Community-Based Health Care and Public Health in the Philippines, Exams of Nursing

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CPH LAB - PREMID

public health - correct answer ✔✔can be traced to the earliest record of civilization Community-based health care - correct answer ✔✔a health care system that provides health-related services within the context of people's daily lives Health - correct answer ✔✔defined by the World Health Organization as a state of physical, mental and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health - correct answer ✔✔In its holistic philosophy differs greatly from that of the acute care settings. Health - correct answer ✔✔designates the ability to adopt to changing environments Health - correct answer ✔✔respond adaptively to a wide variety of environmental challenges Anspaugh, Hamrick and Rosato (2006) - correct answer ✔✔propose seven components of wellness

1. Physical
2. Social
3. Emotional
4. Intellectual
5. Spiritual
6. Occupational
7. Environmental - correct answer ✔✔What are the seven components of wellness? Physical - correct answer ✔✔Your ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness, maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally practice positive lifestyle habits.

Social - correct answer ✔✔Your ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is part, to develop and maintain intimacy with significant others, and to develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs. Emotional - correct answer ✔✔Your ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately. Your emotional wellness involves the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one's limitations. Intellectual - correct answer ✔✔Your ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. Your intellectual wellness involves striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively spiritual - correct answer ✔✔Your belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. It includes your own morals, values, and ethics. Occupational - correct answer ✔✔Your ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time. Your beliefs about education, employment, and home influence your personal satisfaction and relationships with others.

• correct answer ✔✔Your ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and your quality of life in the community. This includes influences such as food, water and air. Wellness - correct answer ✔✔involves working on all aspects of the model. Models - correct answer ✔✔can be helpful in assisting health professionals to meet the health and wellness needs of individuals. clinical model role performance model adaptive model eudemonistic model

agent-host-environment model health illness continua. - correct answer ✔✔Models of health include Clinical Model - correct answer ✔✔The narrowest interpretation of health Clinical Model - correct answer ✔✔You are viewed as physiological systems with related functions

1. Clinical Model - correct answer ✔✔health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury
2. Clinical Model - correct answer ✔✔It is considered the state of not being "sick". In this model the opposite of health is disease or injury.
3. Clinical Model - correct answer ✔✔Many medical practitioners use this model in their focus on the relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination of malfunction and pain
4. Role Performance Model - correct answer ✔✔in this model, Health is defined in terms of the individual's ability to fulfill societal roles.
5. Role Performance Model - correct answer ✔✔It is assumed in this model that sickness is the inability to perform one's work role.
6. Adaptive Model - correct answer ✔✔in this model, health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation, or maladaptation
7. Adaptive Model - correct answer ✔✔According to this model, extreme good health is flexible adaptation to the environment and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage.
8. Eudemonistic Model - correct answer ✔✔in this model, Health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of a person's potential Actualization - correct answer ✔✔apex of the fully developed personality

Abraham Maslow - correct answer ✔✔Actualization is the apex of the fully developed personality, described by actualization - correct answer ✔✔In this model, the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development, which is

4. Eudemonistic Model - correct answer ✔✔Illness in this model is a condition that prevents self- actualization. physiological needs: food, warmth, water, rest safety needs: security and safety - correct answer ✔✔under the basic needs esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment belongingness and love needs: intimate relationship and friends - correct answer ✔✔psychological needs self-actualization: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities - correct answer ✔✔under the self-fulfillment needs Agent-Host-Environment Model - correct answer ✔✔also known as ecologic model, agent-host-environment model - correct answer ✔✔originated in the community health work and has been expanded into a general theory of the multiple causes of disease.
5. Agent-Host-Environment Model - correct answer ✔✔The model is primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness Environment - correct answer ✔✔All factors external to that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease.

Physical environment - correct answer ✔✔includes climate, living conditions, sound levels and economic level Social environment - correct answer ✔✔includes interactions with others and life events, such as the death of a spouse. health - correct answer ✔✔an ever-changing state Health-illness continua - correct answer ✔✔can be used to measure your perceived level of wellness Dunn - correct answer ✔✔described a health grid in which a health axis and an environment axis intersect Dunn's-High Level Wellness Grid - correct answer ✔✔The grid interaction of the environment with the illness-wellness continuum High-level wellness in a favorable environment - correct answer ✔✔An example is a person who implements healthy lifestyle behaviors and has the biopsychosocial, spiritual, and economic resources to support this lifestyle. Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment - correct answer ✔✔An example is a woman who has the knowledge to implement healthy lifestyle practices but does not implement adequate self-care practices because of family responsibilities, job demands or other factors Protected poor health in a favorable environment - correct answer ✔✔An example is an ill person whose needs are met by the health care system and who has access to appropriate medications, diet and health care institution. Poor health in an unfavorable environment - correct answer ✔✔An example is a young child who is starving in a drought-stricken country. Family wellness - correct answer ✔✔enhances wellness in individuals

Environmental wellness - correct answer ✔✔related to premise that humans must be at peace with and guard the environment. Societal wellness - correct answer ✔✔significant because the status of the larger, social group affects the status of smaller groups. Social environment - correct answer ✔✔includes interactions with others and life events, such as the death of a spouse. Travis' Illness-Wellness continuum - correct answer ✔✔Travis ranges from high-level wellness to premature death. Travis' Illness-Wellness continuum - correct answer ✔✔The model illustrates two arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral point. : Illness-wellness continuum - correct answer ✔✔This model also compares the traditional treatment model with the wellness model community - correct answer ✔✔collection of people who share some attribute of their lives and interact with each other in some way communities of interest - correct answer ✔✔Groups that constitute a community because of common member interests are often referred to as community - correct answer ✔✔can also be defined as a social system in which the members interact formally or informally and form networks that operate for the benefit of all people in the community Mutual support Social interparticipation Social control Socialization

Production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services - correct answer ✔✔functions of a community Production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services - correct answer ✔✔. These are the means by which the community provides for the economic needs of its members. Socialization - correct answer ✔✔refers to the process of transmitting values, knowledge, culture and skills to other. Examples of established institutions for socialization; families, churches, schools, media, voluntary and social organizations. Social control - correct answer ✔✔refers to the way in which order is maintained in a community. Laws are enforced by the implementing agencies. Public health regulations are implemented to protect people from certain disease. Social interparticipation - correct answer ✔✔refers to community activities that are designed to meet people's needs for companionship. Mutual support - correct answer ✔✔refers to the community's ability to provide resources at a time of illness or disaster. Community health - correct answer ✔✔part of paramedical and medical intervention/approach concerned on health of the whole population that aims primarily on promotion of health, prevention of illnesses and management of factors affecting health Public health - correct answer ✔✔the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - correct answer ✔✔CDC Government agencies - correct answer ✔✔established at the local and national levels to provide public health services. Anderson and McFarlane - correct answer ✔✔identified eight subsystems of the community for analysis.

(PESPHCER)

Physical environment Education Safety and transportation Politics and Government Health and social services Communication Economics Recreations - correct answer ✔✔eight subsystems Physical environment - correct answer ✔✔Consider the natural boundaries, size, and population density; types of dwellings; and incidence of crime, vandalism, and substance abuse. Education - correct answer ✔✔Consider educational facilities; existing school health facilities; type and amount of health services handled by the school; school lunch programs; extracurricular sports, libraries, and counseling services; continuing education or extended education programs; and extent of parental involvement in the schools Safety and transportation - correct answer ✔✔Consider fire, police and sanitation services; sources pf water and its treatment; quality of the air; garbage disposal service; availability and safety of public transportation; and availability of ambulance services. Health and social services - correct answer ✔✔Consider existing hospitals, health care facilities and health care services; number. Type and routine caseloads of community health professionals; geographic, economic and cultural accessibility to health care services; sources of health information; level of immunization among children and adults; life expectancy in the community; availability of home health care and long-term care services; and availability of transportation services to all major health facilities. Communication - correct answer ✔✔Consider local newspapers, radio, and tv stations, postal services, internet access and telephone services; frequency of public forums; and presence of informal bulletin boards

Economics - correct answer ✔✔Consider the main industries and occupations; percentage of the population employed or attending school; income levels and quality and type of housing; occupational health programs; and major employers in the community Recreations - correct answer ✔✔Consider recreational facilities in the community and outside the community; theaters and movie houses; number and types of church and religious services; number and utilization of playgrounds, pools, parks and sports facilities. Community initiatives - correct answer ✔✔being sponsored by some hospitals or local community agencies like Non-government organizations. These activities involve members of the community to establish health priorities, set measurable goals and determine actions to reach these goals. Community coalitions - correct answer ✔✔bring together individuals and groups for the shared purpose of improving the community's health. It may focus on a single or multifaceted problem Community coalitions - correct answer ✔✔It may focus on a single or multifaceted problem Community coalitions - correct answer ✔✔For example, establishment of an abuse programs catering victims of domestic abuses, gang prevention program, older adult assessment program or an immunization program for high-risk groups. managed care - correct answer ✔✔which is a common model in health care restructuring, health care providers join to meet health needs across the care continuum managed care - correct answer ✔✔Providers are organized into groups and the client must select one from the group to which he or she belongs. Managed care aims in this way to enhance the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care. Case management - correct answer ✔✔integrative health care model that tracks client's needs and services through a variety of care settings to ensure continuity Case management - correct answer ✔✔Another aspect of case management is assisting the client and family to understand and navigate their way through the health care system

Outreach programs - correct answer ✔✔using lay health workers are a method of linking underserved or high-risk populations with the formal health care system. Outreach programs - correct answer ✔✔these programs can reduce barriers to health care, increase access to services and thus improve the health status of the community. health care system - correct answer ✔✔the totality of services offered by all health disciplines primary prevention - correct answer ✔✔which consists of health promotion and illness prevention secondary prevention - correct answer ✔✔which consists of diagnosis and treatment tertiary prevention - correct answer ✔✔which consists of rehabilitation, health restoration and palliative care. Healthy People - correct answer ✔✔, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a project called Hospitals and physician's offices - correct answer ✔✔have been the major agencies offering these complex secondary prevention services Hospitals - correct answer ✔✔continue to focus significant resources on patients requiring emergency, intensive and around-the-clock acute care. Freestanding diagnostic and treatment facilities - correct answer ✔✔have also evolved and serve ever- growing numbers of clients. For example, X-ray clinics and related radiologic diagnostic procedures are commonly performed at physician-or-corporate owned centers Tertiary Prevention - correct answer ✔✔to help people move to their previous level of health or to the highest level they are capable of given their current health status.

Rehabilitative care - correct answer ✔✔emphasizes the importance of assisting clients to function adequately in the physical, mental, social, economic and vocational areas of their lives. Health care agencies and services - correct answer ✔✔are numerous physician's office - correct answer ✔✔a primary care setting Clients - correct answer ✔✔usually go to a physician's office for routine health screening, illness diagnosis and treatment People - correct answer ✔✔seek consultation from physicians when they are experiencing symptoms of illness or when a significant other considers the person to be ill Ambulatory care centers - correct answer ✔✔used frequent in many communities industrial clinic - correct answer ✔✔. Occupational health clinic is also known as Hospitals - correct answer ✔✔can be classified according to their ownership or control as government (public) or nongovernment (private). Subacute care - correct answer ✔✔variation of inpatient care designed for someone who has an acute illness, injury, or exacerbation of a disease process. Health - correct answer ✔✔basic human right guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution of 1987 Department of Health (DOH) - correct answer ✔✔supervises the government corporate hospitals, specialty and regional hospitals Department of National Defense - correct answer ✔✔runs the military hospitals human immunodeficiency virus - correct answer ✔✔(HIV)

(VPDs) - correct answer ✔✔vaccine-preventable diseases department of health (DOH) - correct answer ✔✔the country's principal health agency Universal health care - correct answer ✔✔Kalusugan Pangkalahatan BEmONC - correct answer ✔✔(basic emergency obstetric and neonatal/newborn care) (comprehensive emergency obstetric and neonatal/newborn care). - correct answer ✔✔CEmONC Expanded Program on Immunization - correct answer ✔✔(EPI) RHU - correct answer ✔✔Rural Health Unit MERS - correct answer ✔✔Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory syndrome - correct answer ✔✔SARS Global Adult Tobacco Survey - correct answer ✔✔GATS

• correct answer ✔✔(Department of Health-Philippine Statistics Authority Mental health - correct answer ✔✔Patients with mental health issues seek services from psychiatrists in private clinics in major cities or in hospitals with mental health services. Primary Health Care - correct answer ✔✔All people, everywhere, deserve the right care, right in their community

Primary health care - correct answer ✔✔PHC Primary health care (PHC - correct answer ✔✔addresses the majority of a person's health needs throughout their lifetime.

1. Barangay Health Worker or Village Health Worker
2. Intermediate level Primary Health Worker - correct answer ✔✔There are two types of primary health care workers in the Philippines
3. Active Community Participation
4. Intra and Inter-sectoral linkages
5. Use of appropriate technology
6. Support mechanism made available - correct answer ✔✔Four Pillars of PHC . 4 A's a. Accessibility b. Availability c. Affordability and Acceptability d. Appropriateness of health services - correct answer ✔✔Primary health care is run with the following principles: Community participation - correct answer ✔✔heart and soul of primary health care. People - correct answer ✔✔center, object and subject of development. Self-reliance - correct answer ✔✔Through community participation and cohesiveness of people's organization they can generate support for health care through social mobilization, networking and mobilization of local resources Development - correct answer ✔✔is the quest for an improved quality of life for all

Social Mobilization - correct answer ✔✔• It enhances people's participation or governance, support system provided by the government, networking and developing secondary leaders.

8. Decentralization - correct answer ✔✔This ensures empowerment and that empowerment can only be facilitated if the administrative structure provides local level political structures with more substantive responsibilities for development initiators. This also facilities proper allocation of budgetary resources.