Cognitive Psychology: Skinner, Tolman, Chomsky and Information Processing, Exams of Nursing

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Questions and Answers

Lecture 1 Historical Background - Correct Answer ✅Lecture 1 Historical Background Empiricism vs. Nativism - Correct Answer ✅Empiricism:

• Aristole
• experience
  • John Locke "Blank Slate" Nativism:
• Heredity & biology
• Descartes
• PLato Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) - Correct Answer ✅- Structuralism
• behavior can be broken down into its components William James (1842-1910) - Correct Answer ✅- functionalism

Questions and Answers

• looked to Darwin's evolutionary theory to figure out how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
• wrote "Principles of Psychology" the science's first textbook Hermann von Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) - Correct Answer ✅experimental observation Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Correct Answer ✅- Subconscious -founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind Karl Popper (1902-1994) (philosopher of science) - Correct Answer ✅Falsifiability Gestalt Psychology - Correct Answer ✅the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Questions and Answers

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) - Correct Answer ✅- Classical conditioning

• Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs. These experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning. Thorndike (1874-1949) - Correct Answer ✅Instrumental/operant conditioning John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) - Correct Answer ✅- Radical behaviorism -The Founder of Behaviorism, based on stimulus and responses. -Developed methodological behaviorism that only looks at publicly observable events in their analysis of behavior- NOT private events (no introspection) B.F. (Burhus Frederic) Skinner (1904-1990) - Correct Answer ✅- continues push for "radical behaviorism"
• All behavior (even language) is the result of classical and instrumental/operant conditioning

Questions and Answers

• "Verbal Behavior", 1957 Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959) - Correct Answer ✅- Internal representations
• Cognitive maps Noam Chomsky (1928-) - Correct Answer ✅- refutes Skinner's attempts to explain language in "Verbal Behavior"
• Critique (1959) had big impact on behaviorism Developments During and After World War II - Correct Answer ✅- Engineering
• Thinking as computation
• Artificial Intelligence Engineering: - Correct Answer ✅idea of humans as information processors

Questions and Answers

Thinking as computation: - Correct Answer ✅development of computers made concept of thinking-by-computation more plausible Artificial Intelligence: - Correct Answer ✅computers' ability to do "smart" things (e.g., chess) thinking-as-computation even more plausible Birth of Cognitive Psychology - Correct Answer ✅Late 1950s, early 1960s: "computer metaphor" in psychology "Information processing" approach 1967: first textbook (Cognitive Psychology, by Ulric Neisser) "information processing approach" verse "computer metaphor" - Correct Answer ✅- Information processing approach has subtypes

Questions and Answers

• computer metaphor: one type of information processing approach 1970s - Cognitive Science - Correct Answer ✅intersection of several disciplines including: psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science computer simulation Late 1980s - Cognitive Neuroscience - Correct Answer ✅Aim: integrate cognitive science, neuroimaging, neuropsychology Computer metaphor gradually losing favor "network metaphor" Cognitive Psychology today - Correct Answer ✅- Increasing emphasis on: formal models neuroscience

Questions and Answers

fine-grained measures statistical analyses

• still information processing approach
• "network" metaphor > computer metaphor Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology - Correct Answer ✅Experiments Quasi-experiments Naturalistic observation Controlled observation Clinical interviews Neuroscience methods Five Paradigms - Correct Answer ✅- Information processing

Questions and Answers

• Connectionism
• Evolutionary -Ecological/Embodied - Cognition
• Cognitive Neuroscience paradigm - Correct Answer ✅A way of thinking a model or example Information processing - Correct Answer ✅a continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition Connectionism - Correct Answer ✅a type of information- processing approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units Evolutionary Approach - Correct Answer ✅Specialized areas of competence produced by evolutionary heritage Environment: physical and social

Questions and Answers

Ecological/Embodied Cognition Approach - Correct Answer ✅Focus on studying cognition in: everyday contexts relation to and interaction with body Lecture 2.1 - Correct Answer ✅ Information Transmission (neuronal) - Correct Answer ✅1) Presynaptic action potential

2. Neurotransmitter release
3. Neurotransmitter binding
4. Ion flow

Questions and Answers

5. Postsynaptic potential
6. Excitatory postsynaptic potential may -> action potential (spike)
7. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential may -> prevent spike An action potential is typically transmitted from one neuron to another:

• From a dendrite of a neuron to the axon of the other neuron
• Directly between their cell bodies
• From the axon of a neuron to a dendrite of the other neuron
• By release of vesicles into the synaptic cleft - Correct Answer ✅ Long-term potentiation - Correct Answer ✅an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Questions and Answers

Learning is thought to result from:

• Signal transmission between neurons (neurotransmission)
• A specialized brain module for learning
• Modification of the links (synapses) between neurons via experience
• Cognitive processing independent of the brain - Correct Answer ✅ brainsteam - Correct Answer ✅midbrain, hindbrain, (spinal cord?) Which of the following is incorrect?
• The hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain are three major divisions of the brain
• The rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, prosencephalon are three major divisions of the brain
• The division of the brain closest to the spinal cord is the hindbrain

Questions and Answers

• The brainstem consists of the midbrain and forebrain - Correct Answer ✅ Hindbrain - Correct Answer ✅medulla, pons, cerebellum Midbrain - Correct Answer ✅tectum, tegmentum, reticular formation Forebrain - Correct Answer ✅Thalamus, Hypothalamus Forebrain: Telencephalon/Cerebrum - Correct Answer ✅Basal ganglia Limbic system Cerebral cortex/Neocortex

Questions and Answers

Lateral Fissure - Correct Answer ✅separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes ? Superior Temporal Gyrus - Correct Answer ✅-hill -the large gyrus of the temporal lobe adjacent to the lateral fissure; the location of auditory cortex Superior Temporal Sulcus - Correct Answer ✅-grove -responds to where the person is looking and to mouth movements Cerebral cortex/neocortex: Lobes - Correct Answer ✅ Four subcortical structures - Correct Answer ✅Cerebellum Hindbrain Thalamus

Questions and Answers

forebrain, diencephelon Basal ganglia forebrain, telencephelon Limbic system forebrain, telencephalon Role of Cerebellum - Correct Answer ✅involved with motor memory and classically conditioned learningsmooth coordinated body movments Role of thalamus: - Correct Answer ✅pretty much all information goes through here!! (in/out) Basal ganglia - Correct Answer ✅Motor sequencing

Questions and Answers

Cognitive skills: habit learning action selection prediction language patterns Limbic system - Correct Answer ✅Attentional monitoring (cingulate gyrus) Memory (hippocampus) Emotion (amygdala) lecture 2.2 - Correct Answer ✅ Brain Imaging - Correct Answer ✅

Questions and Answers

Single-Unit Recording - Correct Answer ✅recording of the electrical activity of a single neuron Not whole chain Tiny region Particular processing Multiunit techniques Properties of cells Single-cell recording enables understanding the response properties of:

• a lobe of the brain all at once
• a hemisphere of the brain all at once

Questions and Answers

• one or a few neurons at a time
• the whole brain - Correct Answer ✅ The Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Correct Answer ✅An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. Not from individual neurons Recording at skull waves from neurons ("generators") conducted through skull weaker with distance multiple electrodes: triangulate location characteristic wave patterns

Questions and Answers

EEG patterns - Correct Answer ✅beta, alpha, theta, delta EEG uses - Correct Answer ✅Sleep Epilepsy Anesthesia Normal brain function Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) - Correct Answer ✅changes in the brain's electrical activity that occur in response to the presentation of a particular stimulus ERP study: Processing emotion words - Correct Answer ✅Kissler et al. (2007) high vs low emotional arousal words

Questions and Answers

emotional words higher 200 to 300 ms Left occipito-temporal areas Early effect of emotional arousal Single Unit Recording vs. ERP - Correct Answer ✅Brain: packed football stadium What's happening inside? few individual people listen to exactly what they say = single-unit recording few microphones outside stadium crowd noise

Questions and Answers

= ERP

C(A)T scan - Correct Answer ✅Computed (Axial) Tomography a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan - Correct Answer ✅a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Correct Answer ✅a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) - Correct Answer ✅an imaging technique used to examine changes in

Questions and Answers

the activity of the working human brain by measuring changes in the blood's oxygen levels Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) - Correct Answer ✅Noninvasive technique that gathers light transmitted through cortical tissue to image blood-oxygen consumption; form of optical tomography. ERP pro: excellent temporal resolution ERP con: poor spatial resolution PET and fMRI pro: good spatial resolution con: poor temporal resolution fNIRS: similar pros/cons to ERP blood flow changes, not electrical activity - Correct Answer ✅

Questions and Answers

PET and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) enable imaging: The electrical activity of the brain Blood flow in the brain - Correct Answer ✅ Neuropsychology - Correct Answer ✅Study of cognitive processing in patients with brain injury (lesion) or deterioration Causes of brain injury/deterioration - Correct Answer ✅Blood flow reduction cerebro-vascular disorder/accident; stroke Head injuries Tumors Infections

Questions and Answers

Degenerative disorders First neuropsychological finding - Correct Answer ✅ 1861 discovery: left frontal damage, speech impairment aphasia Paul Broca "Broca's area"; Broca's aphasia Halting, effortful speech Broca's area - Correct Answer ✅Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. Wernicke's aphasia - Correct Answer ✅1874, Carl Wernicke temporal lobe damage

Questions and Answers

different aphasia Poor comprehension fluent speech nonsensical Wernicke's area; Wernicke's aphasia Spatial cognition Right parietal lobe injury -> - Correct Answer ✅impairment of visual spatial cognition, attention Hippocampus injury -> - Correct Answer ✅impairment of some types of memory (but not others) Lecture 3.1 perception - Correct Answer ✅

Questions and Answers

Sensation: - Correct Answer ✅receiving the external stimulation via receptors Perception: - Correct Answer ✅determining what it is that was sensed Constructionist view of perception - Correct Answer ✅- Perception is constructed via cognitive processes

• the stimuli in the environment are not all that is required for perception ecological view of perception - Correct Answer ✅- direct perception
• no mental processing
• the stimuli in the environment provide all that we need for perception proximal stimulus - Correct Answer ✅- In perception, it is the information our sensory receptors receive about the object.
• retinal image