Comprehensive BCSP ASP Exam Test Questions with 100%Correct Answers., Exams of Community Corrections

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Comprehensive BCSP ASP Exam Test Questions

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Presbycusis - Correct Answer-Hearing loss due to old age Presbyopia - Correct Answer-impaired vision as a result of aging, difficulty focusing Byssinosis - Correct Answer-Disease from inhaling cotton fibers. Also called "brown lung disease" or "Monday fever". Reaction against cotton, linen, hemp products in textile/fabric industry. Four (4) types of human errors discussed in Human Factors Engineering. - Correct Answer-"Errors C.O.S.T. time and money"

1. Commission: doing something wrong
2. Omission: leaving something out
3. Sequence: doing something in the wrong order
4. Timing: doing something out of allotted time, too fast or too slow Does the employers have to post OSHA citations? - Correct Answer-Yes, for 3 days or until corrected. Audiogram - Correct Answer-Written record of hearing threshold at specified frequencies. Audiometer - Correct Answer-a device that can present tones of different frequencies, from low in pitch to high in pitch, at different volumes from soft to loud What dB at 3000 hz during an audiogram means the person can't hear the tone? - Correct Answer- 30 dB Factors that affect absorption of noise - Correct Answer-angle to noise source, frequency of noise, density, condition/cleanliness, type of mounting, shape of surface To improve noise absorption through engineering controls, what properties do you want? - Correct Answer-Good porosity, thickness, air gaps

Emissivity - Correct Answer-Ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. A black body is 1.0 (highest), down to 0 (bright, reflective surfaces). Emissivity of bright metal surfaces - Correct Answer-Low - less than 0.1 (bright metal is a good reflector), meaning it is good for reducing radiant heat. Emissivity of unpolished surfaces - Correct Answer-Close to 1.0, which is high, meaning not great for reducing radiant heat. Carpal tunnel affects what nerve and what parts of the hand? - Correct Answer-Median nerve. Thumb, pointer and ring fingers, NOT the pinky. Inflammation and pain in the wrist. Thenar wasting is sign of advanced disease. Metal Fume Fever - Correct Answer-Acute condition from brief high exposure to metal fumes (e.g., zinc, magnesium, their oxides). Symptoms appear from 4 to 12 hours after exposure -- fever, shaking chills (flu-like). Recovery is quick. Workers can develop immunity, but a break and re-exposure normally makes it worse. What do altitude changes affect (and not affect) regarding fans? - Correct Answer- Horsepower needed (air has less mass), static pressure (not as much needed). But the CFM (volumetric rate) is NOT changed by altitude, and neither is RPM of the fan. SCBA & airline respirator rules - Correct Answer-Must be Grade D or higher; can use high pressure air; oil pumped with filtering is acceptable. Medical oxygen is NOT allowed - dangerous because of increased flammability. Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension - Correct Answer-Adbuction: increasing angle of arm to body, AWAY. Adduction: decreasing angle of arm to body, TOWARD. Extension: increasing angle of forearm to bicep. Flexion: decreasing angle of forearm to bicep. Grade D breathing air - Correct Answer-19.5%-23.5% oxygen <5 mg/m3 of oil <10 ppm CO

<1000 ppm CO2. TLV, PEL, IDLH for carbon monoxide - Correct Answer-TLV of 50 ppm (ACGIH); STEL of

IDLH of 1500 ppm (NIOSH) PEL of 35 - 50 (OSHA); ceiling is 200, instantaneous is 1500. Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Correct Answer-Air pollution that is a product of combustion of fossil fuels. Flammable, colorless, odorless, poisonous. Chemical asphyxiate. Does NOT harm red blood cells, but reduces their oxygen-carrying capacity. Teratogen - Correct Answer-an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus. Does not propagate across generational lines. Next best option to electric forklifts for emissions. - Correct Answer-Convert the forklift to LP gas. Double insulation does not protect against shock in what circumstance? - Correct Answer- Water, wet locations (Data terms) Random, stratified, systematic, cluster - Correct Answer-Random: everyone has an equal change. Stratified: separated by layers. Systematic: patterned response. Cluster: confined to a location. pH less than 7 - Correct Answer-acid pH greater than 7 - Correct Answer-base activated carbon - Correct Answer-A form of specially treated, porous carbon, used to absorb various odors and vapors. Has a non-polar surface. Axial flow fans - Correct Answer-High volume and low pressure drop; general & dilution ventilation; NOT good for LEV; NOT used to move air through a duct; sometimes used for comfort. Centrifugal fans - Correct Answer-Fan axis is perpendicular to flow -- spits air out 90 degrees. Low noise. Suited to high pressures. Low to moderate static pressures; used in

heating & air conditioning; workhorse of industrial hygiene; sometimes called squirrel cages; good for lint, wood chips & dust. Forward blades in centrifugal fan - Correct Answer-Blades are curved in the direction of rotation. Used whenever a large air volume has to be moved in a tight space. Requires more power, which can overload motors. Backward blades in centrifugal fan - Correct Answer-Blades are curved in the opposite direction of rotation. More efficient than forward blades. Paddle wheel or long-shaving wheel - Correct Answer-Used with medium tip speed for buffing exhaust, woodworking exhaust or when heavy dust must pass through the fan. Max travel distance of fire extinguisher in light hazard occupancies - Correct Answer- 75 ft. Includes places like churches, clubs, education centers, kennels, museums, homes. Inspection items for self-closing doors - Correct Answer-1) Lubrication on guides & bearings

2. Binders are not bent, thus obstructing door
3. Chains/wire ropes have not stretched.
4. Fusible links are NOT painted. Main cause of sprinkler system failure - Correct Answer-35% of the time: closed water- supply valves. Main cause of leaking sprinkler heads - Correct Answer-Overheating from being too close to heat-generating processes. How often should sound level meters be calibrated? - Correct Answer-Before & after each survey Particle sizes - Correct Answer-Large: silica Small: zinc Safest method to determine electrical current - Correct Answer-Split-core ammeter

Treating exposure to liquid oxygen - Correct Answer-Warm water. Never rub or use dry heat. Frozen tissue is painless but will be swollen & painful when thawed. Required languages for HAZCOM - Correct Answer-Only English. Others can be used in addition, but only English is required. TTS - Correct Answer-temporary threshold shift. Will experience a transient attenuation. PTS - Correct Answer-permanent threshold shift. One theory is that these result from many TTSs. Butyl/neoprene gloves - Correct Answer-Gloves that made of a synthetic rubber and protect against wide variety of chemicals -- acids, bases. 3 components of every noise problem - Correct Answer-Source, path, receiver Training requirements for HAZWOPER - Correct Answer-site workers, spill response, PPE TLV - Correct Answer-Threshold Limit Value. All employees can be exposed daily without adverse health effects. Autoignition Temperature - Correct Answer-The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame. Rules on Danger Tags under 1910.145 (accident prevention signs & tags) - Correct Answer-1) Readable at 5 ft

2. Must use words, pictures or both.
3. As close as possible to the hazard.
4. Employees must be informed on sign meanings.
5. Positive, concise, standardized. Hierarchy of Safety and Health Controls - Correct Answer-1) Elimination
6. Substitution
7. Engineering Controls (ex. LEV)

4. Warnings/Administrative (ex. LOTO, work/rest)
5. Personal Protective Equipment ANSI Z10 puts Warnings as #4 and Admin as # Thermal vane anemometer - Correct Answer-Used where exhaust opening is large, air velocities are low --> spray booths or chemical hoods. Heated probe that senses velocity by the amount of heat removed from the probe. Direct reading & accurate. Rotating vane anemometer - Correct Answer-Useful for measuring the airflow through large supply and exhaust openings where the air velocities are relatively high. Components measured in industrial effluents - Correct Answer-biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, metal content, temperature. NPDES - Correct Answer-National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (EPA permit) Slot hoods - Correct Answer-Used to provide uniform exhaust airflow (e.g., over tank suface). Function is to obtain proper air distribution. (Note: Capture velocity involves exhaust volume and slot length but NOT slot velocity.) Vapor pressure - Correct Answer-Pressure exerted by a vapor that is in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature; the ability of the liquid to evaporate. Static friction - Correct Answer-the force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest kinetic friction - Correct Answer-the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are moving over each other. Not affected by speed. Is friction (static or kinetic) affected by the amount of surface area? - Correct Answer-No Number of states that have OSHA-approved state plans - Correct Answer- 25 (plus Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands) OSHA's jurisdiction - Correct Answer-Most private employers & workers.

NOT COVERED: self-employed, immediately family farm workers, state & local government employees; workers regulated by other government agencies. carbon disulfide (CS2) - Correct Answer--- used as solvent in waxes, rubbers -- flammable (ignited by hot light bulbs, steam lines, static electricity) -- poisonous, absorbed through skin, irritation and CNS depression VPP Star Requiremenets - Correct Answer-Voluntary Protection Program. 3 - yr TCIR & 3 - yr DART must be below at least 1 of the 3 most recent years of specific industry averages at the most precise level. 3 parts of means of egress (Life Safety Code) - Correct Answer-exit access, exit, exit discharge What happens to ethers in storage? - Correct Answer-They form ether peroxides. If heated may detonate. Exit door requirements (Life Safety Code) - Correct Answer-Properly marked; swings in direction of exit; cannot be locked; normally closed. Fusible links will stop spread of fire but not in time to stop smoke. NFPA's occupancy classifications - Correct Answer-Low, Ordinary, Extra NFPA Low Hazard - Correct Answer-Low: apartments, churches, homes, office buildings. NFPA Ordinary Hazard Occupancy - Correct Answer-Group 1: low combustibility, stock piles <8 ft - canneries, laundries Group 2: moderate, stock piles <12 ft - cereal mills, textile plants Group 3: high, flour mills, paper & processing NFPA Extra Hazard Occupancy - Correct Answer-Group 1: small quantities of flammables

• die casting, rubber, sawmills Group 2: moderate quantities of flammables - solvent cleaning, asphalt saturating, flammable liquid spraying

Dilution vs. Local Exhaust Ventilation - Correct Answer-Dilution: lowers concentration by adding air, less expensive and less maintenance than LEV, but less efficient. Dilution does not effectively control exposure. LEV sucks air at the source; more expensive but also more effective. Only choice for toxic contaminants. Standpipe System - Correct Answer-Vertical pipes where hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to outlets. Class I: trained firefighters. Class II: first-aid firefighting. Class III: Have both Class I & Class II. Combined are Class I or III used with a sprinkler. Typically used in high-rise buildings. Intrinsically Safe Equipment - Correct Answer-Equipment designed and approved for use in flammable atmospheres that is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical energy to cause the ignition of a flammable atmospheric mixture. Requirements for firefighting booster pumps (NFPA 20) - Correct Answer-1) Can't develop more than 140% of rated pressure at shut off (closed system).

2. Must deliver rated flow at rated pressure.
3. Must deliver 150% of rated flow at 65% of rated pressure.
4. Annual flow test. Purpose of hoods on grinders - Correct Answer-1) Protect from bursting wheel.
5. Remove dirt, dust, etc. from operations. AQL - Correct Answer-Acceptable Quality Level. Satisfactory process average. SMR - Correct Answer-Standardized Mortality Ratio. Adjusts for age in epidemiological study data. LTPD - Correct Answer-Lot Total/Tolerance Percent Defective. Level of quality routinely rejected by the sampling plan. TLV-C - Correct Answer-Threshold Limit Value Ceiling Limit - Concentration that should not ever be exceeded. Noise control barriers - most effective method - Correct Answer-Air-tight enclosures

Heat Syncope - Correct Answer-Fainting that occurs when the body attempts to cool itself by dilating the blood vessels Raynaud's disease - Correct Answer-a peripheral arterial disease from cold or stress; affects fingers and hands (fingers white), numbness; most prevalent when using vibrating machinery in the cold (chain saw, jack-hammer, etc.). Melanoma - Correct Answer-skin cancer -- most common cause is sunlight. TV - Correct Answer-Tidal Volume. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. Not considered in a pulmonary function test (PFT). MVV - Correct Answer-Maximal Voluntary Ventilation. Max air for 10 - 15 seconds. This test is rarely performed now, sometimes in athletes. FVC / FEV1 - Correct Answer-Forced Vital Capacity. Most important test in spirometry. Test of expiration as forceful and rapidly as possible. FEV1 is the first second of the FVC. X-ray equipment biggest risk - Correct Answer-High voltages required to generate X-rays. Specific gravity - Correct Answer-Also called "relative density." Normally in relation to water. Carbon dioxide - when is it dangerous? - Correct Answer-Above 9%. Most common way to lessen/eliminate static electricity. - Correct Answer-Bonding & grounding. Grounding must happen first, then bonding. Relaxation (regarding static electricity) - Correct Answer-Usually 30 seconds; allows dispersion and dissipation of static charge. Frostbite - Correct Answer-Frozen skin tissue. First symptoms are pins & needles, then numbness, hard & pale skin; when thawed, red & painful; can cause gangrene. LPG hose bursting pressure rating - Correct Answer- 1250 psig (working pressure is 250 = safety factor of 5).

Major types of guards - Correct Answer-Fixed, interlocking, self-adjusting, adjustable, automatic Rules on steps & ramps (OSHA) - Correct Answer-Riser: 6" - 7.5" Width: 22" min Tread: 12" plus or minus 2" Ramps: 30 degrees Hazards of welding on stainless steel - Correct Answer-Fumes of nickel, chromium & fluorides Most economical way to prevent internal corrosion in tanks - Correct Answer-Cathodic protection. Only maintenance is infrequent replacement of a charged anode. Wire rope inspection components - Correct Answer-Lubrication, kinking, corrosion, loose/broken wires, wear of crown wires, high strands, nicks; cross-section measurements. NFPA 704 - Correct Answer-Diamond with 4 diamonds inside. For fixed installations. Top diamond - Red - Flammability Hazard Left diamond - Blue - Health Hazard Right diamond - Yellow - Instability hazard Bottom diamond - white - special hazard. Sprays & mists will do what to a liquid or gas - Correct Answer-Lower the flash point & lower the LEL. NFPA 600 - Correct Answer-Private Fire Brigades NFPA 1500 - Correct Answer-Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program NFPA 101 - Correct Answer-Life Safety Code NFPA 10 - Correct Answer-Portable Fire Extinguishers

NFPA 70 & 70E - Correct Answer-70: National Electrical Code 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace Reverse jet baghouse fabric filtration - Correct Answer-Air pollution control device from commercial processes or combustion for electricity generation.

1. Very efficient (99%)
2. Expensive and large
3. Require control of moisture in dust
4. Costly to maintain ESP - Correct Answer-Electrostatic precipitators. Filtration device that removes fine particles (dust, smoke) from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Sensitive to electrical resistance & particle size distribution. Messy to clean but effecient in energy consumption. Wet scrubber - Correct Answer-Polluted gas is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid to remove pollutants. Advantages: Can handle high temperatures and moisture, smaller size, can remove gases & particulates, can neutralize corrosive gases. Disadvantages: can form highly corrosive solutions, requires a lot of power, expensive, creates water pollution, difficult product recovery. Double-insulated tools - Correct Answer-Provides additional insulation around the tool. Unit's switch and gripping surface is non-conductive and requires no further grounding. (Not protective in water, however.) Symbol is square within a square. Chain slings - Correct Answer-Used in rigging, winches, etc. Standard material is alloy steel (includes bronze, stainless steel & Monel metals). High resistance to abrasion and failure. Monel metal - Correct Answer-Mostly nickel, but stronger than nickel. Whitish in color, pliable for good adjustment, resists corrosion (like seawater). Proof coil chain - Correct Answer-This is chain for gates, barriers, light construction. NEVER to be used for overhead lifting.

Class A CDL - Correct Answer-GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer >10,000 lb) Class B CDL - Correct Answer-GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer <10,000) Class C CDL - Correct Answer-GVWR <26,000 lb CDL - T endorsement - Correct Answer-Combination vehicles with double or triple trailers CDL - N endorsement - Correct Answer-Tank vehicle with capacity of 1,000 gal or more. CDL - P endorsement - Correct Answer- 16 or more passengers (including driver); Bus is 11+ CDL - H endorsement - Correct Answer-Regular vehicle transporting hazardous materials in placardable amounts. CDL - X endorsement - Correct Answer-TANK vehicle used to transport hazardous materials Training requirements for PITs - Correct Answer-- accident or near miss

• observed unsafe operation
• poor evaluation of operation
• different type of equipment
• workplace change
• 3 years, regardless of the above Class 1 Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: n/a Flash: < Class IA Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: < Flash: < Class IB Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: ≥

Flash: < Class IC Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥73, < Class II Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥100, < Class III Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥ Class IIIA Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥140, < Class IIIB Liquid - Correct Answer-Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥ Arc Eye - Correct Answer-Ultraviolet (UV) light from welding. Injures the cornea and surface and mucous membrane of the eye = conjunctivitis. Pain, sand-like feeling, sensitivity to light. Parking lot design principles - Correct Answer-1) Provide a separate entry and exit way.

2. Separate lanes should be located where flow can be controlled by a traffic light or merge / acceleration lane.
3. Right turns from and into the lot are preferred. Types of grounding electrode systems - Correct Answer-Metal underground water pipes, building steel, concrete-encased electrodes (Ufer grounds) and ground rings. Requirements for metal underground water pipes as a ground - Correct Answer-1) Must be in contact with earth for 10+ ft.
4. Supplemented by system (usually electrode) to ensure continuous ground.

Requirements for building steel used as a ground - Correct Answer-Connected to a ground grid or the reinforcing steel in the footing. Requirements for concrete-encased electrodes (Ufer) as a ground - Correct Answer-Used in dry conditions (started in Arizona), installing 20+ ft of rods or wiring in concrete, then connected to a driven ground. Requirements for ground rings as a ground - Correct Answer-Large diameter (#2+ AWG) steel that circles a facility at 30" deep, connected to driven electrodes. Grounding basics - Correct Answer-1) Rods must be driven into the earth at least 8 ft

2. Maximum resistance in ground path is 25 ohms.
3. Strive for 5 ohms or less. Purpose of a circuit breaker - Correct Answer-Prevent overheating ("excessive or dangerous temperature") of conductors or insulation. Do circuit breakers offer protection from shock? - Correct Answer-No - they are too slow. You can put a 200% load on them for 2 minutes before it will act! Calculate the specific gravity of a bowling ball that weighs 20 lb on land and 15 lb in water.

• Correct Answer-The amount of water the same volume as the bowling ball is 5 lb (the difference). The specific gravity is the ratio of the bowling ball's land weight (20 lb) to the weight of the water it displaces (5 lb). 20/5 = SG of 4. It is 4 times denser than water. Hazen-Williams Formula - Correct Answer-Formula for determining friction loss in hydraulic calculations that involve fire sprinkler systems. Greatest factor is the diameter of the pipe. Name the parts in F = μN. - Correct Answer-F = Force required μ = Coefficient of friction N = Normal weight kg to lb, lb to kg - Correct Answer- 1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 lb = 0.45 kg

mph to ft/s - Correct Answer- 1 mph = 1.47 ft/s If tanA = x, what is A? - Correct Answer-A = tan^-1(x). What functions are similar in compliance, safety, health environmental and quality programs? - Correct Answer-Common underlying objectives, use common approaches to achieve objectives, sharing common measurements. What's the first step in establishing a good quality plan? - Correct Answer-Determining customer requirements. CIT - Correct Answer-Critical Incident Technique. A set of procedures used for collecting direct observations of human behavior. Interviewing employees and collecting direct observations of behavior, using data to solve problems and develop psychological principles. Theory is that randomly selecting a sample of incidents can be extrapolated to represent the existence of similar incidents. (Flanagan, US Army Air Forces) When double-handle tools are used for PRECISION, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)? - Correct Answer-1" closed, 3" open When double-handle tools are used for POWER, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)? - Correct Answer-2" closed, 3.5" open Smoke management terms - Correct Answer-Buoyancy, compartmentalization, airflow, dilution, pressurization (Note: dispersion is NOT associated with smoke -- this is water.) HAZOP - Correct Answer-Hazard and Operability Study. Analysis methodology to examine how process variations affect a system. (Ex: equipment failures, human error, chemical reactions.) Uses guide words: "none" "more" "less" "as well as" "part of" "reverse" "early" "late" "before" "after." HAZOP is most effective during design. A complex system is broken down into smaller sections, or "nodes." First event in an event tree analysis - Correct Answer-Initiating event Ways to improve reliability of a system - Correct Answer-Parallel components (all work independently), Series design, Redundancy

THERP - Correct Answer-Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction. Detailed procedure for analyzing a task and determining human reliability. Basic assumption is that human behavior can be viewed the same way as the success or failure of a piece of equipment. Basically, the probability of human error. Single point failure - Correct Answer-Any weak point of a system such that if it fails, it will seriously affect the safety of the system (single shackle in rigging). Any one thing that could take the system out. FMEA - Correct Answer-Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Reliability tool. Ranks possible failures by probability. Very good at identifying single point failures. Good for systems with no redundancy. Inductive analysis. Cause --> effect model. NOT good for identifying failures in a system with multiple failures. Poisson distribution: symbol meaning and purpose. - Correct Answer-Probability. Good for modelling the number of times an event occurs in an interval of time or space. P = Poisson distribution r = number of observed events (or rate) -- this is what will or may change λ (lambda): expected number of events or baseline t = time e = natural log (2.71) ! = factorial, ex 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 (use PRB on calculator) Heinrich's Domino Theory of accidents - Correct Answer-Social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury. 300 - 29 - 1. 300 no-injury accidents, 29 minor accidents, 1 major injury. Heinrich shifted the emphasis from unsafe workplace conditions to focus on unsafe actions of employees. Implied warranty - Correct Answer-The implication by a dealer that the product will serve a specific purpose. This implication is made by placing it on sale for that purpose, advertising it for that purpose and indicating in manuals that it will serve that purpose. Employee rights under OSHA - Correct Answer-1. Request an inspection.

2. Have a representative present at an inspection.

3. Have dangerous substances identified.
4. Be promptly informed about exposure to hazards and be given access to accurate records regarding exposure.
5. Have employer violations posted at work site.
6. Appeal the abatement date.
7. Be notified is exposed at or above PEL. How long does an employer have to contest an OSHA citation? - Correct Answer- 15 working days from receipt Primary factor in determining whether a company needs a full-time safety professional. - Correct Answer-The potential for accidents or harm within the organization. Classifications of epidemiological studies - Correct Answer-Descriptive or analytic: Descriptive: surveys conducted to determine the population affected by disease (age, ethnicity, etc.) Analytic: Use descriptive studies to make conclusions (using mathematics and analytical techniques). descriptive epidemiology - Correct Answer-What, who, where and when. Concerned with organizing and summarizing health-related data according to time, place, and person. They generate hypotheses. analytic epidemiology - Correct Answer-Why and how. They text hypotheses an investigate causes and associations between factors or events and health. Key feature is a comparison group. experimental epidemiology - Correct Answer-Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments. Investigators are actually causing exposure in some. (E.g., clinical trials). Very expensive. observational epidemiology - Correct Answer-Analytic. Documents the presence of physical or psychological disorders in human populations (Snow in England). Follow-up (prospective) cohort studies (epidemiology) - Correct Answer-Analytic / Observational. Participants are enrolled as the study begins and are then followed

prospectively over time to identify occurrence of the outcomes of interest. (Ex. Framingham, MA, Heart Study.) Most useful but also the most expensive. Also can be called "incident studies." cohort study (epidemiology) - Correct Answer-Analytic / Observational. They don't expose someone -- they just observe who has a disease and who doesn't. They permit direct observation of risk; exposure factor is well defined; can study uncommon exposures; the temporal relationship between factor and outcome is known; can track multiple outcomes from a single exposure. Cohort - Correct Answer-A group of people from a given time period, or who share a common characteristic or experience. Case-control study (epidemiology) - Correct Answer-Analytic / Observational. A group of people with disease is enrolled. As a comparison group, the investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease (controls). Exposures between the 2 groups are compared. To study rare diseases, or multiple exposures to one outcome. Less expensive. Retrospective cohort study (epidemiology) - Correct Answer-Analytic / Observational. Both the exposure and the outcomes have already occurred. Least expensive but also can suffer from a lack of data (hard to get specific data points since the event was in the past -- e.g., what did you eat that night?). Cross-sectional (or prevalence) study (epidemiology) - Correct Answer-Analytic / Observational. A representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time -- all in the present. Analyzes the relationship of the exposure agent to disease. Stoichiometry - Correct Answer-Wide variety of measurements and relationships involving mixtures of chemicals (reactants and products in chemical reactions). Balanced chemical reactions. Leukemia - Correct Answer-Cancer of the blood that results in widespread and uncontrolled creation of white blood cells. This leads to a hindered ability to fight infection. Series redundancy - Correct Answer-Many devices in series, each operated form a different source, must be activiated before an accident can occur. The more items in a series, the lower probability of failure.

Parallel redundancy - Correct Answer-All components perform the same function at the same time. Used for equipment that is in continuous operation. If one component fails, the other will keep it going. Standby systems - Correct Answer-Increase system reliability by having an inoperative or idling standby unit that can take over if an operational unit fails. (e.g., emergency electrical generators). De-rating - Correct Answer-A device operating at less than rated maximum power in order to prolong its life. Stock insurance company - Correct Answer-An incorporated insurance company with capital divided into shares and owned by the shareholders. Profits are shared by stockholders, NOT policyholders. Profit-motivated. NIOSH - purpose, rights & reporting - Correct Answer-Develops recommendations; certifies equipment (esp. respiratory); develops information on safe exposure levels; conducts and funds research; provides training. Does NOT conduct enforcement, but has the same right of entry as OSHA if undertaking health studies of hazardous conditions and developing criteria for new standards. NIOSH is part of the CDC, under the Federal HHS. Elements of a contract - Correct Answer-Competent parties, subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, mutuality of obligation. A contract does NOT include monetary duty. Who is responsible for product defects in the supply chain? - Correct Answer-All parties are liable: raw materials provider, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler, retailer. To protect against product liability claims, how long should records be kept? - Correct Answer-As long as possible / indefinitely. most important is consideration of product safety during production. Marshall v. Barlow's Inc. (1978) - Correct Answer-Dealt with OSHA's Right of Entry. The employer can challenge the right of entry, forcing OSHA to seek a warrant. Most common type of computer system error. - Correct Answer-Software issues, by far.

Adult learning principles - Correct Answer-Explain purpose, share outline of session, show respect for learners, acknowledge learners' experience, allow choices, demonstrate relevance to their work, allow questions and interaction. Advantages and disadvantages of quiz question types - Correct Answer-Multiple choice: can be objectively graded but don't demonstrate good recall. Fill-in-the-blank: good on recall, but problems with objectivity, hard to grade. Oral testing: is subjective. True/False: not creative Purpose for safety posters - Correct Answer-Instructions on how to use safety equipment; helps maintain awareness; reminds employees of specific hazards. Programmed learning - Correct Answer-Now mostly computer-based, but not exclusively. Is very expensive to produce, but good on interactivity. Prompts learners to go back and learn if they didn't get it / questions along the way. Very useful for those who can only study for short periods of time. Forces learners to stay focused. Go-at-your-own-pace. Disaster plans should involve whom? - Correct Answer-Neighboring companies, company SMEs, police & fire, medical agencies, government agencies, public officials. Fields that influenced Ergonomics - Correct Answer-Bio-engineering, industrial engineering, anatomy, anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, systems engineering. Communication barriers for trainers (would make them less effective) - Correct Answer- Knowledge: thinking you know everything Prejudice: opinion not based on reason or experience Attitude: favor/disfavor toward a person or thing Nonverbal: saying one thing, doing another Industry credited with development of system safety - Correct Answer-Aerospace Multiplexing - Correct Answer-The transmission of multiple signals on one medium or path (e.g., data & voice)

Value of a "needs assessment" - Correct Answer-- Distinguish between training & non- training needs

• Identify problem before designing a solution
• Saves time & money by ensuring solutions address problems they're intended to solve.
• Helps identify factors that will impact training before it's developed. (Needs assessment is NOT to determine the type of training necessary.) Life Safety Code maximum travel distances to exits - Correct Answer-Add 50 feet if there's a sprinkler system. Assembly seating and tenant spaces are both 200/250. Distance to fire extinguisher based on type of fire - Correct Answer-Class A: 75 ft Class B: 50 ft Class C: based on pattern of A/B Class D: 75 ft Symbols on extinguishers based on fire class - Correct Answer-Class A: Green triangle around A (wood, etc.) Class B: Red box around B (flammable liquids) Class C: Blue circle around C (electrical) Class D: Yellow star around D (metals) Standpipe systems minimum flow rate - Correct Answer- 100 gal/min Exit sign requirements - Correct Answer-At least 6" high, illuminated by 5 foot-candles Employers with how many employees can verbally communicate an Emergency Action Plan? - Correct Answer- 10 or fewer. All others must have a written one. Minimum Procedures in an Emergency Action Plan - Correct Answer-Reporting the emergency, exiting the facility, accounting for all employees, keeping critical operations running (if any), employees performing rescue or medical duties. And the name of the person to contact for more information.

Minimum elements of fire prevention plan (1910.39) - Correct Answer-Major fire hazards, handling & storage, potential ignition sources, fire extinguishing equipment, controlling accumulation of flammables, safeguards against heat-producing equipment, those responsible for: maintaining equipment, controlling fuel source hazards. Combustible metals (common ones) - Correct Answer-Lithium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, potassium Dry chemical fire extinguishers - Correct Answer-Bicarbonates, potassium chloride, monoammonium phosphate. They work by separating the 4 parts of the fire tetrahedron, preventing chemical reaction. Dry powder fire extinguishers - Correct Answer-Formulations developed specifically for use on class D combustibles (metals). They smother a fire and form a crust. -- Sodium chloride -- Sodium carbonate: good for stainless steel -- Copper-based: good on lithium only. Cuts oxygen. -- Graphite-based: good on magnesium and others Formula for calculating discharge volumes - Correct Answer-(CFM1/CFM2) = (RPM1/RPM2) CFM = cubic feet per minute RPM = rotations per minute (of the fan) PLC - Correct Answer-Programmable Logic Controller. A computer system designed to operate a process, equipment or machine. Redundancy is critical to safety with PLC. Should be continuously self-checking. CLI - Correct Answer-Composite Lifting Index. Used for multi-task manual lifting. Uses the following for each task: -- Frequency-independent weight limit -- Frequency-independent lifting index -- Single-task weight limit -- Single-Task lifting index

Definition of an enclosed structure - Correct Answer- 2 walls or more T-distribution - Correct Answer-A bell-shaped distribution symmetrical about its median used to make confidence intervals with small samples (<30) and unknown population variance. Peak is lower, tails are higher. Used to examine differences between groups. Octave Band Analyzer - Correct Answer-Used to determine where noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum. They are used to: -- Help determine adequacy of frequency-dependent noise controls. -- Select hearing protectors (they measure attenuation. -- Analyze frequency content of noise. Hydrostatic test minimum pressure required by ASME code - Correct Answer-150% of maximum operating pressure OSHA required angle for a ramp - Correct Answer- 30 degrees What amount of electrical current could kill a person? - Correct Answer- 70 - 100 milliamps (mA) Smallest wire for 20 amp branch circuits (NEC) - Correct Answer-#12 gauge wire #12 gauge wire maximum current allowed (NEC) - Correct Answer- 20 amps Minimum breaking strength of lanyards & lifelines (OSHA) - Correct Answer-5,000 lbs Minimum clearance distance between cranes (and all parts of the load) & power lines (OSHA) - Correct Answer- 10 ft for 50 kV or less Add 0.4" for every kV above 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator Height requirement for ladder cages (OSHA) - Correct Answer-Cages must extend down no less than 7 ft and no more than 8 ft above the base of the ladder. Mutiplier for continuous loads, when considering amperage ratings for protective devices (breakers) - Correct Answer-1.25

Example: a load is 100 watts. Amperage must be planned as 125 watts. Name the terms in P = I x V - Correct Answer-P = power, expressed in watts I = current (amperage) V = volts (or E = energy) Name the terms in E = I x R or (V = I x R) - Correct Answer-E = energy (volts) I = current (amperage) R = resistance (ohms) Name the terms in S ≅ 6CiEf - Correct Answer-Radiation formula S = Roentgens/hour/foot Ci = Curie (whole curies) E is same as MEV = Energy in megaelectron volts F = Fractional yield Sling angle and stress rules of thumb - Correct Answer-15° = twice the load 30° = the load 45° = 70% of the load 60° = 58% of the load 90° = 50% of the load Load/#slings/sinA = stress on the sling If there are 4 slings, calculate for 3 only. If there are 3 slings, calculate for 2 only. In radioactivity equations, explain A or N, A(sub 0) or N(sub 0), t, T(sub 1/2), ln 2 and k - Correct Answer-A = radioactivity remaining after time t A(sub 0) = radioactivity at a given original time t = elapsed time T(sub 1/2) = half-life of the radio-nuclide ln 2 = natural log of 2 = .693

k = disintegration constant Storage heights allowed, for piled and stacked materials (Fire Protection Handbook) - Correct Answer-Piled: 12 ft Stacked: 15 ft For mechanical power presses, what is the safe distance for controls that require the operator's hands (with no guard)? - Correct Answer-63" (5.25 ft) per second of stopping time needed. Types of radiation - Correct Answer-alpha, beta, neutron, gamma & x-ray Alpha rays - Correct Answer-Short range (<4" in air), can collect in kidneys, bones, lungs, etc. Eyes are an internal exposure. Shielding: skin, paper, water Beta rays - Correct Answer-Secondary release of gamma radiation; higher energies can cause skin burns Shielding: light metals (e.g., aluminum) Neutron rays - Correct Answer-Secondary release of gamma radiation, causing tissue damage in the body. Shielding: carbon or water Gamma & X-rays - Correct Answer-Gamma rays are natura), X-rays are man-made. Far faster and stronger than alpha and beta rays. These rays easily penetrate through the human body. Shielding: lead or thick concrete Personal protective equipment - Correct Answer-Last line of defense Decreases injuries & severity BUT also, decreases efficiency Limit for ionizing radiation per person per year (NRC) - Correct Answer- 5 Rem