Community Quiz #1 Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Community Health

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Community Quiz #1 Questions With Complete Solutions

Who worked alongside public health officials to focus on educating mothers about infant feeding and hygiene?......Correct Answers.... ..Maternal feminists

Maternal feminists, who believed that the unique nurturing capacity of women made them particularly suited to the development of programs to assist women and children (Ladd- Taylor, 1994), also played a major role in the creation of the Canadian welfare state.

What population were visiting nurses employed to care for in the late nineteenth century?......Correct Answers.... ..Poor, working-class, and lower-middle-class families - Charitable agencies, often organized and operated by maternal feminists, employed visiting nurses (VNs) to provide care to poor and destitute families. Working-class and lower-middle- class families also were recipients of visiting nursing services

What direction did the Romanow Commission's report, titled "Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada," recommend for shifting resources and policy? Select all that apply......Correct Answers...... Primary health care, home health care, and health promotion care - The Romanow Commission's report, titled "Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada," continues to be recognized as a visionary document with recommendations for shifting resources and policy in the direction of primary health care, home health care, and health promotion, with nurses as the

key players in the transformation of systems and services (Romanow, 2002).

The earliest form of healthcare in Canada were the practices of ......Correct Answers......the aboriginal people with indigenous medicine and healing

Public health nurses are civil servants meaning......Correct Answers ......They are employed by local, provincial, or federal governments

In the early twentieth century, public health nursing was established to combat which of the following?......Correct Answers ......Infant morality Morbidity in school-aged children Communicable disease

True or false? Visiting nurses were often employed by charitable agencies......Correct Answers.... ..True - charitable agencies, often organized by maternal feminists, employed visiting nurses to provide care to poor and destitute families

District or ____ nursing was developed in the late nineteenth century......Correct Answers.... ..visiting - The earliest form of community health nursing was district nursing or visiting nursing, which evolved in late nineteenth-century Britain, the United States, and Canada.

When demand at voluntary milk depots and child hygiene programs grew to unsustainble portions, visiting nurses very replaced by......Correct Answers......public health nurses - Many early

PHNs were employed in programs to reduce infant mortality. Despite all efforts to improve urban sanitation and to regulate food and milk supplies, infant mortality rates in Canadian cities continued to climb until well into the second decade of the twentieth century. A similar pattern of municipal takeover of voluntary programs occurred in other Canadian cities, with PHNs taking the place of VNs in the delivery of child hygiene and milk depot services.

What type of nurses are needed in the North of Canada to build a trusting working relationship to establish community development and health promotion strategies, given that the majority of nurses and the services offered stemmed from a Eurocentric stance?......Correct Answers......Outpost nurses - Vukic and Keddy (2002) reinforced the need for outpost nurses to build a trusting working relationship to establish community development and health promotion strategies, as the majority of nurses and the services offered stemmed from a Eurocentric stance. The Aboriginal Nurses Association, now the Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association, has been instrumental in establishing culturally competent health care and cultural safety in the North (ANAC, 2007)

True or false? Outpost nursing refers to nurses who are trained in emergency preparedness and disaster nursing......Correct Answers ......Outpost nursing refers to nurses providing services in the most remote geographic locations, serving settlers and Indigenous communities

Reduction in government spending in the 1980s and 1990s affected CHNs in the ____ program the most, which caused the

recent emergence of new diseases......Correct Answers ......Communicable disease control - The provision of publicly funded health and social welfare programs by federal and provincial governments is known as the welfare state. The transition from laissez-faire government to the welfare state gained momentum during the 1930s.

After world war I, rural women's groups supported public health nurses in their professional work by......Correct Answers......lobbying local officials sewing layettes serving tea at child welfare clinics

Which two Canadian documents sparked a public health movement that focused the understanding of health and its determinants as a valued-based process and identified broad health promotion strategies that remain foundations to community health nursing practice and to nursing education? ......Correct Answers......Lalonde Report and the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

True or false? After World War I, PHN required post-diploma training at a university.......Correct Answers......True - Public health and visiting nurses were counted among the profession's elite. Employment in this specialty practice required additional clinical skills such as midwifery training and, particularly after World War I, post-diploma training at a university

An early form of primary health care encompassed access to essential ____ for people in _____......Correct Answers......curative, preventative, and health promotion services; their home

In the early twentieth century, urban public health nurses used the following strategies to combat unnecessary disease and death ......Correct Answers......Health education and child hygiene

Which nursing association has been instrumental in establishing culturally competent health care and cultural safety in the North?......Correct Answers.... ..Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association

True or false? One of the visions of the Community Health Nurses of Canada (CHNC) is to develop strategic organizational partnerships.......Correct Answers......True - Visions of the Community Health Nurses of Canada (CHNC) include developing strategic organizational partnerships, advancing the practice of community health nursing, and refining the role and the standards of practice. The CHNC has a mandate to advance the practice of community health nursing through role definition, the development of standards, and theory development and research.

_____ played a pivotal role in advancing the education of PHNs by providing funding for certificate courses in public health at _____......Correct Answers......Red cross; Universities

CHN standards define......Correct Answers......the scope of practice or professional expectations (CHNAC, 2008), while competencies encompass the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for practice

The purpose of the Standards of Practice is to......Correct Answers ......define the scope and depth of nursing practice in the community and establish expectations

All CHNs are expected to know and apply the ___ to their practice......Correct Answers.... ..standards

Standards of the practice set the ___ level of expected performance for each professional nurse......Correct Answers ......minimum

The core competencies......Correct Answers......describe the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to practice community health nursing

What is the intent of the Blueprint for Action framework for community health nurses?......Correct Answers......Inform the direction of CHNs in their practices and, ultimately, to promote and protect the health of Canadians

standards......Correct Answers......the scope of practice or professional expectations

competencies......Correct Answers......The knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for practice

Which type of nurses are documented in the CHNAC standards? a) home health nurses b) public health nurses c) nurse practitioners

d) sexual assault nurses......Correct Answers.... ..Home health nurses and public health nurses

CHNs work in the following community settings:......Correct Answers.... ..work in a variety of roles within the community setting and partner with individuals, families, communities, and other populations in various settings (e.g., homes, schools, workplaces, streets, shelters, churches, community health centres, outpost nursing stations, etc.) to promote health

A public health nurse utilizes knowledge from:......Correct Answers ......public health, nursing, social and environmental sciences

True or false? Family members are less visibly involved in the home setting......Correct Answers......False - Family members are most visibly involved in the home setting, and the nurse's interventions can include all family members in the reinforcement of health teaching and as part of the entire assessment.

A nurse practitioner (NP) is an RN with additional education and experience who demonstrates the competencies to......Correct Answers.... ..autonomously diagnose; order and interpret diagnostic tests; prescribe pharmaceuticals; and perform specific procedures within the legislated scope of practice

SANEs.. ....Correct Answers.... ..registered nurses, educated in the nursing field of forensics, who respond specifically to calls relating to sexual assault or domestic violence in the emergency room setting

CNA practice is influenced by a focus on......Correct Answers.... ..health equity and social justice, information communication technology advances, increase in acuity of clients in the community, evidence-informed practice, and the changing profile of undergraduate nursing education

Health equity implies that everyone, regardless of socially determined circumstances, has an equal opportunity to attain their full health potential......Correct Answers......without being disadvantaged

Nurses are taking part in emergency preparedness planning and response to support the community in the event of......Correct Answers.... ..environmental disasters or pandemics

Information communication technological advances have most affected nursing in......Correct Answers......remote areas

What is primary health care?......Correct Answers......essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination

What does primary health care form?......Correct Answers......an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community

primary health care is the......Correct Answers......first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing healthcare process

primary care......Correct Answers......a narrower concept that refers to a person-centered approach (usually biomedical) to care delivered at the point of entry into the healthcare system

PHC key components to achieve better health for all......Correct Answers.... ..reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (universal coverage reforms) organizing health services around people's needs and expectations (service delivery reforms) integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms) pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue (leader-ship reforms) increasing stakeholder participation

What are the underlying values of primary health care?......Correct Answers.... ..social justice and equity

social justice......Correct Answers......the fair distribution of society's benefits and responsibilities, and focuses on eliminating the root causes of inequities → equality of health opportunities

equity......Correct Answers......the fair distribution of health resources. PHC permeates all of society and social justice, and equity directs nursing's focus toward improving the health of the most

disadvantaged → gives people equal health opportunities and quality of life

What are the principles of primary health care?......Correct Answers ......accessibility, public participation, health promotion, appropriate technology, and intersectoral collaboration/cooperation

Accessibility principle of primary health care......Correct Answers ......healthcare is universally available regardless of geographic community and social barriers/stigmatization

Public participation principle of primary health care......Correct Answers.... ..people have the right to make decisions about their health and the needs of their communities

Health promotion principle of primary health care......Correct Answers.... ..people build understandings about the SDOH and develop skills to improve/maintain their health/well-being

Appropriate technology principle of primary health care......Correct Answers.... ..appropriate modes of care are available based on a society's social, economic, and cultural development → if high- cost services cannot be provided, consider alternatives!

Intersectoral collaboration/cooperation principle of primary health care......Correct Answers......this is essential to establish local health goals, healthy public policies, and planning/evaluation of health services → healthcare providers must function interdependently

What are the 8 essential elements of public health care?......Correct Answers.... ..Education about health problems and prevention techniques, promotion of food supply and proper nutrition, adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation, maternal and child health care, including family planning, immunization against major infectious diseases, prevention and control of locally endemic diseases, appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries using the PHC principle of appropriate technology, and provision of essential drugs

Education about health problems and prevention techniques ......Correct Answers......Education serves the purpose of identifying and preventing (or controlling) dominant health challenges for a target population. A solid understanding of PHC and thehealth challenges for the target population is necessary before the first steps are taken to create healthier populations. Research and application of knowledge occur throughout the process

Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition......Correct Answers ......This element includes the provision of an appropriate, nutritious food supply. In resource-poor nations the focus is on providing an adequate food supply for the population, whereas in resource- rich countries such as Canada, strategies focus more on obesity and nutrition

Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation......Correct Answers.... ..Basic sanitation includes removal of garbage and safe disposal of bodily waste products

Maternal and child health care, including family planning ......Correct Answers......Evidence shows that adequate and quality

health services are associated with improvements in maternal, perinatal, neonatal, and child mortality rates and health outcomes. Worldwide, yearly approximately 303 000 women die during pregnancy and childbirth, and many of these can be avoided if pregnant women have access to quality skilled care before, during, and after childbirth

Immunization against major infectious diseases......Correct Answers ......Globally, 2 to 3 million deaths per year are averted because of immunization, but an additional 1.5 million deaths could be prevented with an improvement in vaccination coverage

Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases......Correct Answers.... ..Endemic diseases are those that are prevalent in people in a particular group, community, or region, but in relatively low numbers. A Canadian example of an endemic disease is tuberculosis in populations that reside in Northern Canada. A multifaceted PHC approach is required to eradicate this endemic disease

Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries using the PHC principle of appropriate technology......Correct Answers ......appropriate Technology means using the right intervention or initiative, at the right time, so that the needs of the entire population are met. It is based on the best scientific evidence demonstrating effectiveness. It also includes using the right resources and the right health care providers, based on the local economy, using the PHC value of equity

Provision of essential drugs......Correct Answers......drugs sustain and can improve life in the case of many acute and chronic illnesses,

providing an otherwise unattainable higher quality of life for many people

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 5 key actions for health promotion......Correct Answers......Build healthy public policy, create supportive environments for health, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, and reorient health services towards preventing diseases and promoting health

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion basic strategies for health promotion include......Correct Answers......enabling, mediating, and advocating

Enabling......Correct Answers...... strategies that ensure equal opportunity for people to achieve health

Mediating......Correct Answers......strategies that mediate among different sectors of society

advocating......Correct Answers......strategies that aim to make social and other conditions favourable for health, which are needed and applied to all health promotion areas

Blue Print for Action for Community Health Nursing in Canada ......Correct Answers......provides a framework for ongoing dialogue on the development of community health nursing practice in Canada

The Blue print identifies six areas of action......Correct Answers......- Work across provinces and territories at full scope and with

greater clarity for the role in all domains of practice, such as common scope of practice, practice roles, and nomenclature

• Support nursing leadership development and positions to advance community health nursing practice and to provide a voice for the profession
• Build on successful collaboration within nursing and strengthen partnerships with other professionals and sectors
• Transform the health care system into a system for (community) health
• Support strong educational preparation in community health nursing
• Improve access to a range of professional development resources to advance community health nursing capacity

The purpose of the Blueprint for Action......Correct Answers......to inform decisions about CHN practice and promote and protect the health of Canadians

What are the eight Canadian Community Health Nurses Standards of Practice?......Correct Answers......- Health promotion

• Prevention and health protection
• Health maintenance, restoration, and palliation
• Professional relationships
• Capacity building
• Health equity
• Evidence informed practice
• Professional responsibility and accountability

The next version of the standards and the professional practice module will......Correct Answers......integrate Indigenous nursing and health

Community health nurses can confront Indigenous health inequities by......Correct Answers......identifying prejudice among health workers and integrating trauma-informed care into their standards of practice, as well as providing services for all Indigenous peoples and advocating for better supports for health workers in Indigenous communities

Indigenous nursing......Correct Answers...... involves irst ation, nuit, and tis nurses' care, eliefs, values, practice, traditional knowledge and education, research, administration, and policies

Public health nursing......Correct Answers......utilizes knowledge from public health, nursing, social and environmental sciences, and research

Home health nursing......Correct Answers......a specialized area in which the nurse, employed by a home health agency, provides clinical care in the client's home, school, or workplace

Primary care nurses......Correct Answers......provide the first contact with the health care system

Telehealth nurses......Correct Answers......triage of health issues; consult; provide advice, counsel, support, and educate; as well as coordinate care for chronic disease management

Outreach/street nurses......Correct Answers...... see their clients where they are and focused on building relationships while maintaining a safety, dignity of and respect for the clients

Rural and Northern Canada nurses......Correct Answers...... wor in the community, homes, schools, clinics, outpost nursing settings stations, and irst ation, nuit, and tis communities

Military nurses......Correct Answers... ...are commissioned nursing officers of the Canadian Forces Medical Service

Occupational health nurses......Correct Answers......base their practice on four interrelated components: individual, health, occupational health nursing, and the environment

Parish nurse......Correct Answers......has specialized knowledge to promote health, healing, and wholeness; hired or recognized by a faith community and integrates faith and health into nursing practice

Forensic nurses......Correct Answers... ...provide for health care needs and to collect evidence for police and the legal system in a way that respects clients' dignity, right to choice, and self- determination.

Community mental health nursing role......Correct Answers......involves a blending of community nursing and mental health/psychiatric nursing

Registered psychiatric nurses......Correct Answers......educated and regulated only in the western provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Yukon territory

Nurse practitioners (NPs)......Correct Answers......are advanced practice nurses. Titles used by NPs vary across practice settings and provinces and territories

What were the earliest forms of health care in Canada in meeting the health needs of communities?......Correct Answers ......Indigenous medicine and healing practices

The Grey Nuns......Correct Answers... ...assisted in the development of health services and education within communities across Canada; understood health inequity and made significant contribution to providing access to health services, food, shelter, and education for the most vulnerable; First form of 'street outreach nursing' in the early 1700s when the Grey Nuns began public health visits

The development of the nursing profession is predominantly influenced by......Correct Answers......Florence Nightingale and women's groups, including work of Mary Seacole and Lady Aberdeen

Duchesse d'Aiguillon sisters work emulates......Correct Answers ......today's community health nursing practice that focuses on health inequities the determinants of health, community outreach and advocacy

Marguerite d'Youville......Correct Answers......established the Grey Nuns, were the first Canadian community nursing order and established relationships with First Nation people to learn about health and healing

Jeanne Mance......Correct Answers...... Canada's first nurse, confronted political, social, and economic forces to establish a range of community health services that include the founding of the Hotel-Dieu Hospital; provided direct nursing care, advocated for social justice and was the administrator of the hospital

Lady Aberdeen and women's groups......Correct Answers......created Victoria Order of Nurses (VON) that developed community health services for the rural and poor communities and immigrant women

what is the dual mandate of local VON......Correct Answers ......charitable work among the poor and provision of affordable nursing care to the working and middle class

Socioecological challenges occurred due to......Correct Answers ......immigration, inability to provide basic health to settlers and Indigenous peoples experiencing epidemics introduced by immigrants

The Nightingale model of training nurses......Correct Answers.... ..was a significant milestone in development of the profession, with the first nursing school established in St. Catharines, Ontario in 1874

Elizabeth Smellie's military nursing......Correct Answers ......demonstrated competencies of CHN, population health, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, emergency preparedness and disaster nursing

What was the greatest killer of many indigenous populations after first contact with european settlers......Correct Answers ......Epidemics of TB, diphtheria, smallpox, cholera, typhus, measles, and influenza

Romanow Commission's report (2002) recommends shifting policy toward......Correct Answers......primary healthcare, home healthcare, and health promotion, with nurses playing key role

CHNs must be part of a sustainable public health workforce with ......Correct Answers......emphasis on intersectoral policy development and interprofessional collaboration

CHNs must continue to be......Correct Answers......strong policy advocates and increasingly focus their practice on the social determinants of health

The Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association has been instrumental in......Correct Answers......establishing culturally competent health care and cultural safety in the North

CHNs remain front and centre in......Correct Answers... ...promoting the principles of primary health care in Northern Indigenous communities.

What are the 5 tiers in the health impact pyramid......Correct Answers.... ..socioeconomic factors, public health interventions that change the context for health (e.g, clean water, safe roads), protective interventions with long-term benefits (e.g., immunizations), direct clinical care, and counselling and education

Socioeconomic factors......Correct Answers......bottom tier of health impact pyramid; often referred to as social determinants of health, that help form the basic foundation of a society e.g., poverty reduction, improved education

Changing the Context to Encourage Healthy Decisions......Correct Answers.... ..the second tier of the pyramid; represents interventions that change the environmental context to make healthy options the default choice, regardless of education, income, service provision, or other societal factors ex. fluoridated water improves individual health by preventing tooth decay but also provides economic benefits by reducing health spending and productivity losses

Long-lasting protective interventions......Correct Answers......The third level of the pyramid; represents 1-time or infrequent protective interventions that do not require ongoing clinical care; less impact than interventions represented by the bottom 2 tiers because they necessitate reaching people as individuals rather than collectively ex. immunization, colonoscopies, smoking cessation, and male circumcision

Clinical interventions......Correct Answers......The fourth level of the pyramid; represents ongoing clinical interventions, of which interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease have the greatest potential health impact

Counseling and Educational Interventions......Correct Answers......The pyramid's fifth tier; represents health education (education provided during clinical encounters as well as education in other

settings), which is perceived by some as the essence of public health action but is generally the least effective type of intervention

What did The Weir Report (1932) describe?......Correct Answers......the types of community nursing roles, activities, salaries, and numbers of nurses who were practising public health nursing at the time

In the early 20th-century evolution of nursing, how many sectors were there?......Correct Answers......The nursing profession had 3 distinct sectors: hospital nurses, private-duty nurses, and public health/home-visiting nurses

What were the recommendations made in The Weir Report (1932)?......Correct Answers.... ..The number of PHNs should be doubled within the next 5-10 years and that public health nursing should be a nursing specialty.

When did diploma programs become phased out?......Correct Answers.... ..In the later part of the 20th century, the diploma programs in public health nursing were phased out, and the baccalaureate degree became an established requirement of entry-level public health nursing.

What are the entry-level competencies in public health nursing practice as defined by the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing (CASNb)?......Correct Answers......- public health sciences in nursing practice

• population and community health assessment and analysis
• population health planning, implementation, and evaluation

• partnerships, collaboration, and advocacy
• communication in public health nursing

How did increased government responsibility impact the health care of Canadians between 1940-1970?......Correct Answers......There was a general shift of emphasis from traditional programs such as child health, immunization, and communicable disease control to programs focusing on the reduction of morbidity and mortality from chronic illnesses and injuries.

health equity......Correct Answers......all people can reach their full health potential and are not disadvantaged from attaining it because of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, social class, socioeconomic status or other socially determined circumstance

Guiding principles that justify public health policies......Correct Answers.... ..utility, proportionality, fairness, and trust

CNA nursing values and ethical responsibilities......Correct Answers ......- Providing safe, compassionate, competent, and ethical care

• Promoting health and well-being
• Promoting and respecting informed decision making
• Honouring dignity
• Maintaining privacy and confidentiality
• Promoting justice Being accountable

Bioethics......Correct Answers......refers to the study of ethical issues related to health and health care from the perspective of nursing theory and practice

10 defining attributes of social justice......Correct Answers......- Equity -Human rights

• Democracy and Civil rights
• Capacity building
• Just institutions
• Enabling environments
• Poverty reduction
• Ethical practice
• Advocacy -Partnerships

Example of primary prevention......Correct Answers......ensuring that schools have the facilities and equipment necessary for exercise and could eliminate unhealthy foods in cafeterias and vending machines

Example of secondary prevention......Correct Answers......screening for diabetes

Example of tertiary prevention......Correct Answers......education for diabetes management

Criteria for MAID......Correct Answers......- Is at least 18 years old and capable

• Has voluntarily made the request
• Has provided informed consent
• Has a grievous and irremediable medical condition

Medical assistance in dying......Correct Answers......the administering by a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner of a substance, at

a patient's request, that causes his or her death; or the prescribing or providing by a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner of a substance, at a patient's request, so that he or she may self-administer the substance and in so doing cause his or her own death

Medicalization......Correct Answers......the process in which conditions and behaviours that were previously considered a normal part of life come to be understood as medical problems

Goals of the pandemic response......Correct Answers... ...protect and promote public health, foster public trust and engagement, restore and maintain social and economic functioning, proportionate restrictions on civil liberties

health inequity......Correct Answers......health differences between population groups-defined in social, economic, demographic or geographic terms- that are unfair and avoidable

Avoidable health inequities......Correct Answers......not the result of natural biological differences; they are the result of how societies distribute resources and opportunities. Health inequities are socially produced and are therefore avoidable through collective action by individuals, agencies, businesses, communities, and every level of government.

Unfair and unjust health inequities......Correct Answers......Underlying the concept of health equity is a commitment to social justice and basic human rights such as access to clean water, food, education and health care. Equity is an ethical principle that posits resources be allocated according to need, not based on

underlying social advantage or disadvantage; that is, wealth, power and prestige

Systematic health inequities......Correct Answers......health differences are not random, but are patterned across the population: those with higher social status tend to have better health than those with lower social status