Comprehensive Biology Exam Review: Mastering Key Concepts, Exams of Biology

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BIOL-L 112 EXAM 1

QUESTIONS WITH 100%

VERIFIED ANSWERS.

1. Photosynthesis Formula -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> C6H12O6 + 6O
2. cellular respiration formula -- Correct Answer ✔✔ C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
3. How much ATP from one glucose molecule -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 32 ATPx
4. the electron acceptor -- Correct Answer ✔✔ NAD+
5. What does NAD+ turn into -- Correct Answer ✔✔ NADH
6. glycolysis products -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
7. what comes after glycolysis, and what is "prepped" -- Correct Answer ✔✔ citric acid cycle. first, 2 pyruvate is prepped into 2 acetyl CoA in the mitochondrion
8. citric acid cycle products -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH
9. what happens in the electron transport chain? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ NADH and FADH2 are oxidized. ELECTRON TRANSPORT MAKES 28 ATP

10. How many ATP from glycolysis and citric acid cycle -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 4 ATP, 28 ATP from electron transport chain, 32 total
11. what exactly is the electron transport chain? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ a series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane
12. carbohydrate monomoer -- Correct Answer ✔✔ monosaccharide
13. Lipid monomer -- Correct Answer ✔✔ glycerol and fatty acids
14. protein monomer -- Correct Answer ✔✔ amino acids
15. Primary structure -- Correct Answer ✔✔ unique sequence of amino acids in a straight chain
16. Secondary structure -- Correct Answer ✔✔ folds into alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
17. Tertiary structure -- Correct Answer ✔✔ folds into 3D structure. Critical to enzyme structure and function
18. Quarternary structure -- Correct Answer ✔✔ multiple polypeptide chains that fit together to form a functional protein
19. Nucleic acid monomer -- Correct Answer ✔✔ nucleotide
20. Nucleotide components -- Correct Answer ✔✔ phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C) -combine to form nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
21. Does RNA have thymine or uracil? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Uracil

22. Does DNA have thymine or uracil? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Thymine
23. Nucleus -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -contains DNA -pores offer selective passage in and out of nucleus -nucleolus contains rRNA -plant and animal cells
24. Nucleosome -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -DNA condensed by being wrapped around 8 proteins called histones -DNA negatively charged, histones positively charged -used to condense DNA for cell replication
25. Ribosomes -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -produce proteins
26. Rough ER -- Correct Answer ✔✔ synthesizes proteins by use of ribosomes -transport vesicles for proteins
27. Smooth ER -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -synthesizes lipids, no surface ribosomes
28. Golgi Apparatus -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -receives proteins from rough ER -refines, stores, ships chemical products of cell -sends out via vesicles
29. Lysosomes -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules - GARBAGE DISPOSAL -breaks down polysaccharides, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids -rarely in plant cells
30. Centrioles -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -made up of microtubules -moves chromosomes during cell replication -moves other organelles during interphase of the cell

31. Peroxisomes -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -detoxifies cell -contains enzymes for breakdown of fatty acids, drugs, alcohol -seen in liver cells
32. Mitochondria -- Correct Answer ✔✔ POWERHOUSE OF THE DAMN CELL -primary function to create ATP from food during cellular respiration -breaks down glucose to generate ATP for use in cell
33. Chloroplasts -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -contain chlorophyll -main function is to create sugars from sunlight during photosynthesis -PLANT CELLS ONLY
34. Endosymbiotic Theory -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -mitochondria and chloroplasts were once individual single celled organisms -Evidence- mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA -eukaryotic cells eventually engulfed
35. Central Vacuole -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -stores nutrients and absorbs water -PLANT CELLS but very very rare in animal cells
36. Passive transport -- Correct Answer ✔✔ diffusion, osmosis. No protein needed
37. Facilitated Diffusion -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Using channel proteins and carrier proteins for transport
38. Active transport -- Correct Answer ✔✔ utilizing ATP to transport charged molecules across the membrane
39. Bulk transport -- Correct Answer ✔✔ moving large molecules like polysaccharides and proteins across the membrane using vesicles

40. Exocytosis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ transport vesicles fuse with membrane and release contents outside the cell
41. Endocytosis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ bring molecules into the cell by forming transport vesicles from the membrane
42. 3 forms of endocytosis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. phagocytosis

2. pinocytosis
3. receptor-mediated

43. phagocytosis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole
44. pinocytosis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ tiny molecules taken in when extracellular fluid is encased by vesicles
45. receptor-mediated -- Correct Answer ✔✔ binding triggers vesicle formation