Comprehensive Biology Exam Review, Exams of Biomedicine

Download Comprehensive Biology Exam Review and more Exams Biomedicine in PDF only on Docsity! Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Exam with correct answers Where does glycolysis take place? - correct answer -cytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - correct answer -Glucose Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - correct answer -2 ATP. pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - correct answer -mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - correct answer -acetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) - correct answer -3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2 Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - correct answer -Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? - correct answer -Hydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? - correct answer -ATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - correct answer -NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen. What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? - correct answer -ATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - correct answer -Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - correct answer -Oxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - correct answer -34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - correct answer -Lactate and alcohol,CO2 What are the basic steps of replication? - correct answer -DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase - correct answer -An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer - correct answer -A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase - correct answer -an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase - correct answer -An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? - correct answer -Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - correct answer -Cytosine What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - correct answer -Guanine Where does translation take place? Which organelle? - correct answer -cytoplasm in ribosomes What is a codon? - correct answer -a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. What is an exon? - correct answer -An expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein What is an intron? - correct answer -sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein (noncoding) deletion mutation - correct answer -a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene substitution mutation - correct answer -Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. Insertion - correct answer -A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. Are mutations in exons or introns more likely to result in an altered protein? - correct answer -Exons Are mutations permanent or temporary changes in the DNA sequence? - correct answer -Permanent changes in the DNA Hershey and Chase - correct answer -concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Rosalind Franklin - correct answer -Used X-ray diffraction to discover the double-helical structure of DNA. Watson and Crick - correct answer -Developed the double helix model of DNA. Avery - correct answer -genes are composed of DNA , DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells Erwin Chargaff - correct answer -the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are equal. What are HeLa cells? Where did they come from? What kind of cells are they? Why are they used? - correct answer -HeLa cells were the first human cells that researchers could grow and multiply endlessly in the lab. They are cancer cells from cervical cancer. What are the cell cycle stages? - correct answer -Interphase G1, G0, S, G2,Mitosis, cytoplasmic division Which stages are specifically part of mitosis? - correct answer -Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. What cells undergo mitosis? - correct answer -somatic cells What cells undergo meiosis? - correct answer -gametes What are they major steps of mitosis? - correct answer -Prophase:, the nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, What are they major steps of meiosis? - correct answer -prophase1:chromosomes pack tightly, attach to spindle poles Metaphase1: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase1: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase1: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, ( repeat with starting with prophase 2) In which stage do cells typically spend most of their life? - correct answer -Interphase What is crossing over? - correct answer -the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Does crossing over occur in mitosis? - correct answer -No, only in meiosis What is a karyotype? - correct answer -an individual's complete set of chromosomes What chromosome pairs is assigned female? - correct answer -XX What chromosome pairs is assigned male? - correct answer -XY What is the total chromosome number in humans? - correct answer -46 What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells? - correct answer -The number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - correct answer -Diploid Does meiosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - correct answer -haploid Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? - correct answer -Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. What is an autosome? - correct answer -Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome What is a sex chromosome? - correct answer -a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. What is nondisjunction? - correct answer -Failure for chromosomes to separate properly.