College Biology Final Exam Questions with Complete Solutions., Exams of Biology

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College Biology Final Exam Questions with

Complete Solutions.

Passive Transport - > the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell Diffusion - > the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Facilitated Diffusion - > movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels Osmosis - > diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Active Transport - > energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Endocytosis - > the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell Exocytosis - > the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out Mutation - > change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information Gene regulation - > ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment. DNA - > deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics Gene - > sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Chromosome - > threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next Chromatin - > long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes mRNA - > A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA. rRNA - > ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome tRNA - > The type of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis Transcription - > process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA Translation - > (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm Codon - > a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid Anticodon - > group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon homologous chromosomes - > chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis Fertilization - > process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell Meiosis - > process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell Mitosis - > cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Gamete - > a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes Selective permeability - > A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. Elodea cells - > these cells have a uniform brick shape and size; they contain chloroplasts-hence they are green; there is a cell wall and cell membrane visible DNA replication steps - > The old strands are unzipped. Complementary base pairing, then joining. Each daughter DNA contains a template strand and a new strand Ribose - > a five-carbon sugar present in RNA Substitution - > a mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide Insertion - > A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. Deletion - > (1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene. Anaphase - > the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle Metaphase - > second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Interphase - > a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins Prophase - > first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

advantages of asexual - > Faster reproduction betters chance of survival, as long as conditions remain favorable; however, lack of genetic identity in unfavorable conditions can be harmful Disadvantages of sexual reproduction - > need two organisms (can't just have males and females), inherit bad genes, slow population growth Cytokinesis - > organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells Watson and Crick - > Figured out structure of DNA was a double helix Hypotonic - > when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol Hypertonic - > describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell Isotonic - > when the concentration of two solutions is the same Organelles - > membrane-enclosed compartments (subcellular structures) Cell Fractionation - > taking cells apart and separating the major organelles from one another Prokaryotic Cell - > a type of cell which has its DNA concentrated at the nucleoid, which is not surrounded by a membrane Nucleoid - > the area not enclosed by a membrane where the DNA is concentrated, in a prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic Cell - > a type of cell which has a true nucleus, and many organelles Cytoplasm - > the entire space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane Plasma Membrane - > the selective barrier which allows the sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell at the boundary of the cell

Flagellum - > locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane-enclosed microtubules Centrosome - > region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; in an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles Cytoskeleton - > reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components made of protein (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) Microvilli - > projections that increase the cell's surface area Peroxisome - > organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide Mitochindrion - > organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is produced Lysosome - > digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed Golgi Apparatus - > organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products Ribosomes - > nonmembranous organelles that make proteins, free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER nuclear envelope Chromatin - > material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell Nucleolus - > nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli Nuclear Envelope - > double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores, contiguous with ER Cell Wall - > outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein

Plasmodesmata - > channels through the cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells Chloroplast - > photosynthetic organelle, converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules Central Vacuole - > prominent organelle in older plant cells, functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth Endoplasmic Reticulum - > network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough(ribosome-studded) and smooth regions Vesicles - > sacs made of membrane Glycoproteins - > proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them Transport Vesicles - > vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another Phagocytosis - > the process of engulfing smaller organisms or food particles Food Vacuoles - > vacuoles which store food Contractile Vacuoles - > they pump out excess water due to osmosis Cristae - > infoldings of the inner membrane in mitochondria Mitochondrial Matrix - > the space in between the cristae Thylakoids - > membranous system in the form of interconnected sacs in chloroplast Granum/ Grana - > each stack in the choloroplast Stroma - > the fluid outside the thylakoids

Centrioles - > composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring Integral Proteins - > proteins which penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer Peripheral Proteins - > proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer, but are loosely bound to the surface Glycoproteins - > carbohydrates covalently bonded to protein Glycolipid - > carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipid Adhesion - > intermolecular attraction between unlike molecules Carbohydrate - > A macromolecule that contains atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio and serves as a major source of energy for living things Catalyst - > A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a faster rate by lowering activation energy Cohesion - > The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. Creates a surface tension of water. Concentration - > The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined with another substance. Enzyme - > A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction; organic catalyst Freezing Point - > The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid; water 0C Lipids - > A group of organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; are insoluble in water; serve as a source of stored energy Macromolecule - > A polymer with a high molecular mass; four groups within living things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids

Monomer - > A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or different compound to form a polymer Nucleic Acids - > A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus that stores genetic information Organic molecule - > A molecule containing carbon that is part of or produced by living systems pH - > The measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of an aqueous solution ranging from 1 - 14; measure of H+ ion Protein - > A macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells Energy - > the ability to do work or cause change Free energy - > energy that is available to do work Activation energy - > the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction Reactant - > element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction Product - > a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction Substrate - > reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction Chemical Reaction - > the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances Aqueous Solution - > a solution in which water is the solvent Polarity - > uneven distribution of charges across a molecule Hydrogen bond - > Weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms

Acid - > compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; falls below 7 on the pH scale Base - > any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; falls above 7 on the pH scale Neutral - > a substance that has equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions in a solution; have a pH of 7 Buffer - > substance that maintains a fairly constant pH in a solution by accepting H+ ions when their levels rise and donating H+ ions when their levels fall Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) - > a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule Hydrolysis - > Breaking down complex molecules into monomers by the chemical addition of water. Monosaccharide - > Monomer for carbohydrates Fatty acid - > Most common type of lipid Amino Acid - > Monomer for proteins Nucleotide - > Monomer for nucleic acids Phospholipid - > Type of lipid used to make cell membranes Peptide Bond - > Type of bond connecting two amino acids to form a protein Reduction-Oxidation Reaction - > a reaction that occurs when electrons are transferred from one reactant to another Reduction - > Product that has gained electrons giving it a negative charge Oxidation - > Product that has lost electrons giving it a positive charge

Endergonic Reaction - > Type of reaction that absorbs energy Exergonic Reaction - > Type of chemical reaction that releases energy Mixture - > a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding) Solution - > mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed Solute - > the substance that is dissolved Solvent - > the substance in which the solute dissolves Prokaryotic Cell - > The 1st type of cell to evolve; no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; bacteria Eukaryotic Cell - > A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; all organisms other than bacteria; evolved later Chromosome - > A structure made of DNA that is found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells; contains genetic information DNA - > The material that contains genetic information and determines inherited characteristics; found in all cells Plasmid - > A circular DNA found in bacteria Flagella - > A long, hairlike structure used for locomotion in some eukaryotic cells Ribosome - > The site of protein synthesis Cytoskeleton - > A network of protein filaments and tubes that assists with cell movement and shape

Cell Wall - > The rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane of some types of cells (plant and fungi cells) and provides support to the cell golgi apparatus - > Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs that receive, modify, and repackage newly synthesized proteins & lipids endoplasmic reticulum - > A folded system of membranes that serves as the cell's delivery system rough E.R. - > E.R. that contains ribosomes smooth E.R. - > E.R. that does not contain ribosomes lysosome - > Membrane-bound bags of digestive enzymes cytoplasm - > Organelles and cytosol (the semi-fluid substance that surrounds organelles mitochondria - > Site of cellular respiration in the cell/provides energy for the cell by breaking down food molecules vesicle - > Membrane-bound, fluid-filled sac in the cell, often used in transport or storage nucleus - > Manages cell function and contains the DNA vacuole - > Sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane that provides a space for temporary storage of materials cell/plasma membrane - > Flexible outer boundary that controls movement of materials into and out of the cell and helps maintain chemical balance in cell contractile vacuole - > A special vacuole found in some cells that contracts & disposes of excess water in cell cilia - > Numerous hair-like fibers that are used to assist in cell locomotion chloroplasts - > Transform light energy into usable chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis

nucleoli - > Produce the ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, found in the nucleus endosome - > Pockets formed from cell membrane to store/transport centrioles - > Special microtubules used in animal cell division cell - > The basic unit of life tissue - > A group of cells that function to perform an activity organ - > A group of 2 or more tissues that function together organ system - > A group of organs that work together to carry out major life functions Mendel - > a Czech monk who studied heredity patterns from pea plants for 7 characteristics that occur in contrasing forms. analyzed data using statistics genes/alleles - > discrete "particles" that traits are inherited as, one received from each parent genes - > segments of chromosomal DNA that code for a particular protein; manifests itself as a charactertistic allele - > alternative forms for a gene that code for a particular trait (ex.flower color) dominant allele - > may "overpower" the other allele (ex.the white flower allele is masked by the purple flower allele b/c purple is dominant) recessive allele - > the masked allele that is overpowered by the dominant allele; usually need homozygous pair for the trait/phenotype to appear in offspring homozygous - > pure; individuals with 2 of the same allele for a trait heterozygous - > hybrid; individuals with 2 different alleles for a trait

genotype - > genetic make-up, or the combination of alleles for a given trait phenotype - > the physical appearance (determined by the genotype/alleles) unless the genotype shows a recessive trait in which case it is homozygous recessive segregation - > any trait which is produced by at least a pair of alleles which (separates) into different gametes during meiosis (or # of genes would double) punnett square - > a chart used to determine the possible gene combinations of offspring zygote - > the offspring independent assortment - > alleles for different traits are not connected and are distributed to gametes independently of one another; the possible combinations can be shown as dihybrid on a punnett square dihybrid - > the combinations for more than one trait (ex. RrYy x RrYy) sex-linked traits - > these traits are located on the female x chromosome; what is inherited is determined by whether the offspring is female or male X - > the female sex chromosome, sex-linked traits are located on this chromosome Y - > the male sex chromosome, males are more likely to inherit sex-linked traits such as colorblindness b/c this chromosome cannot overpower the female x chromosome probability and genetics - > the probability of 2 independent events occuring at the same time is the product of their individual probabilities incomplete dominance - > parental genes blend together to form an intermediate expression of the trait (ex.flower color, red and white makes pink) multiple alleles - > set of 3 or more different alleles controls a trait (ex.blood type; a result of codominance) codominance - > both alleles are expressed equally

multiple genes - > many genes affect a single trait (ex.skin and eye color) modifier genes - > epistasis; genes that influence the expression of other genes (ex.eye color affected by melanin gene) environment and effect on genes - > location affects the development of an organism (ex.temp and sex of sea turtles; plant height) population sampling - > study a few individuals and use the results to infer for a larger population twin studies - > identical twins can be used to determine the influence of genetics vs. the environment pedigree studies - > studying family records to see how traits are inherited (carriers=heterozygous for that trait) single allele traits - > traits coded for by Dom./Rec./Codom. genes dom/rec traits - > tongue rolling, free earlobe, widow's peak dominant disorder - > huntington's disease recessive disorder - > cystic fibrosis codominant disorder - > sickle-cell disease sex-influenced traits - > traits whose expression is influenced by sex hormones; alleles are not on sex chromosome b/c they are autosomes autosome - > all the chromosomes are this EXCEPT sex chromosomes non-disjunctions - > occurs during meiosis in which 1 gamete has 2 for that chromosome and other other has none; when fertilized the one w/ 2 will have 3 of that chromosome, one with none will have 1

examples of non-disjunctions - > trisomy 21 (down syndrome) trisomy 13 (patau syndrome) trisomy 18 (edward syndrome) XXY (klinefelter syndrome) XO (turner syndrome) detecting genetic disorders - > genetic screening techniques can be used to diagnose a genetic disorder DNA sampling - > DNA samples can be analyzed for the known causes of some diseases karyotyping - > pictures of chromosomes amniocentisis - > taking amniotic fluid; allows for karyotyping of the detus chorionic villus biopsy - > sampling of the structure that grows between the uterus and placenta (for karyotyping) ultrasound - > using sound waves to create a picture of the fetus fetoscopy - > inserting a small camera through a small incision in the uterus for direct observation gene therapy - > a treatment involving the introduction of normal alleles into body cells; should result in the production of the needed proteins