CNUR 106 Midterm Study Guide Questions with Complete Verified Solutions 2024/2025, Exams of Nursing

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CNUR 106 Midterm Study Guide Questions

with Complete Verified Solutions

2024/

why is education important

• increases competencies and confidence of clients in oder to manage their own self care
• education for staff and students teaches them how to deliver high-quality care benefits of patient education
• increase client satisfaction
• improves quality of care
• decreases incidence of illness companies
• decreases anxiety
• increases compliance with treatment
• maximizes independence benefits for staff with education
• enhances job satisfaction
• improves therapeutic relationships
• increases autonomy in practice
• improves knowledge and skills barriers to learning
• pain
• fear of unknown
• separation from support systems
• unfamiliar environments

• problems understanding information
• no desire to change from current state of health 4 step process that directs social learning attention, rettention, reproduction, motivation What happens in the intentional phase Observation of the role model What happens in the retention phase Storage and retrieval of what was observed, remembering what the role model was doing, creating a mental image that you can retrieve at a later date What happens in the motivational phase
• internal motivation is necessary for the learner to learn the behaviour
• reinforcement and punishment are key components to motivation What happens in the reproduction phase
• The lerner copies the observed behaviour and retrieval of the mental image will guide actions
• learner will engage in mental rehearsal learner may need correction at this point Respondent Conditioning:
• Used to acquire new responses as well as extinguish learned responses
• Systematic Desensitization: reintroduction of stimulus until fear & anxiety no longer develops. Respondent Conditioning IRL
• Helps us to understand how people learn an involuntary response eating at certain times or sleeping when it is dark. Operant Conditioning:
• Learning occurs as the organism responds to stimuli in the environment and is reinforced for making a particular response.
• A reinforcer is applied after a response, strengthening the probability that the response will be performed again under similar conditions
• Reinforcement of responses can increase or decrease behavior
• Use of non-reinforcement or punishment can decrease response Operant Conditioning IRL ring bell while giving food to dog
• now when bell rings, dog knows its time to eat Social Learning Theory

considers both behaviour and cognitive theories, however it also incorporates the environment and social situations What are the steps involved in information processing? Input, processing, output, storage What is the first step in information processing? Input What is the second step in information processing? Processing What is the third step in information processing? Output What is the fourth step in information processing? Storage what is the education process? a systematic, sequential, planned course of action on the part of both the teacher and learner to achieve the outcomes of teaching and learning what is learning? a chance in behaviour (knowledge, skills, attitudes) that can be observed and measured and can occur at any time or in any place as a result of exposure to environmental stimuli what is patient education? the process of helping clients learn health-related behaviours to achieve the goal of optimal health and independence in self care what is staff education? the process of helping nurses acquire knowledge, attitudes & skills to improve the delivery of quality care to the consumer ASSURE model is used to .. assist nurses to organize and carry out the education process what does the ASSURE model stand for? A - analyze the learner S - state the objectives S - select instructional methods and materials U - use teaching materials R - require learner performance E - evaluate the teaching process an educated client... ... is better informed about how to maintain a healthy state ... is often more compliant with health preservation and treatment programs ... takes a more active role in health care activities

what are barriers to teaching? factors impending the nurses ability to optimally deliver education services what are some examples of barriers to teaching?

• Lack of motivation and skill
• Lack of time
• Low priority status of client education
• Lack of confidence and competence
• Questionable effectiveness of client education
• Documentation difficulties
• Absence of third-party reimbursement
• Negative influence of environment (lack of space & privacy, noise) what are some examples of barriers to education?
• environments aren't conductive
• doubt that the client education effectively changes outcomes
• inadequate documentation system for efficiency and ease of recording the quality and quantity of teaching efforts what are obstacles of learning? factors that negatively impact the learners ability to process information what are some examples of obstacles of learning?
• Lack of time (rapid discharge or episodic care)
• Low priority status of client education
• Lack of confidence and competence
• Complexity, fragmentation, and inconvenience of health care system
• Denial of learning needs
• Lack of support from health professionals or significant others
• Extent of need behaviour change when do adults best learn?
• they have clear objective for learning
• well motivated
• know the facilitator understands and supports their goals
• treated as adults
• see subject matter and the learning methods used to address their needs
• their culture, learning styles, experiences and knowledge are acknowledged and included in the learning process
• they find that new info and cxoncepts are presented in logical order, step by step
• they are encouraged to ask questions

• they are freely actively involved and doing things with a purpose
• they get a feeling of direction and achievement what is the SRNA mandate?
• is the standards of education and practice for the profession of nursing
• to ensure competent, caring knowledge based care for the ppl of Sk SRNA is responsible for ensuring continuing competence, professional conduct, standards of practice, code of ethics and the approval of educational process the SRNA's standards of competencies are used to:

1. promote, guide and direct professional nursing practice
2. guide registered nursing education and the registration process
3. clarity what the profession expects of its members
4. provide a legal reference for reasonable and prudent RN's practice what is a standard? is a desirable and achievable level of performance against which actual performance can be compared

• reflects
• clarifies
• informs SRNA Standard I professional responsibility and accountability
• professional conduct
• competence
• primary duty to the client by ensuring safe, competent and ethical nursing care SRNA Standard II knowledge based practice
• specialized body of knowledge and competent application of knowledge
• plans implements and evaluates education to address learning needs SRNA Standard III ethical practice
• competence in professional judgement and practice decisions
• code of ethics by CNA
• supports clients in making informed decisions about their health care
• enables nurses to identify their own learning needs and developing learning plans SRNA Standard IV service to the public
• collaboration to protect the public by providing and improving health care services in collaboration with clients & other members of the health care team

SRNA Standrad V self-regulation

• accountable
• advocate
• safe practice
• RN's demonstrate an understanding of professional self-regulation by advocating in the public interest, developing and enhancing his/her competence and ensuring safe practice Gestalt Perspective
• Learning occurs through the reorganization of elements to form new insights and understanding.
• Emphasis upon unique, diverse perceptions, interpretations, and responses what are the 6 continuing competencies?

1. evidence informed practice
2. health focused practice
3. professional practice
4. relational practice
5. safe and competent practice what is a learning theory? a logical framework describing, explaining or predicting how people learn why learning theories? learning theories support your actions with evidence what is positive reinforcement responses that are rewarded are likely to be repeated what are negative reinforcemements responses that allow escape from painful or undesirable situations are likely repeated what are non-reinforcements responses that are not reinforced are not likely to be repeated what is punishment? responses that bring painful or undesirable consequences will be suppressed what is intrinsic motivation? doing something because you like what is internal motivation? motivation by self through their goals and expectations what is extrinsic motivation? doing something because you want a reward form it what is external motivation motivation by others & that reward is not necessary what is cognition

conscious mental activities: the activities of thinking, understanding, learning and remembering cognition stresses importance of what goes on inside the learner including:

• thought
• perception
• memory
• processing describe Piagets theory of cognitive learning people take in info as they interact with the environment
• assimilation (make the info fit with what they know)
• accommodation (change their preceptions and interpretations in keeping with the new info) describe an active learner works best when doing describe passive learner work best by listening cornerstones to learning
• Spontaneity
• Emotions & feelings
• Right to have choices
• Human creativity Humanistic Learning Theory: expand their theory to include human emotions and feelings
• The assumption is made that each individual is unique and wants to grow in a positive way
• Motivation is crucial focus on people's interests, experiences, and perceptions What is the focus of cognitive development? Changes in perceiving, thinking, and reasoning as individuals grow and mature. How does cognitive development occur? As a developmental, sequential, and active process through interaction with the environment. Who studied the cognitive development of children as an active process? Piaget What does social cognition take into account? Social context

What aspects does the Cognitive-Emotional Perspective incorporate? Emotion, empathy, moral emotions, memory storage & retrieval, emotional intelligence, and self- regulation What are the benefits of the Cognitive-Emotional Perspective? Appreciation of individuality & diversity What influences an individual's perceptions, thoughts, and responses in social cognition? Culture, ethnicity, social class, gender, family life, past history, and self-concept What is the significance of attribution theory in social cognition? Individuals formulate causal explanations for behavior, which affects their attitudes and actions bandura developed a 4 step process which directs social learning, these include:

1. attention phase - observation
2. retention phase - remembering
3. reproduction phase - copying observed behavior
4. motivational phase - internally motivated to learn maslow hierarchy of needs description explains motivation

• Basic level needs must be met before individuals can be concerned with learning and self actualizing Tenets of Cognitivism
• Learning works best when learning is active
• Organized instruction is easier to learn
• Structured instruction with attention to relationships between key concepts facilitates making connections building new mental image
• Instruction built upon prior knowledge facilitates making connections maslow hierarchy of needs model blooms taxonomy model list tenets of humanism
• learner is the center of the process
• teacher helps the learner articulate what they want to learn & how
• motivation is intrinsic (like doing it)
• positive self concept can promote learning and negative can inhibit learning how to apply the humanism belief to nursing
• emphasis upon therapeutic relationship with learner
• fostering curiosity, enthusiasm, initiative, & responsibility
• student refection is important
• practice hands on

what is andragogy?

• theory of adult learning list tenets of andragogy
• learn from experience
• most interested in things that are relevant
• should be involved in planning and implementing of learning
• interested in solving real-life problems rather than learning for sake of knowledge
• take responsibility for learning
• learn when ready how to apply andragogy to nursing
• focus upon process, not content
• be aware of cultural differences
• do not assume that relevance will be immediately visible
• treat patients as unique
• consider background and previous experience
• consider readiness how does the educator play a role in the learning process?
• assessing problems or deficits
• providing info in unique ways
• identifying progress made
• giving feedback & follow up
• reinforcing learning
• evaluating leaners abilities what is the nursing process?
• ASSESSMENT: appraise physical and psychosocial needs
• PLANNING: develop care plans based on mutual goal setting to meet individual needs
• IMPLEMENTATION: carry out nursing care interventions using standard procedures
• EVALUATION: determine physical and psychosocial outcomes what is the client education process-
• ASSESSMENT: ascertain learning needs, readiness to learn, and learning styles
• PLANNING: develop teaching plan based on mutually predetermined behaviour outcomes to meet individual needs
• IMPLEMENTATION: perform the act of teaching using specific instructional methods and tools
• EVALUATION: determine behaviour changes (outcomes) in knowledge, attitudes, and skills what are the 3 determinants of learning?

1. learning needs - WHAT the learner needs to learn
2. readiness to learn - WHEN the learner is receptive to learning
3. learning style - HOW the learner learns best assessing learning needs: ▪ The nurse educator is vital in giving support, encouragement, and direction during the process of learning. ▪ The nurse educator assists in identifying optimal learning approaches and activities that can both support and challenge the learner. ▪ Assessment happens in conversation. ▪ A full learning assessment tells you what the learner believes, expects, wants to learn, can learn, is willing to learn, and how a full assessment should tell you what the learner:

• believes
• knows
• expects
• misunderstands
• wants to learn
• is able to learn & how
• is willing to learn what is a learning need? gaps in knowledge that exist between a desired level of performance and the actual level of performance what do you need to do when doing an assessment of learning needs
• identify the learner
• choose the right setting
• collect important info about the learner
• involve members of the health care team
• prioritize needs
• determine the availability of education resources
• assess demands of organization
• take time management issues into account the next step after learning needs have been established is.... to determine the learners readiness to learn what is readiness to learn when the learner demonstrates an interest in learning the information necessary to maintain optimal health 4 types of readiness to learn:

"PEEK"

• physical
• emotional
• experiential
• knowledge What factors are included in physical readiness? Measures of ability complexity of the task, environmental effects, health status, gender What factors are included in emotional readiness? Anxiety level, support system, motivation, risk-taking behaviour, frame of mind, and developmental stage What factors are included in experimental readiness? Level of aspiration, past coping mechanisms, cultural background, locus of control, and orientation What factors are included in knowledge readiness? Present knowledge base, cognitive ability, learning disabilities what are the components of physical readiness?
• ability
• complexity
• environmental effects
• health status
• gender what are the components of emotional readiness?
• anxiety
• support
• motivation
• risk-taking
• frame of mind
• developmental stage what are the components of experiential readiness
• level of aspiration
• past coping mechanisms
• cultural background
• locus of control
• orientation what are the components of knowledge readiness
• present knowledge base
• cognitive ability
• learning and reading disabilities what are the 4 learning styles?

VARK model VARK model assists us to understand how we should take in information, use information for effective learning, communicate more effectively what does VARK stand for?

• visual
• aural
• read/write
• kinesthetic what does compliance mean? submission to predetermined goals through regimens (plans) prescribed or established by others what does adherence mean? commitment or attachment to prescribed, predetermined regimen (plan) what does non-compliance mean? non-submission or resistance of an individual to follow a prescribed predetermined regimen (plan) what does non-adherence mean? when the client does not follow the mutually agreed upon treatment regimen (plan) what does motivation mean? an internal state that arouses, directs, and sustains human behaviour what does it mean when you have motivation to learn? a willingness on the part of the learner to embrace learning, with readiness as evidence of motivation what are the 3 learning domains cognitive, psychomotor and affective list 3 motivational incentives
• personal attributes
• environmental influences
• relationship systems what are motivational axioms rules that set the stage for motivation by optimal anxiety, learner readiness, realistic goals, learner satisfaction/success how much anxiety does the learner learn best with moderate anxiety whats does READS stand for? R - roll with resistance E - express empathy A - avoid argumentation

D - develop discrepancy S - support self-efficacy when is the term READS used? principles of motivational interviewing what does OARS stand for? O - open ended questions A - affirmations of the positives R - reflective listening S - summaries of the interactions what is the health belief model (HBM) used for? addressing problem behaviours that evoke health concerns it is possible to predict health behaviour by looking at 3 major interacting components, these include:

1. individual perceptions
2. modifying factors - age, race, personality
3. likelihood of action what are the 5 stages of change?
4. pre-contemplation - not ready to change
5. contemplation - thinking of changing
6. preparation - ready to change
7. action - making changes
8. maintenance - staying on track what happens when someone changes, but relapses refers to falling back to the old behaviours after going through the other stages of change if someones literate they are able to read, write, understand and interpret information at the 8th grade level and above if someones illiterate they are unable to read or write at the 4th grade level if someone has low literacy they can read and write between the levels of grade 5- 8 functional illiteracy means Adults lack the basic reading and writing comprehension skills that are needed to operate effectively in today's society if someone is illiterate they may struggle with..

• organization of thought, perception, language development & problem solving
• may not want to ask questions

• large amounts of info
• non-compliance may occur due to lack of adequate and specific instruction What does noncompliance mean? resistance of an individual to follow a prescribed, predetermined regimen. What connotation does noncompliance carry? Negative connotation of the learner, but may in fact be a resilient response or defensive coping mechanism to a stressful situation. What does adherence mean? means a commitment or attachment to a prescribed, predetermined regimen. What does nonadherence mean? Occurs when the patient does not follow treatment recommendations that are mutually agreed-upon How is adherence related to health outcomes? is used interchangeably with compliance in the measurement of health outcomes. What is compliance? A submission or yielding to predetermined goals through regimens prescribed or established by others. What undertone does compliance imply? A manipulative or authoritative undertone that implies an attempt to control the learner's right to decision- making. Motivational Strategies:
• Incentives , either intrinsically or extrinsically generated, are appeals or inducements to motivation.
• Reducing or eliminating barriers to achieving goals helps to instill or maintain motivation.
• Clarify directions and expectations
• Make information meaningful to the learner
• Manipulate the environment to make it conducive to learning
• Provide positive verbal and nonverbal feedback
• Provide keys for success Health belief model: predictor of preventive health behavior What concept refers to the belief that one is at risk of a particular health problem? Perceived susceptibility What concept refers to the belief in the seriousness of a particular health problem? Perceived severity What concept refers to the belief in the effectiveness of taking a specific action to reduce the risk of a health problem? Perceived benefits What concept refers to the belief in the tangible and psychological costs of taking a specific action to reduce the risk of a health problem?

Perceived barriers what does SMOG test for? readability for grade 4 level to university describe the SMOG test take 30 sentences and count the number of poly-syllabic words in the sample. count how may poly- syllabic words there are & then square root the number and add 3 to give you the approximate grade level What are the characteristics of goals in education? Long term, outcome that is to be achieved at the end of teaching or learning process What are the characteristics of objectives in education? Specific, single, short termed, action orientated, learner centered, one-dimensional behaviour that should be achieved at the end of a teaching session, step by step to the overall goal what are the 4 elements of a behavioural objective ABCD model A - audience (who) B - behaviour (what) C - condition (under what circumstances) D - degree (how well, to what extent, within what time frame) what are SMART objectives? S - specific M - measurable A - achievable R - realistic T - timely Bloom's Taxonomy- developed in order to promote higher forms of thinking, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, procedures, and principles instead of just remembering facts in education. What is the purpose of a teaching plan? The why of the session What is included in the goal statement of a teaching plan? Overall goal statement What are objectives (sub-objectives) in a teaching plan? List of objectives What does the content outline in a teaching plan cover? Content to be covered What are the methods of teaching in a teaching plan? Instructional methods

What does the time allotment in a teaching plan refer to? Time for each objective What are the resources for instruction in a teaching plan? Materials/tools What is the evaluation in a teaching plan? Evaluation method Internal Consistency when you can answer "yes" to these questions: a. Does the plan facilitate a relationship between its parts? b. Do all 8 elements of the plan "hang together"? c. Is the identified domain of learning in each objective reflected in the purpose and goal, as well as across the plan, all the way through to the end process of evaluation? Lecture is best for ... learners Cognitive Lecture: an instructional method in which the teacher verbally transmits information directly to groups of learners for the purpose of education Group Discussion: an instructional method in which learners are together to exchange information, feelings, and opinions with each other and the teacher to achieve educational objectives Group Discussion is best for ... learners Cognitive + Affective One-to-one instruction: an instructional method in which the teacher delivers personally designed instruction to a learner. One-to-one instruction is best for ... learners Cognitive + Psychomotor + Affective Demonstration: An instructional method in which the learner is shown by the teacher how to perform a particular skill. Demonstration is best for ... learners Cognitive + Psychomotor Return Demonstration: an instructional method in which the learner attempts to perform a skill with cues from the teacher as needed. Gaming: an instructional method requiring the learner to participate in a competitive activity with preset rules to achieve an educational objective. Cognitive + Affective

an instructional method requiring the learner to participate in a competitive activity with preset rules to achieve an educational objective. is best for ... learners Cognitive + Affective Simulation: a trial-and-error method of teaching requiring creation of a hypothetical or artificial experience to engage the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions without the risk-taking consequences of an actual situation. Simulation is best for ... learners Cognitive + Psychomotor Role-playing: an instructional method where learners participate in an unrehearsed dramatization to elicit their feelings to achieve affective domain objectives Role-playing is best for ... learners Affective Role-modeling: An instructional method in which the teacher "models" or exhibits behaviors that the learner may imitate or adopt as he or she is socialized into a role. Learning from role modeling is called identification and comes from socialization theories. Role-modeling is best for ... learners Affective + Cognitive Self-instruction: an instructional method to provide activities that guide the learner in independently achieving the educational objectives. Self-instruction is best for ... learners Cognitive + Psychomotor Return demonstration is best for ... learners Psychomotor what are the 3 types of learning domains

1. cognitive - thinking
2. affective - feeling
3. psychomotor - doing teaching methods for cognitive domain

• lecture
• one-to-one instruction
• computer-assisted instruction clinical teaching methods for psychomotor

• demonstration
• return demonstration
• simulation
• gaming
• self-insturction teaching methods for affective domain
• group discussion
• role-playing
• role-modelling
• stimulation gaming
• questioning what is blooms taxonomy used for
• to promote higher forms of thinking, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, procedures & principles instead of just remembering facts in education
• each learning domain can be identified by their degrees of difficulties what is the purpose of a teaching plan?
• Predetermined goals and objectives serve as a basis for developing a teaching plan.
• Mutually agreed upon goals and objectives clarify what the learner is to learn and what the teacher is to teach.
• Ensures a logical approach to teaching and keeps instruction on target.
• Communicates in writing an action plan for the learner, teacher, and other providers.
• Serves as a legal document that indicates a plan is in place and the extent of progress toward implementation. what is the evaluation process? a systematic process that judges the worth or value of something - teaching & learning What is assessment? Gathering, summarizing, interpreting & using data to decide on a direction for action What is evaluation? Gathering, summarizing, interpreting and using data to determine if an action was successful there are 2 types of data qualitative & quantitative what is qualitative data?
• used to measure satisfaction or quality
• explores feelings and behaviours
• word phrases are summarized into categories and emerging themes what is quantitative data?

• states as statistics
• frequency
• mean
• ratio
• used to measure how much improvement in a learners knowledge or skills in the result of patient education what is the purpose of process/formative evaluation?
• to determine where further learning is needed
• to make required adjustments as required Advantages of Process/Formative Evaluation: events are recent + results can be used to improve performance, learning outcomes before the end of the session, course, etc. Disadvantages of Process/Formative Evaluation: making judgments on results before activity is completed and outcomes are visible + can interrupt the flow of outcomes. why do we use content evaluation? to determine whether patients and families have acquired the knowledge and skills taught during learning experience what is outcome/summative evaluation?
• summarizes what happens as a result of education
• measures the changes that result from teaching and learning
• occurs 3-6 months after teaching experience advantages of outcome/summative evaluation everything is completed, and evaluation shows results, assess long-term effects, look at other variables, + work environment disadvantages of outcome/summative evaluation resources are more complex & costly than process or content evaluation + nothing can be done to change the results what is total program evaluation?
• Focuses on the extent to which all activities in a program or department over a specific time period
• Broad scope and focuses on overall goals vs. objectives
• Looks at all levels of evaluation what is impact evaluation?
• focus is on a goal for learning
• measures the results that learning has had for the organization
• Usually beyond the scope of the individual nurse educator
• Expensive

why do we document?

• establishes accountability for care
• promotes quality nursing care
• facilitates communication among RNs and other healthcare providers
• conveys the contribution of nursing to health care
• Communication of critical information to other health professionals involved with patient care
• Helps with continuity and prevents duplication
• Evidence for accreditation bodies
• Legal record what do we document?
• Materials
• Methods for teaching
• Involvement of client/ family in the teaching/ learning process
• Evaluation of client/family comprehension of the information provided who came up with the respondent conditioning model? Ivan Pavlov who came up with the operant conditioning model? B.F. Skinner when does learning occur in the response conditioning theory? before or after? before when does learning occur in the operant conditioning theory? before or after? after What are some examples of wireless, mobile, and portable devices used in M-Learning? Smart phones, handheld devices How can individuals without expensive smart phones access M-Learning? They can use a computer What are some social media platforms used in health education through M-Learning? Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Blogs, Wikis What are some risks associated with using social media for health education in M-Learning? Consumers may turn to unreliable sources for health-related information Electronic Discussion Groups Advantages:
• Means of networking
• Vehicle for info exchange
• Can be used to provide on-line support • Easy to use

• Low cost
• Anonymity
• Allows for real-time discussion
• Widely accessible
• Provides a mechanism for information exchange Electronic Discussion Groups Disadvantages:
• Few checks for accuracy
• Can be time-consuming
• May result in e-mail overload
• Moves very quickly
• May be difficult to follow
• May Requires everyone to be on at the same time