specific ones appearing in the labeling. placebo - Correct Answer-inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value. placebo effect - Correct Answer-the effect produced by a placebo due to the expectations of the patient. study protocol - Correct Answer-the general design and operating features of a trial. it is distinguished from the study manual of operations by its generality and absence of specific details needed for day-to-day execution of the trial.

toxicity - Correct Answer-the extent, quality, or degree to which a substance is a poisonous or harmful to the body. treatment group - Correct Answer-a group of patients assigned to receive a specified treatment. anatomy - Correct Answer-study of the basic structures of the body. physiology - Correct Answer-study of how those body structures function. clinical pharmacology - Correct Answer-study of the effects and movement of drugs in the human body. how many prescriptions are dispensed in the united states each year? - Correct Answer-3 billion. pharmacodynamics - Correct Answer-study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. pharmacokinetics - Correct Answer-study of how a drug is processed by the body, with emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution, and method of excretion. the study of how the body affects drugs. drug distribution and elimination - Correct Answer-drug delivery systems, route of administration, modes of excretion. drug - Correct Answer-a substance other than food that changes the structure or function of the body or mind. what are the three names of drugs? - Correct Answer-chemical name, generic name, and one or more trade names. chemical name - Correct Answer-describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug. generic name - Correct Answer-legal noncommercial name for a drug. trade name - Correct Answer-chosen by the pharmaceutical company that manufactures or distributes the drug. pharmakon - Correct Answer-medicine logos - Correct Answer-study pharmacology - Correct Answer-study of medicine

aminoglycosides - Correct Answer-class of antibiotics that are useful in the treatment of many infectious diseases. ADME testing - Correct Answer-measures the rate at which the body absorbs the drug, distributes it to the organs necessary to produce the desired effect, metabolizes it into waste material and then excretes it from the body. absorption - Correct Answer-how the drug passes from its site of administration into the bloodstream. distribution - Correct Answer-how the drug is dispersed among the organs of the body after it is absorbed into the bloodstream, and how much reaches the target organs. metabolism - Correct Answer-how the active part of the drug is metabolized into a more water-soluble compound that can be readily excreted by the kidneys. excretion - Correct Answer-how the drug is eliminated from the body. placebos - Correct Answer-substances that appear to be drugs but are not. margin of safety - Correct Answer-the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that induces severe or life threatening side effects. what are the five rights of drug administration? - Correct Answer-right patient, right medication, right dose, right route of administration, and right time of delivery. inhalation - Correct Answer-drugs taken through the lungs by inhaling in aerosol form. injection routes - Correct Answer-administration by injection (parenteral administration) includes the subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intrathecal routes. intramuscular injection - Correct Answer-drugs given by injection into muscle tissue such as: buttocks, upper arm, or thighs. intrathecal injection - Correct Answer-needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower spine and into the space around the spinal cord. intravenous or IV - Correct Answer-refers to drugs injected directly into the veins. subcutaneous injection - Correct Answer-needle is inserted into fatty tissue just beneath the skin. oral administration (PO) - Correct Answer-refers to tablets, capsules, and liquids taken by the mouth.

rectal route - Correct Answer-drugs that are administered orally can also be administered rectally as a suppository. vaginal route - Correct Answer-drugs may be administered vaginally to women as a solution, tablet, cream, gel, or suppository. sublingual route - Correct Answer-drugs taken under the tongue and absorbed directly and almost immediately into the blood stream through the mucous membranes of the mouth. ocular route - Correct Answer-drugs used to treat eye disorders. nasal route - Correct Answer-drug is to be breathed in and absorbed through the thin mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages, must be transformed into tiny droplets in air (atomized). topical or cutaneous - Correct Answer-drugs administered through the skin for local effects on that area of the skin. transdermal route - Correct Answer-drugs taken through the skin into systematic circulation, such as through a patch. first stage - Correct Answer-involves prescribing or ordering medication. second stage - Correct Answer-when the medication is dispensed to patients or consumers. third stage - Correct Answer-when the medication is administered and monitored for side effects. drug absorption - Correct Answer-movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. bioavailability - Correct Answer-how quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action. drug distribution - Correct Answer-the movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body. drug metabolism - Correct Answer-chemical alteration of a drug by the body. drug elimnation - Correct Answer-removal of drugs from the body. last stage of pharmokinetics. preparations for oral use - Correct Answer-oral drug may appear in solid form (tablets, capsules, or powders) OR liquid form (solutions, elixirs, or suspensions).

powders - Correct Answer-a drug that is dried and ground into fine particles. pills - Correct Answer-a single-dose unit of medicine made by mixing the powdered drug with a liquid such as syrup and rolling into a round or oval shape. granules - Correct Answer-a small pill, usually accompanied by many others encased within a gelatin capsule. tablets - Correct Answer-made by compressing the powdered form of a drug and bulk- filling material under high pressure. capsules - Correct Answer-medication dosage form in which the drug is contained in a external shell. sustained release - Correct Answer-drug forms contain several doses of a drug. drug delivery formulations designed to delay the absorption process so that a drug can be given in fewer doses. enteric coating - Correct Answer-special coating that keeps tablets and capsules from dissolving in the stomach. caplets - Correct Answer-shaped like a capsule but has the form of a tablet. the shape and film coated covering make swallowing easier. gel caps - Correct Answer-an oil-based medication that is enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule. liquid drugs - Correct Answer-drugs that have been dissolved or suspended: syrups, solutions, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, gels/jellies, lotions, aerosols, magmas. syrups - Correct Answer-aqueous solutions containing a high concentration of sugars, syrups, and linctuses may or may not have medical substances added (simple syrups and ipecac syrup). solutions - Correct Answer-drug dissolved in an appropriate solvent. elixirs - Correct Answer-drug vehicle that consists of water, alcohol, and sugar. fluid extracts - Correct Answer-a concentrate solution of a drug removed from a plant source by mixing ground parts of the plant with a suitable solvent and then separating the plant residue from the solvent. mixtures and suspensions - Correct Answer-an agent is mixed with a liquid but not dissolved.

tinctures - Correct Answer-alcoholic preparations of a soluble drug, usually from a plant source. solution may also contain water. spirits and essences - Correct Answer-alcohol-containing liquids that may be used pharmaceutically as solvents. magmas - Correct Answer-contain particles suspended in a liquid, and exhibit a more pasty quality in their consistency than other suspensions. troches or lozenges - Correct Answer-hard or semisolid dosage from containing a medication intended for local application in the mouth or throat. aerosols - Correct Answer-are frequently delivered by oral inhalers or nebulizers that allow for rapid absorption into the blood circulation. injectable drugs - Correct Answer-available as powders or solutions. topical drugs - Correct Answer-applied to the skin. liniments - Correct Answer-liquid suspensions for external application to the skin to relieve pain and swelling. semisolid drugs - Correct Answer-often used for topical application. soft and pliable. gels or jellies - Correct Answer-semisolid substances in non fatty bases that may be used for topical application. emulsion - Correct Answer-two agents that cannot ordinarily be combined or mixed. creams - Correct Answer-usually white and contains a drug incorporated into both an aqueous and an oily-base. lotion - Correct Answer-drug in a water base for external use. ointments - Correct Answer-aqueous or oily base for local protective and soothing application for systemic effects. cells - Correct Answer-basic structural and functional units of the body and all living organisms. cell membrane - Correct Answer-outside cell boundary that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. cell membrane receptors - Correct Answer-specific molecules on the cell membrane surface that produces or block biological activity in the presence of a specific substance to which they bind.

nucleus - Correct Answer-brain of the cell that regulates all activities. some cells do not have a nucleus. cytoplasm/protoplasm - Correct Answer-substance inside the outer membrane and outside of the nucleus. contains most of the intracellular fluid. extracellular fluid - Correct Answer-body fluid located between or outside cells. consists of interstitial fluid or fluid between cells and intravascular fluid or fluid within the blood such as plasma. tissues - Correct Answer-groups of cells with a common structure and function. organs - Correct Answer-specialized cells and tissues grouped together to perform a specific body function for a common purpose. (ex: kidney, heart, intestines, and skin). what are the three types of muscle tissues? - Correct Answer-skeletal, smooth, and cardiac voluntary movements - Correct Answer-directed and controlled consciously by the brain. involuntary movements - Correct Answer-occur without conscious direction and control from the brain. plasma - Correct Answer-liquid portion of the blood that carried proteins and other substances. proteins - Correct Answer-made up of chains of amino acids. fats - Correct Answer-stored in special body tissues as a great source of reserve energy. necessary for growth and other body functions such as absorption of some vitamins. carbohydrates - Correct Answer-body's immediate source of energy. broken down into glucose and used for immediate metabolic reactions. vitamins - Correct Answer-necessary for growth, development, and normal regulation of metabolic processes. MUST be taken from outside of body. minerals - Correct Answer-necessary for bodily processes like the balance of the body fluids, formation, and maintenance of bones and teeth, and the proper functioning of muscles. what are the main minerals? - Correct Answer-calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, phosphorous, iodine.

cardiovascular system - Correct Answer-heart, blood vessels, and blood itself. body's main transportation system. provides nutrients and hormones, plus removes waste from cells. respiratory system - Correct Answer-nasal passages, trachea, diaphragm, lungs. performs exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and environment. gastrointestinal system - Correct Answer-mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestine. used by body to acquire energy and nutrients it needs to sustain itself. nervous system - Correct Answer-brain, spinal cord, nerves. conducts electrical signals throughout the body and allows it to interact properly with its environment. musculoskeletal system - Correct Answer-muscles, bones, other minor systems. responsible for the body's basic frame support, movement, and to perform physical work. reproductive system - Correct Answer-major role is to manufacture, transmit, and maintain the cells for reproduction. immune system - Correct Answer-lymph nodes, vessels, cells. major purpose is to attack and remove foreign substances and microbes. removes excess fluids from the body. plasters - Correct Answer-composition of liquid and powder that hardens when dry. transdermal patches - Correct Answer-release a very small amount of a drug at a consistent rate, which absorbed into the skin and then carried off by capillary blood supply. gaseous drugs (inhalation drugs) - Correct Answer-compressed gases comprise oxygen or carbon dioxide. ophthalmic drugs - Correct Answer-include drops and ointments that are instilled into the eye for a local effect. otic drugs - Correct Answer-for the ears, otic medications can control localized infections or inflammation. API - Correct Answer-active pharmaceutical ingredient. agonists - Correct Answer-drugs that attract or bind to cell receptors in order to mimic or enhance endogenous chemical messengers.

antagonists - Correct Answer-drugs that interfere with destructive or undesirable cell functions. binders - Correct Answer-cement the active and inert components of tablets together to maintain cohesive portions. fillers (diluents) - Correct Answer-used to make the drug sufficiently large for easy manufacture and patient consumption. glidants (flow enhancers) - Correct Answer-added to powdered materials used in pill production to aid movement through tabletting machinery. colors - Correct Answer-include a wide variety of dyes and coloring agents approved by the FDA for pharmaceutical use. flavors - Correct Answer-both natural and synthetic, amendments to improve drug palatability. suspending/dispersing agents - Correct Answer-maintain a consistent concentration of the active ingredient throughout a drug product. disintegrants - Correct Answer-help break up the tablets in the gastrointestinal tract to ensure full release of the pharmaceutical active ingredient. lubricants - Correct Answer-ease the release of tablets from the dies that stamp them during the manufacturing process. compression aids - Correct Answer-help pills hold their shape when compressed. sweeteners (both with sugar and sugar-free) - Correct Answer-extremely common in oral medications, particularly in medicines for children. printing inks - Correct Answer-biologically safe dyes used for printing information or company logos on the exterior of tablets or capsules. film former/ coatings - Correct Answer-protect against physical breakup during storage and undesirable interactions with substances in which drugs come into contact. adverse reactions - Correct Answer-any unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug. area under the curve (AUC) - Correct Answer-when blood concentration is used to measure bioavailability. BID - Correct Answer-twice a day

bioequivalence - Correct Answer-two pharmaceutical products are bioequivalent if they are pharmaceutically equivalent and their bioavailabilities. blood brain barrier - Correct Answer-protective layer of cells surrounding the blood vessels that feed blood to the brain. cmax - Correct Answer-peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve. CNS - Correct Answer-central nervous system. CSF - Correct Answer-cerebrospinal fluid. drug-drug interaction - Correct Answer-physiologically significant effects produced by the interaction of two drugs in the body. drug-food interaction - Correct Answer-physiological effects produced by the interaction of food and a given drug. duration of action - Correct Answer-time interval within which a given dose of a drug is expected to have therapeutic effect. elimination - Correct Answer-process by which a drug or its metabolites are removed from the body. first pass effect - Correct Answer-metabolizing process in the liver that suppresses the amount of drug that eventually reaches the systemic circulation and the site of action. half-life of a drug - Correct Answer-period of time it takes for a specific amount of drug in the body to be reduced. homeostasis - Correct Answer-state of constant, consistent, and balances internal environment in the body. liquid-soluble - Correct Answer-ability to dissolve in lipids or fat tissue. maximum effective dose - Correct Answer-highest dose beyond which a given drug works in the body to achieve its intended therapeutic effect. mechanism of action - Correct Answer-the process by which a given drug works in the body to achieve its intended therapeutic effect. minimum effective dose - Correct Answer-lowest dose of a drug that can be given to a patient to produce any therapeutic effect. onset of action - Correct Answer-time it takes for a drug to start having any intended effect after it is administered.

PRN - Correct Answer-as needed. protein binding - Correct Answer-ability of certain drugs to bind to plasma protein. QD - Correct Answer-once a day. QID - Correct Answer-four times a day. side effects - Correct Answer-actions or effects of a drug beyond what it is clinically intended to do. STAT - Correct Answer-immediately. steady state - Correct Answer-a given dose of a drug is being taken at regular intervals. TID - Correct Answer-three times a day. titration - Correct Answer-process of adjusting drug doses to achieve maximum positive therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse or side effects. tmax - Correct Answer-time of peak plasma concentration of a measuring curve. primary wholesale distributors - Correct Answer-buy most of their drugs directly from manufacturers. legally considered authorized distributors within the meaning of the PDMA because they usually have ongoing relationships with manufacturers. secondary wholesale distributors - Correct Answer-buy from a primary and other secondary wholesalers as well as manufacturers but are not considered authorized distributors of the manufacturers within the meaning of the PDMA. authorized distributor - Correct Answer-any distributor of a prescription drug that has a written agreement with the manufacturers of the prescription drug and conducts at least two transactions with the manufacturer of the prescription drug within any 24-month period. average wholesale price (AWP) - Correct Answer-published wholesale price list suggested by the manufacturer. brokerage - Correct Answer-the combination of -drop ship and dock to dock delivery services provided by wholesalers. wholesalers do not bring the product into their warehouses. buy-side margin - Correct Answer-refers to the early payment discounts and other earned or negotiated rebated and discounts received by wholesalers from drug manufacturers.

chain drug store - Correct Answer-company that owns and operates four or more pharmacies. dock-to-dock delivery - Correct Answer-wholesaler obtain the drugs from the manufacturer and delivers them to a dispenser's own warehouse without taking the drugs into its own inventory. drop shipment - Correct Answer-a drug manufacturer directly delivers the drugs to a dispenser, but the order and payments are made through a wholesaler. float - Correct Answer-time differential between when a wholesaler receives payment from its customer. group purchasing organization (GPO) - Correct Answer-an entity consisting of two or more hospitals or other healthcare entities that is formed to offer its members access to purchasing contracts for health supplies in-state wholesaler - Correct Answer-wholesaler that distributes drug products in a state in which it is physically located. independent drug store - Correct Answer-company that owns and operates three of fewer pharmacies. integrated delivery network (IDN) - Correct Answer-a financial management structure that unites hospitals, physicians ambulatory care site and managed care plans through ownership or exclusive formal agreements to provide a system to deliver a continuum of healthcare services. mail-order pharmacy - Correct Answer-pharmacy that dispenses prescriptions to patients who submit their prescriptions by mail or fax. manufacturer-direct sale - Correct Answer-type of sale that bypasses the need for any intermediary distributor. product is sold and shipped directly by the manufacturer to the dispenser. mass merchandiser - Correct Answer-department stores with a pharmacy. non-stock sales - Correct Answer-brokerage sales, dock to dock sales, delivery sales, drop shipments, and any other form of sales not placed in inventory. out-of-state wholesaler - Correct Answer-wholesaler that distributes drug products in a state in which it is not physically located in. pharmacy benefit management company - Correct Answer-entity that administers the prescription drug part of health insurance plans on behalf of plan sponsors.

rebate - Correct Answer-amount that the manufacturer of the drug pays to an insurer or health plan for each unit of drug dispensed. self-warehousing - Correct Answer-type of distribution system where the retailer of the institutional dispenser takes on the task of distribution itself. sell-side margin - Correct Answer-wholesaler revenues that are generated from fees and other charges obtained from dispensers. upcharge - Correct Answer-percentage free that is paid by the dispenser to the wholesaler for the cost of distribution. chemical equivalents - Correct Answer-multi-source products which contain essentially the same amounts of identical active ingredients in identical dosage forms which meet existing physical chemical standards. biological equivalence - Correct Answer-chemical equivalents which, when administered in the same amounts, will provide the same biological or physiological availability as measured by blood and urine levels. therapeutic equivalents - Correct Answer-chemical equivalents which, when administered in the same amounts, will provide the same therapeutic effects as measured by the control of a symptom or disease. generic substitution - Correct Answer-the act of dispensing a different brand for the product prescribed. pharmaceutical alternatives - Correct Answer-drug products that have the same therapeutic effect and strength but differ in the salt, ester or dosage form and are administered by the same rout. pharmaceutical substitution - Correct Answer-act of dispensing a pharmaceutical alternative for the product prescribed. therapeutic alternatives - Correct Answer-drugs products containing different therapeutic moietics but of the same pharmacological of therapeutic class that can be expected to have similar therapeutic effects when administered in therapeutically equivalent doses. abstract concept - Correct Answer-starting point for measurement, abstract concept is best understood as a general idea in linguistic form that helps us describe reality. association - Correct Answer-measurable change in one variable that occurs concurrently with with change in another variable.

constant - Correct Answer-an attribute of a concept that does not vary. construct validity - Correct Answer-extent to which a test adequately represents the subject-matter content or behavior to be measured. continuous variable - Correct Answer-a measure that can take on any value within a given interval or set of intervals. dependent variable - Correct Answer-variable that depends on variations of another variable. discrete variable - Correct Answer-a measure that is represented by a limited number of values. face validity - Correct Answer-evaluated whether the indicator appears to measure the abstract concept. independent variable - Correct Answer-variable that is manipulated to affect variations or responses in another variable. interval data - Correct Answer-variables that classify objects according to type and logical order. nominal data - Correct Answer-variables that classify objects according to type or characterisitic. operationalize - Correct Answer-to create a measure of an abstract concept. ordinal data - Correct Answer-variables that classify objects according to type or kind but also have some logical order. predicitive validity - Correct Answer-ability of an indicator to correctly predict an outcome. random variable - Correct Answer-potential value is influenced by chance. ratio data - Correct Answer-variables have zero starting point and classify objects according to type and logical order. reliability - Correct Answer-consistency of measurement. spurious association - Correct Answer-association between two variables that can be better explained by or depends greatly on a third variable. statistical control - Correct Answer-holding the value of one variable constant in order to clarify associations among other variables.

validity - Correct Answer-extent to which a measurment is an accurate representation of the concepts. variable - Correct Answer-measure of a concept that can take on more than one value from one observation to the next. a(=intercept constant) - Correct Answer-point at which the regression line intercepts the y-axis. absolute value - Correct Answer-positive value of a number, regardless of whether the number is positive or negative. absolute value of "a" is symbolized as lal. addition rule - Correct Answer-the probability that two or more mutually exclusive events that occur are the sum of the probabilities of each individual event. age specific mortality rate - Correct Answer-mortality rate in a specific age group. alpha(a) - Correct Answer-probability of a type I error. alternative hypothesis - Correct Answer-opposite of null hypothesis. analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) - Correct Answer-special type of analysis of variance and regression utilized to control for the effect of possible cofounding variable. analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Correct Answer-statistical procedure that determined whether any differences exist between two or more groups of study subjects on one or more factors. "F" test is used. bar graph - Correct Answer-used for nominal or ordinal data. bell-shaped distribution - Correct Answer-used to describe the shape of the normal (or Gaussian) distribution base - Correct Answer-error related to the ways the targeted and sampled populations differ, also called measurement error. binary observation - Correct Answer-nominal measure that has only two outcomes. binomial distibution - Correct Answer-probability distribution that describes the number or success. biometrics - Correct Answer-study of measurement and statistical analysis to applications in medicine, biology, nutrition and agriculture.

biostatistics - Correct Answer-the application of research study design and statistical analysis to applications in medicine and biology. blind study - Correct Answer-experimental study in which subjects do not know the treatment they are receiving. block design - Correct Answer-designs in which subjects within each block are assigned to a different treatments case-control - Correct Answer-observation study that begins with patients who have outcome or disease being investigated and control subjects who do not have the outcome or disease. classes or class limits - Correct Answer-subdivision of a numerical characteristic in a table or graph. clinical epidemiology - Correct Answer-application of the science of epidemiology to clinical medicine and decision making. clinical trial - Correct Answer-experimental study of a drug or procedure in which the subjects are human beings. cluster analysis - Correct Answer-advances statistical method that determines a classification from multiple measures of a set of objects or subjects. cohort - Correct Answer-group of subjects who remain together in the same study over time. cohort study - Correct Answer-begins with a study of subjects who have a risk factor and who do not. both sets followed. concurrent controls - Correct Answer-assigned to a placebo or control condition during the same period that an experimental treatment or procedure being evaluated. conditional probability - Correct Answer-the probability of an event ( A ), given that another ( B ) has already occurred. confidence bond - Correct Answer-lines on each side of a regression line or curve that have a given probability of containing the line or curve in the population. confidence limits - Correct Answer-limits of a confidence interval. limits are computed from sample data and have a given probability that the unknown parameter is located between them. conservative - Correct Answer-term used to describe a statistical test if it reduces the chances of type error.

contingency table - Correct Answer-table used to display counts or frequencies for two or more nominal or quantitative variables. contingency coefficient - Correct Answer-non-parametric technique to measure the relationship between the two nominal level variables. cross-over study - Correct Answer-clinical trial in which each group of subjects receives two or more treatments, but in different sequences. demography - Correct Answer-the study of population. descriptive statistics - Correct Answer-statistics that summarize the data collected in a study. discrete scale - Correct Answer-scale used to measure a numerical characteristic that has integer values. discriminant function - Correct Answer-mathematical function that contributes information from predictor variables to obtain the maximum discrimination between groups. dot plot - Correct Answer-graphic method for displaying the frequency distribution of numerical observations fro one or more groups. double blind trials - Correct Answer-clinical trial in which neither the subject or the investigator know which treatment subjects have received. effect or effect size - Correct Answer-impact made by the independent variable on the dependent variable or the magnitude of difference or relationship. efficiency - Correct Answer-degree to which the test result and the diagnosis agree. error term - Correct Answer-difference between the predicted value and the actual value of the outcome (dependent) variable in regression. also called "residual" estimation - Correct Answer-process of using info from a sample to draw conclusions about the values of parameters in a population. experiment (in probability) - Correct Answer-planned process of data collection. experimental study - Correct Answer-comparative study involving an intervention. called a trial when human subjects are involved. exponential probability distribution - Correct Answer-probability distribution used in models of survival or decay.

factor - Correct Answer-group of items that "belong" together. factor analysis - Correct Answer-advances statistical method for analyzing the relationships among a set of items or indicators to determine two factors or dimensions that underlie them. false-negative (FN) - Correct Answer-test result that is negative in a person who has the disease. false-positive (FP) - Correct Answer-test result that is positive in a person who does not have the disease. first quartile - Correct Answer-25th percentile (P25) fishers exact test - Correct Answer-exact test of 2x2 contingency tables. used when the sample size is too small to use the chi-square test. forward selection - Correct Answer-procedure for selection of the best set of variables for prediction of a dependent variable. frequency - Correct Answer-number of times a given value of an observation occurs. also called counts. functional status - Correct Answer-measure of a persons ability to perform his or her daily activities, often called activities or daily living. game theory - Correct Answer-process of assigning subjective probabilities to outcomes from a decision. genetic statistics - Correct Answer-statistics generated with methodologies utilized and developed for the study of mutation, migration, in-breeding and natural selection constitute genetic statistics. gold standard - Correct Answer-diagnostic testing, a procedure that always identifies the true condition. goodness of fit statistic - Correct Answer-measure of how the data will fit the model. graphs - Correct Answer-usual representation of frequency distributions. hawthorne effect - Correct Answer-bias introduced into an observational study when the subjects know they are in a study. hazard function - Correct Answer-probability that a person dies in a certain time interval.

hazard ratio - Correct Answer-ratio risk of the outcome. health and medical statistics - Correct Answer-branches of medicines dealing with the applications of statistical methods and generation of statistics for the study of health and medicine. histogram - Correct Answer-graph of frequency distribution of numerical observation fro interval or ratio data. hypothesis - Correct Answer-formal statement of the expected relationship between variables or differences between groups. indentification - Correct Answer-necessary condition for conductions confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model building. imputation - Correct Answer-estimation of missing values in a data set based on prior knowledge. incidence - Correct Answer-rate giving the proportion of people who develop a given disease or condition within a specified period of time. independent events - Correct Answer-events whose occurrence or outcome has no effect on the probability of the other. indicator - Correct Answer-measured variable in structured equation models; may also be called manifest variable. inference (statstical) - Correct Answer-process of drawing conclusions about a population of observations from a sample of observations. interaction - Correct Answer-relationship between two independent variables such that they have a different effect on the dependent variable. intercept - Correct Answer-regression equation, intercept is the predicted value of "y" when "x" is equal to zero. inter-quartile range - Correct Answer-range of values extending from the first to the third quartile or from the 25th to 75th percentile. jackknife - Correct Answer-method of cross-validation in which one observation at a time is left out of the sample. joint probability - Correct Answer-probability of two events occurring together. kappa - Correct Answer-statistic used to measure inter-rater or an intra-rater agreement for nominal measures.

latency effects - Correct Answer-interaction between treatments in repeated measures design. life table analysis - Correct Answer-method for analyzing survival times for censored observations that have been grouped into intervals. likelihood - Correct Answer-probability of an outcome or event happening. likelihood ratio - Correct Answer-diagnostic testing, the ratio of "true positives" to the "false-positives". line chart - Correct Answer-chart to show many changes overtime for many periods of time, or to place emphasis on a particular factor. linear combination - Correct Answer-weighted average of a set of variables of measures. list-wise deletion - Correct Answer-cases (or subjects) are dropped from analysis if they have any missing data. logistic regression - Correct Answer-technique designed to determined which variables affect the probability of an event. log-linear analysis - Correct Answer-statistical method for analyzing the relationships among three or more nominal variable. longitudinal study - Correct Answer-study that takes place over an extended period of time. marginal frequencies - Correct Answer-row and column frequencies in a contingency table. listed on the margins of the table. marginal probability - Correct Answer-row and column probabilities in a contingency table. matching (or matched groups) - Correct Answer-process of making two groups homogeneous on possible confounding factors. mean (arithmetic mean) - Correct Answer-the most common measure of central tendency. meaningfulness - Correct Answer-clinical or substantive meaning of the results of central tendency.

mean replacement - Correct Answer-substitution of the mean of the distribution for missing values on a specific variable. median - Correct Answer-middle value of subject in a set or ordered numbers. measures of dispersion - Correct Answer-summary numbers that describe the variation in observations about the mean/mode/median. medline - Correct Answer-system that permits search of bibliographic database of all articles in journals included in INDEX, MEDICUS. mode - Correct Answer-value of a numerical variable that occurs most frequently. model or modeling - Correct Answer-statistical statement of the relationship among variables sometimes based upon a theoretical model. morbidity rate - Correct Answer-number of patients in a defined population who develop morbid condition over a specified period of time. mortality rate - Correct Answer-number of details in a defined population over a specified period. multiple comparisons - Correct Answer-comparisons resulting from many statistical tests performed for the same observations. multiple-comparison procedure - Correct Answer-method for comparing several means. multicollinearity - Correct Answer-interrelatedness of independent variables. multiple correlation - Correct Answer-relationship between on dependent variable (y) and weighted composite of predictor variables. mutually exclusive events - Correct Answer-two or more events for which the occurrence of one event precludes the occurrence. nominal - Correct Answer-simplest scale of measurement. used for characteristics that have no numerical values. non-directed test - Correct Answer-called a "two-tailed test". non-probability sample - Correct Answer-sample selected in such a way that the probability of a subject is selected is unknown. non-randomized trial - Correct Answer-clinical trial in which subjects are assigned to treatments on other than a randomized basis.

null hypothesis - Correct Answer-hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. number needed to treat - Correct Answer-1/absolute risk reduction. numerical scale - Correct Answer-highest level of measurement. used for characteristics that can be given numerical values; the differences between numbers have meaning (examples are height, weight, blood pressure level). also called an interval or ratio scale. objective probability - Correct Answer-estimate of probability from observable events or phenomena. observational study - Correct Answer-does not involve an intervention or manipulation. odds - Correct Answer-probability that an event will occur divided by the probability the event will not occur. one-tailed test - Correct Answer-used with directional hypothesis that proposes extreme values are in one tail of the distribution. outcome (in an experiment) - Correct Answer-result of an experiment or trail. outcome variable - Correct Answer-dependent or criterion variable in a study. "P" value - Correct Answer-probability of observing a result as extreme as or more extreme than the one actually observed from chance alone. parameters - Correct Answer-characteristics of the population. parametric tests - Correct Answer-statistical test based on assumption that the sample is representative of the population and the scores are normally distributed. percentage - Correct Answer-proportion multiplied by 100 percentiles - Correct Answer-describe the relative position of a specific store. pie-chart - Correct Answer-circle that is partitioned into percentage distributions of qualitative variables. point estimate - Correct Answer-single number that serves as the estimate of the population parameter. polygon - Correct Answer-graph for interval or ratio level variables that is the equivalent of the histogram but appears smoother.

pole - Correct Answer-questionnaire administered to a sample of people often about a single issue. pooled standard deviation - Correct Answer-used in the independent groups "t" test when the standard deviations in the two groups are equal. population - Correct Answer-collection of observations or subjects that have something in common. power - Correct Answer-reliability of a test statistic detect a specified alternative hypothesis. pretest odds - Correct Answer-diagnostic testing, the odds that a patient has given a disease or condition before a diagnostic truly a rate, although it is often incorrectly called prevalence rate. prevalence - Correct Answer-proportion of people who have given disease or condition at a specified point in time. probability - Correct Answer-number of times an outcome occurs in the total number of trials taken place. probability distribution - Correct Answer-frequency distribution of a random variable which may be empirical or theoretical vations. prospective study - Correct Answer-study designed before data are collected. qualitative observation - Correct Answer-characteristics measured on nominal scale. quantitative observation - Correct Answer-measured on a numerical scale; the resulting numbers have inherent meaning. quartiles - Correct Answer-first quartile is the 25th percentile, second quartile 50th percentile, third percentile is 75th, and fourth is 100th. randomization - Correct Answer-assignment of individuals to groups by chance. random sample - Correct Answer-a sample of "n" subjects selected from a population so that each has a known chance of being a sample. random variable - Correct Answer-variable in a study in which subjects are randomly selected or randomly assigned to the treatments. range - Correct Answer-difference between the largest and smallest observations in the distribution.

ranking scale - Correct Answer-question format on an interview or survey in which responders are asked to rate from (1 to options listed). rank-order scale - Correct Answer-scale for observations arranged according to their size from lowest to highest or vice versa. ranks - Correct Answer-set of observations arranged according to their size from lowest to highest or vice versa. rate - Correct Answer-proportion associated with a multiplier, called the base and computed over a specified period. ratio - Correct Answer-part divided by another part; it is the number of observations with the characteristic of interest divided by the number without the characteristic. raw data matrix - Correct Answer-matrix containing raw scored for each subject on each variable. rows represent subjects, and the columns represent variables. regression (of y on x) - Correct Answer-process of determining a prediction equation for predicting "y" from "x". reliability - Correct Answer-measure of reproducibility of a measurement. representative population (or Sample) - Correct Answer-population or sample that is similar in important ways to the population to which the findings of a study are generalized. research problems - Correct Answer-question that can be answered by collecting and analyzing factual data. residual - Correct Answer-difference between the predicted value and the actual value of the outcome (dependent) variable in regression. risk - Correct Answer-number of occurrences of an events out of the total. risk factor - Correct Answer-term used to designate a characteristic that is more prevalent among subjects who develop a given outcome than among subjects who do not. sample - Correct Answer-subject of the population. sampled population - Correct Answer-population from which the sample is actually selected. sample size - Correct Answer-number of subjects included in the study.

sampling distribution (of a statistics) - Correct Answer-frequency distribution of the statistics from many samples. used to make inferences about statistic from a single sample. scale of measurement - Correct Answer-degree of precision with which a characteristic is measured. self-controlled study - Correct Answer-study in which the subjects serve as their own controls, achieved by measuring the characteristic of interest before and after an intervention. sensitivity - Correct Answer-proportion of people with a disease who have a positive test result. sensitive test has a low false-negative rate. sex-specific mortality rate - Correct Answer-mortality rate specific to either males or females. significance test - Correct Answer-statistical calculation that assigns a probability to a statistical estimate; a small probability implies a significant result. simple random sample - Correct Answer-random sample in which each of the n subjects (or objects) in the sample has an equal chance of being selected. specific rate - Correct Answer-rate that pertains to specific group or segment of the observation. standard deviation (SD) - Correct Answer-measure of variation of scored around the mean. standard error (SE) - Correct Answer-standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic such as a mean. statistics - Correct Answer-science or field of study that is concerned with obtaining, describing and interpreting data with the characteristics of samples. statistical significance - Correct Answer-generally interpreted as a result that would occur by chance. statistical test - Correct Answer-procedure used to test the null hypothesis (H0). structured abstract - Correct Answer-journal article abstract that contains short, precise descriptions of the context of the study, the objective, design, the setting and participants, the methods of interventions, mains outcomes, results, and conclusions.