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An overview of community-oriented nursing and its focus on the health of populations and communities. It covers key concepts such as the disaster cycle, family nursing, crisis management, health advocacy, and community assessment. The document highlights the importance of nurses working as partners with other healthcare professionals to address the broader determinants of health and improve the overall well-being of communities. It discusses the role of nursing organizations, health policy, and global initiatives like the world health assembly and primary health care in shaping the future of nursing and community-focused healthcare delivery. The comprehensive coverage of community-oriented nursing principles, practices, and their application makes this document a valuable resource for students, nurses, and healthcare professionals interested in understanding and implementing a population health approach to nursing.
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system in the event of a catastrophic disaster
of disasters. That is, to predict and, where possible, prevent disasters, mitigate their impact on vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences
and mortality is reduced to a level at which the community can cope. Recovery has no timed interval and may take years.
Prioritize needs; establish equilibrium in the lives of the impacted populations. Analyze the best use of resources. Triage. Stand up a shelter.
involves improving community and individual reaction and responses
Requires Local team building, Risk analysis, Resource assessment, a Response Plan Includes providing anticipatory guidance, drills for response and escape plans
or mitigate a disaster. The agent factor is the natural or technological element that causes the disaster. The host is the human experiencing the disaster.
or school-and remaining there until you are told by the authorities it is safe to leave. When used, people should plan to have 72 hours of food, water, and supplies on hand.
this person may be a family member or friend of the victim or a first responder
order to escape war, religious persecution, or political turmoil.
the effects of a disaster
accident or battle
psycho- logical crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis
and large groups who have experienced the same disaster. Teaches about the expected emotional reactions to the disaster; promotes adaptive responses.
results in the change of a person's physical or interpersonal situation, providing situational support to relieve stress. An example of environmental manipulation is when a community health nurse coordinates the reunification of family members separated by the disaster.
attacks
by blood, marriage, or adoption. The members are self-defined.
include that every family is a small social system, moves through stages in its life cycle, has its own cultural values and rules, has structure, and has certain basic functions.
specialty. Some nurses view family nursing as part of other specialties such as community health nursing, maternal child nursing, or mental health nursing. Nurses can provide care to individuals within the family or to the family as the client or to the family as a system. When providing care to individuals, the nurse needs to include the family in the assessment.
families behave as they do.
not the parents are married.The people who are members of a family interact, care for one another, and bond in ways that may never be fully understood by anyone outside the family. The varying family structures or
compositions comprise the collective characteristics of individuals who make up a family unit. Families structures can be categorized into two general categories: traditional and contemporary.
These influence family behavior and all members are not consciously aware of them.
e.g., extended families living together to Dad washing dishes
munity and home care settings, require the nurse to form helping relationships with entire families.
gram that improves the health, well-being and self sufficiency of low income, first-time parents and their children"
home environment
shows connections between the generations. Symbols have meaning and define people and relationships.
systems in its ecologic environment; originally devised to depict the complexity of the client's story.
family members
assume an active role in promoting their health care Access and control over needed resources Decision-making and problem-solving abilities The ability to communicate and to obtain needed resources
phys- ical, mental, spiritual, and social health for the family unit and for individual family members.
includes the biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and spiritual factors of the family system
as a unit with minimal or no detrimental effects on any individual members
each other
of a family's health and home life through observation and interview
family members, genetics
from external circumstances that occur suddenly to a person, group, aggregate, or community. Situational crises often occur without warning. Situational crises occur to people because of where they are in time and space. Situational crises cannot be predicted, expected, or planned. Some situational crises arise from positive events such as significant job promotion or sudden acquisition of great wealth because the change makes increased demands on individuals who must make major life adjustments.
May be positive or negative. Usually predictable change.
or her will
emotional needs
emotional, or sexual well-being
development and sense of worth of an individual
All states have set up reporting systems Special problem for elders May be frail Unable to defend themselves Vulnerable to telemarketing and mail scams Most common victims of theft of benefit checks
the internet
including FBI-related scams, identity theft, advance fee fraud, nonauction/nondelivery of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.
from one generation to the next.As the cycle of violence continues, the frequency of the cycle increases, with the tension-building phase and the acute battering incident occurring more often, and elimination of the loving
reconciliation phase. Without intervention, this shorter, more violent cycle becomes increasingly risk filled, for
outcomes that may lead to injury or maiming of a partner, incarceration, or death of a partner.
violence include a belief in strict gender roles, such as male dominance, heavy alcohol and drug use, low academic achievement, and desire for power and control in relationships.
ethnic- ity, and repeat victimization
require- ment that when health care professionals suspect or learn firsthand of child abuse or neglect, they report this information to the appropriate state agency
-Family disruption -Substance abuse problems -Relationship problems outside family -Result of series of difficulties over time
between people who are family members, such as parents, children, siblings, grandparents
pursuit of health.
services, and political influences that impact the health of the population
government, party, business, or individual.
(and also the possibilities for future change)
and behaviors and to emphasize health-related concerns and beliefs
can bring about positive change for the profession, the community, and the patients that nurses serve
of action to solve a societal problem
impor- tance.
support- ing a political party or political platform
via- bility of the profession. Lobbying, supporting political issues, and serving as a role model for other staff members.
undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society
analyze the public policymaking process and assess its impact on one's domain of interest
Amer- icans
should practice to the full extent of their education and training.
an im- proved education system that promotes seamless academic progression.
professionals, in redesigning health care in the United States.
collection and an improved information infrastructure.
accordance with the first person's intentions. The ability to control, predict, and participate in one's environment.
come together to express their values and ideas to those outside the community. The process whereby individuals and communities take power and transform their lives.
health care of either the community or a population of individuals, families, and groups
-Is based on assessment of the population's health status -Considers the broad determinants of health -Emphasizes all levels of prevention -Intervenes with communities, systems, individuals, and families
experi- ences, knowledge, concerns, values, beliefs, and culture of a given community.
community to cause widespread illness, fear, and panic
mation and its secure exchange between consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers.
of having or passing on a genetic disorder
and invest money from worldwide sources to combat and defeat aids, tuberculosis, and malaria
sible for human health, including combating the spread of infectious diseases and health issues related to natural disasters.
to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
be- ing and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations
2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by
compromised health with migrant refugees. These include inadequate waste disposal, crowded and unsanitary living conditions, lack of access to healthful foods, and air pollution from an increased concentration of vehicles used for moving refugees.
so- cial hierarchy, conditions of living and work, poverty, too afraid to go to the system to get help.
area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time.
Nursing practice—community oriented The community is client when the nursing focus is the collective or common good of the population not simply individual health -Relevance of the community client to nursing practice Nursing goal—improved health of the collective -A community practice setting is insufficient reason for saying that practice is oriented toward the community client When the location of the practice is in the community but the focus of
practice is the individual or family, the nursing client remains the individual or family, not the whole community
more than merely an absence of disease
tively identifying community needs and problems. A competent community is able to achieve a working consensus on goals and priorities. A competent community is able to agree on ways and means to implement the agreed- upon goals. A competent community is able to collaborate effectively to take the required actions.
dis- ease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
objec- tives for Americans to meet during the second decade of the new millennium.
and getting to know and understand the community as a client.
Assessments help identify community needs, clarify problems, and identify strengths and resources.
mem- bers, including formal leaders, informal leaders, and community members, and can frequently offer the most accurate insights and comprehensive information.
health team members, client records, community health (vital) statistics, census bureau data, reference books, and research reports
of the health problem or risk, (2) aggregate or community affected, (3) etiological or causal statement, and (4) evidence or support for the diagnosis
that serves as the basis for planning and implementing interventions and nursing actions and making evaluative judgments about health concerns. May also include wellness diagnoses, which indicate maintenance or potential change responses (due to growth and development), when no deficit is present.
realistic, and timely
direction and desired outcomes of certain courses of action.
educa- tional and behavioral changes at the population level
health of the community are status/people, structure, and process
characteristics. Most common measure. Includes morbidity & mortality data, vital statistics, leading caus- es of death, demographics, etc.
tax- es, boundaries, geographic features, climate,, the built environment, location of health services
social class, education level, mobility
health system, family system, economic system, educational system, religious, welfare, political, recreational, legal, etc.
quantifying opportunities for improvement in a community.
people place location of health services natural environment housing social systems
assesses the community in terms of that problem
the community life
health information
problem and the community's current and past attempts to address it
the strengths and capacities of a community rather than its problems
orga- nizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
homoge- nous with respect to specific demographic variables
are identified, priorities selected, and objectives set for the development of community health programs based on the findings of community health assessments and health surveillance data. Takes place during the analysis and design stage.
opera- tionalize the plan and a design for monitoring progress.
and benefits, judging the potential outcomes, modifying the plan, presenting the plan to the sponsoring group or agency, and obtaining acceptance.
nursing strategies
mortality 2 .morbidity