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Community-Oriented Nursing and Population Health, Exams of Nursing

An overview of community-oriented nursing and its focus on the health of populations and communities. It covers key concepts such as the disaster cycle, family nursing, crisis management, health advocacy, and community assessment. The document highlights the importance of nurses working as partners with other healthcare professionals to address the broader determinants of health and improve the overall well-being of communities. It discusses the role of nursing organizations, health policy, and global initiatives like the world health assembly and primary health care in shaping the future of nursing and community-focused healthcare delivery. The comprehensive coverage of community-oriented nursing principles, practices, and their application makes this document a valuable resource for students, nurses, and healthcare professionals interested in understanding and implementing a population health approach to nursing.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/09/2024

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1. disaster recovery plan: a detailed process for recovering information or a

system in the event of a catastrophic disaster

2. Disaster Response: - warning/evacuation

  • saving people
  • providing immediate assistance
  • assessing damage

3. Disaster Preparedness: measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects

of disasters. That is, to predict and, where possible, prevent disasters, mitigate their impact on vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences

4. The Disaster Cycle - Recovery: Complex process in which the risk of morbidity

and mortality is reduced to a level at which the community can cope. Recovery has no timed interval and may take years.

5. The Disaster Cycle - Response: Keep calm & Do no harm;

Prioritize needs; establish equilibrium in the lives of the impacted populations. Analyze the best use of resources. Triage. Stand up a shelter.

6. The Disaster Cycle - Preparedness: First step in planning for a disaster;

involves improving community and individual reaction and responses

Requires Local team building, Risk analysis, Resource assessment, a Response Plan Includes providing anticipatory guidance, drills for response and escape plans

7. disaster environmental factors: those factors that potentially contribute to

or mitigate a disaster. The agent factor is the natural or technological element that causes the disaster. The host is the human experiencing the disaster.

8. Shelter in place: taking immediate shelter where you are-at home, work,

or school-and remaining there until you are told by the authorities it is safe to leave. When used, people should plan to have 72 hours of food, water, and supplies on hand.

9. indirect victim: an individual who is not immediately affected by the event;

this person may be a family member or friend of the victim or a first responder

10. Refugees: Direct victims who have been forced to leave their country in

order to escape war, religious persecution, or political turmoil.

11. Displaced Persons: a person who is forced to leave their homes to escape

the effects of a disaster

12. casualty: serious or fatal accident; person killed or wounded in an

accident or battle

13. crisis intervention: a treatment approach that tries to help people in a

psycho- logical crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis

14. crisis intervention - generic approach: Designed to reach high-risk people

and large groups who have experienced the same disaster. Teaches about the expected emotional reactions to the disaster; promotes adaptive responses.

15. Disaster Response - environmental manipulation: Environmental manipula- tion

results in the change of a person's physical or interpersonal situation, providing situational support to relieve stress. An example of environmental manipulation is when a community health nurse coordinates the reunification of family members separated by the disaster.

16. Bioterrorism: the use of biological and chemical weapons in terrorist

attacks

17. explosives: a substance or piece of equipment that can cause explosions

18. Nerve Agents: Substances that interfere with the central nervous system.

19. Bioweapon: living organism or its product used to inflict harm

20. Definition of family: two or more people who consider themselves related

by blood, marriage, or adoption. The members are self-defined.

21. universal characteristics of families: Characteristics universal to all families

include that every family is a small social system, moves through stages in its life cycle, has its own cultural values and rules, has structure, and has certain basic functions.

22. Family Health Nursing: Some nurses view family nursing as its own distinct

specialty. Some nurses view family nursing as part of other specialties such as community health nursing, maternal child nursing, or mental health nursing. Nurses can provide care to individuals within the family or to the family as the client or to the family as a system. When providing care to individuals, the nurse needs to include the family in the assessment.

23. Family Culture: The beliefs and traditions of a family. Explains why

families behave as they do.

24. family structure: the outward characteristics of a family, such as whether or

not the parents are married.The people who are members of a family interact, care for one another, and bond in ways that may never be fully understood by anyone outside the family. The varying family structures or

compositions comprise the collective characteristics of individuals who make up a family unit. Families structures can be categorized into two general categories: traditional and contemporary.

25. Family Roles: embody the function individuals fulfill within the family

26. family values: the orientations people have toward family responsibilities.

These influence family behavior and all members are not consciously aware of them.

27. Family behavior: varies across the world

e.g., extended families living together to Dad washing dishes

28. Nurse-family relationship: Many nursing situations, especially those in com-

munity and home care settings, require the nurse to form helping relationships with entire families.

29. Nurse-Family Partnership: A nurse-led evidence based, home visitation pro-

gram that improves the health, well-being and self sufficiency of low income, first-time parents and their children"

30. home visit: A trip to a family home to talk with family members and see the

home environment

31. Genogram: A family diagram that depicts each member of the family and

shows connections between the generations. Symbols have meaning and define people and relationships.

32. Eco-map: A diagram of the connections between a family and the other

systems in its ecologic environment; originally devised to depict the complexity of the client's story.

33. family functioning: the capacity of the family to meet the needs of

family members

34. Empowering families: Approaches for helping individuals and families

assume an active role in promoting their health care Access and control over needed resources Decision-making and problem-solving abilities The ability to communicate and to obtain needed resources

35. Family Health: a condition including the promotion and maintenance of

phys- ical, mental, spiritual, and social health for the family unit and for individual family members.

36. Family Health: a dynamic changing relative state of well-being that

includes the biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and spiritual factors of the family system

37. family coping: a family's ability to manage stressful events or situations

as a unit with minimal or no detrimental effects on any individual members

38. family communication: sharing of information, ideas, and feelings with

each other

39. home assessment: a checklist for gathering information about the quality

of a family's health and home life through observation and interview

40. Family Assessment: Risk factors, family strengths, relationships among

family members, genetics

41. crisis: a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger

42. situational crisis: A situational crisis is a stressful, disrupting event arising

from external circumstances that occur suddenly to a person, group, aggregate, or community. Situational crises often occur without warning. Situational crises occur to people because of where they are in time and space. Situational crises cannot be predicted, expected, or planned. Some situational crises arise from positive events such as significant job promotion or sudden acquisition of great wealth because the change makes increased demands on individuals who must make major life adjustments.

43. developmental crisis: occur as a person moves through the stages of life.

May be positive or negative. Usually predictable change.

44. sexual abuse: Any sexual contact that is forced upon a person against his

or her will

45. child neglect: failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or

emotional needs

46. child abuse: deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical,

emotional, or sexual well-being

47. emotional abuse: a pattern of behavior that attacks the emotional

development and sense of worth of an individual

48. Elder Abuse and Neglect: Reports have increased greatly in recent years

All states have set up reporting systems Special problem for elders May be frail Unable to defend themselves Vulnerable to telemarketing and mail scams Most common victims of theft of benefit checks

49. Internet Safety: very important rules and awareness regarding dangers of

the internet

50. internet crime: illegal acts committed by criminals on the Internet,

including FBI-related scams, identity theft, advance fee fraud, nonauction/nondelivery of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.

51. physical abuse: intentionally causing physical harm to another person

52. cycle of violence: The pattern of repeating violent or abusive behaviors

from one generation to the next.As the cycle of violence continues, the frequency of the cycle increases, with the tension-building phase and the acute battering incident occurring more often, and elimination of the loving

reconciliation phase. Without intervention, this shorter, more violent cycle becomes increasingly risk filled, for

outcomes that may lead to injury or maiming of a partner, incarceration, or death of a partner.

53. batterer characteristics: Characteristics of perpetrators of intimate partner

violence include a belief in strict gender roles, such as male dominance, heavy alcohol and drug use, low academic achievement, and desire for power and control in relationships.

54. Victim Characteristics: Gender, age, social status, marital status, race,

ethnic- ity, and repeat victimization

55. Mandated Reporting: an exception to the principle of confidentiality;

require- ment that when health care professionals suspect or learn firsthand of child abuse or neglect, they report this information to the appropriate state agency

56. suicide risk factors: -Depression

-Family disruption -Substance abuse problems -Relationship problems outside family -Result of series of difficulties over time

57. Family Violence and Abuse: Refers to violence or abuse that takes place

between people who are family members, such as parents, children, siblings, grandparents

58. health policy: Refers to public policy that pertains to or influences the

pursuit of health.

59. health policies: the aggregate of principles that distribute resources,

services, and political influences that impact the health of the population

60. policy: a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a

government, party, business, or individual.

61. social change: The way in which society has changed and is changing

(and also the possibilities for future change)

62. health-advocacy skills: skills used to influence others' health decisions

and behaviors and to emphasize health-related concerns and beliefs

63. Nursing Advocacy: Advocacy by expert and committed health professionals

can bring about positive change for the profession, the community, and the patients that nurses serve

64. Nursing Advocacy: the art of influencing others to adopt a specific course

of action to solve a societal problem

65. Nursing Organizations: Groups for nurses focused on nursing issues of

impor- tance.

66. political activism: Political participation, campaigning, voting, actively

support- ing a political party or political platform

67. professional advocacy: Actions that increase the visibility, legitimacy, and

via- bility of the profession. Lobbying, supporting political issues, and serving as a role model for other staff members.

68. Health Care Policy: refers to decisions, plans, and actions that are

undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society

69. Policy Competence: -knowledge, skills, and abilities that permit one to

analyze the public policymaking process and assess its impact on one's domain of interest

70. Health Care Reform: Facilitated access to care for millions of uninsured

Amer- icans

71. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health: 1. Nurses

should practice to the full extent of their education and training.

2. Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through

an im- proved education system that promotes seamless academic progression.

3.Nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health

professionals, in redesigning health care in the United States.

4.Effective workforce planning and policy making require better data

collection and an improved information infrastructure.

72. Power: The ability of one person to get another person to act in

accordance with the first person's intentions. The ability to control, predict, and participate in one's environment.

73. Empowerment: Empowerment is a process of assisting communities to

come together to express their values and ideas to those outside the community. The process whereby individuals and communities take power and transform their lives.

74. Community-oriented nursing: nursing that has as its primary focus the

health care of either the community or a population of individuals, families, and groups

75. population-focused nursing: -Focuses on the entire population

-Is based on assessment of the population's health status -Considers the broad determinants of health -Emphasizes all levels of prevention -Intervenes with communities, systems, individuals, and families

76. community-oriented: A process that is actively shaped by the unique

experi- ences, knowledge, concerns, values, beliefs, and culture of a given community.

77. Bioterrorism: the deliberate spread of pathogenic organisms into a

community to cause widespread illness, fear, and panic

78. Genomics: study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

79. Genetics: The scientific study of heredity

80. Health Information Technology: Comprehensive management of health infor-

mation and its secure exchange between consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers.

81. genetic screening: the process of testing DNA to determine a person's risk

of having or passing on a genetic disorder

82. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria: international partnership; raise

and invest money from worldwide sources to combat and defeat aids, tuberculosis, and malaria

83. World Health Organization (WHO): A group within the United Nations respon-

sible for human health, including combating the spread of infectious diseases and health issues related to natural disasters.

84. World Bank: A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans

to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

85. sustainable development: development that balances current human well-

be- ing and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations

86. SDG: Sustainable Development Goals

87. Sustainable Development Goals: Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in

2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by

88. Refugee Health: Environmental factors are a primary reason for

compromised health with migrant refugees. These include inadequate waste disposal, crowded and unsanitary living conditions, lack of access to healthful foods, and air pollution from an increased concentration of vehicles used for moving refugees.

89. Migrant Health: Migrants suffer from environmental exposures, suffer from

so- cial hierarchy, conditions of living and work, poverty, too afraid to go to the system to get help.

90. outbreak: More cases of a particular disease than expected in a given

area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time.

91. community as client: -The community client

Nursing practice—community oriented The community is client when the nursing focus is the collective or common good of the population not simply individual health -Relevance of the community client to nursing practice Nursing goal—improved health of the collective -A community practice setting is insufficient reason for saying that practice is oriented toward the community client When the location of the practice is in the community but the focus of

practice is the individual or family, the nursing client remains the individual or family, not the whole community

92. healthy community: a community that embraces the belief that health is

more than merely an absence of disease

93. competent community: A competent community is able to collaborate effec-

tively identifying community needs and problems. A competent community is able to achieve a working consensus on goals and priorities. A competent community is able to agree on ways and means to implement the agreed- upon goals. A competent community is able to collaborate effectively to take the required actions.

94. Healthy People 2020: Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable

dis- ease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

95. Healthy People 2020: A set of disease prevention and health promotion

objec- tives for Americans to meet during the second decade of the new millennium.

96. Community Assessment: Process of critically thinking about the community

and getting to know and understand the community as a client.

Assessments help identify community needs, clarify problems, and identify strengths and resources.

97. Community Data: demographics, economic factors, health indicators

98. Primary data source: Primary sources of information include community

mem- bers, including formal leaders, informal leaders, and community members, and can frequently offer the most accurate insights and comprehensive information.

99. Secondary Data Sources: Other community health nurses as well as

health team members, client records, community health (vital) statistics, census bureau data, reference books, and research reports

100. Community diagnosis: consists of four components: (1) identification

of the health problem or risk, (2) aggregate or community affected, (3) etiological or causal statement, and (4) evidence or support for the diagnosis

101. Community Diagnosis: Description of a community health problem

that serves as the basis for planning and implementing interventions and nursing actions and making evaluative judgments about health concerns. May also include wellness diagnoses, which indicate maintenance or potential change responses (due to growth and development), when no deficit is present.

102. SMART goals: goals that are specific, measurable, attainable,

realistic, and timely

103. objectives: Developed in the planning stage, these reflect the

direction and desired outcomes of certain courses of action.

104. community intervention: an intervention designed for the purpose of

educa- tional and behavioral changes at the population level

105. Community Programs: 1. assess situation/needs

2.plan

3.implement

4.evaluate

106. Dimensions of Health of the Community: The three dimensions of the

health of the community are status/people, structure, and process

107. community status: people in the community; population

characteristics. Most common measure. Includes morbidity & mortality data, vital statistics, leading caus- es of death, demographics, etc.

108. community structure: community services and resources

109. community process: community's ability to function effectively

110. Community Location characteristics: Transportation access, local laws,

tax- es, boundaries, geographic features, climate,, the built environment, location of health services

111. community population characteristics: size, density, growth, culture,

social class, education level, mobility

112. community social system characteristics: social system variables,

health system, family system, economic system, educational system, religious, welfare, political, recreational, legal, etc.

113. Community Needs Assessment: A process for identifying and

quantifying opportunities for improvement in a community.

114. windshield survey components:

people place location of health services natural environment housing social systems

115. problem-oriented assessment: begins with a single problem and

assesses the community in terms of that problem

116. familiarization assessment: aka windshield survey

117. Community subsystem assessment: Focuses on a single dimension of

the community life

118. comprehensive assessment: seeks to discover all relevant community

health information

119. key informant: person knowledgeable about specific aspects of a

problem and the community's current and past attempts to address it

120. community assets assessment: aka asset mapping; focuses on

the strengths and capacities of a community rather than its problems

121. GIS (geographic information system): A computer system that stores,

orga- nizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

122. focus group: a small group of participants chosen because they are

homoge- nous with respect to specific demographic variables

123. health planning: Organized and systematic process in which problems

are identified, priorities selected, and objectives set for the development of community health programs based on the findings of community health assessments and health surveillance data. Takes place during the analysis and design stage.

124. community health implementation: Implementation involves how to

opera- tionalize the plan and a design for monitoring progress.

125. community health evaluation: Evaluation involves examining the costs

and benefits, judging the potential outcomes, modifying the plan, presenting the plan to the sponsoring group or agency, and obtaining acceptance.

126. Priority setting: the process of establishing a preferential order for

nursing strategies

127. goals: broad statements of desired outcomes

128. Universal Imperatives of Care: 1.

mortality 2 .morbidity