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Comprehensive Exam

Study Guide 2023 latest

updated with correct

answered questions

What is the focus of the cognitive model? Perceptions (how you perceive things) Thought patterns Attention Attributions (explaining the reasons why we do things) What does the NLP model focus on?

How senses are used to create representations of the world Sensory info Language How you use your senses and then how we figure out what our perception of the world is How does sport psych define confidence? Belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior Confidence vs. self-efficacy : Self-efficacy is for a specific task. Confidence is more general. Confidence that can change as the situation changes = state self-confidence Most popular model in sport psych = Cognitive- Behavioral Model (CBT)

The sources of self-confidence (in order): Performance accomplishments << strongest + most dependable Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Imaginal experience (imagery) Physiological states Emotional states In an evaluative situation (someone’s watching you / you’re being evaluated), an individual with high trait anxiety , will tend to also exhibit what? High state anxiety.

Moment-to-moment change in perceived physiological activation = somatic state anxiety If an athlete perceives control in a situation, and feels that the event or reward increases feelings of competence, what happens to intrinsic motivation? INCREASES. Cognitive Evaluative Theory (CET) o Key parts to theory = control + competence The stress process involves what? 4 steps: Ex: feelings of anxiety Cognitive appraisal

1. Perceived coping abilities
2. Negative stress symptoms (response)

Multidimensional anxiety : Why is it multidimensional? Somatic and cognitive anxiety. (not facilitative and debilitative in this particular model)

Mastery/task focus vs. ego focus = goal perspectives/orientations Motivation = direction + intensity of one’s effort General level of anxiety that stays stable over time = trait anxiety Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner are associated with which model? Behavioral Model Hardy’s Catastrophe Theory predicts what? o as anx. increases, perf. improves to a certain point then plummets

• LOW cog anxiety : inverted-U
• HIGH cog anxiety : predicts that catastrophe can occur

Cog Eval Theory (CET), when an ath perceives control and has increased feeling competence, what increases? Intrinsic motivation. Who’s responsible for self-efficacy theory? Albert Bandura What does Inverted-U theory predict? Arousal can either be too high or too low Top performance occurs at moderate level of arousal Hanin’s Zone of Optimal Functioning suggests what? Each individual has a specific optimal level of efficiency

Focusing on performance, as opposed to outcome goals, during competition, has been shown to be associated with anxiety and performance. less anxiety / superior performance Excess anxiety produces what? T/F: Applied sport psychology can be defined as helping ath and coaches learn how to control the way they think, feel, and act to help them reach their potential in sport. TRUE. Appropriate guidelines for applying arousal and anxiety knowledge:

1. Recognize signs (som + cog) of increased anxiety and arousal
   1. Cog: inappropriate thoughts/worry
   2. Som: Heart rate, sweaty, etc. b. Recognize how personal + situational factors influence arousal and performance

• Inappropriate thoughts
• Inappropriate muscle tension

First person to conduct an experiment in sport psych = Norman Triplett Bike riders perform better in presence of others (social facilitation theory) o Bicyclette (in French) → Triplett (way to help you remember this) Father of American sport psychology = Coleman Griffith AASP = Assoc for Applied Sport Psych

To legally be called a sport psychologist (SP), must have:

1. Doctorate in psychology (PhD / PsyD) 2. Some academic SP training
2. Licensed in state you’re going to work in Which of the following CAN’T mental training consultants do? Teach performance enhancement techniques Research why athletes behave as they do Teach students to become sport psych consultants Doing clinical or counseling work with athletes << NOPE ^^ Sport psychologist can do ALL of the above.

Participant motivation is usually a result of: Combo of personal and situational factors If we are looking to understand students’, athletes’, and exercisers’ MOTIVES for involvement (i.e. assess their motives), we need to do what? o ^^ Take this with a grain of salt ^^ What are attributions? Reasons we give for our actions In literature, with what other term is self- efficacy used interchangeably? Self-confidence Improve confidence:

• Observe participants to see what they like/don’t like about the activity.
• Periodically ask them to list reasons for participation
• Think confidently
• Act confidently

Which statement(s) are true? Ind should image… ...only successful events. ...Mostly unsuccessful events.

...Mostly successful events but also learn to cope with occasional failure << Research in the 1980s found all of the following: Physical practice (PP) is better than mental rehearsal alone Mental rehearsal (MR) is better than no physical practice MR and PP combined is most effective Imagery should contain two elements:

Vividness Control According to bioinformational theory, imagery should contain what? Stimulus propositions and response propositions Particularly good for working with ath when they’re trying to change a habit o Training yourself to respond a certain way to a stimulus Relating to attention:

If a golfer is focusing on length of fairway and direction of wind, and then shifts focus to only on ball, they’re going from broad-external to narrow-external. Broad-internal would be: planning Narrow-internal would be: analyzing External are outside of yourself. Telling myself to “focus” can be best defined as... Cue word for bringing you back to PRESENT focus. Nideffer’s two dimensions of attentional focus are: Width Direction

What are four components of Nideffer’s model : Broad Narrow ^^ width Internal External ^^direction Attentional cues can be what types of cues: verbal/auditory visual physical Rogers and Maslow are advocates of which model? Humanistic

T/F: There’s little research on NLP in sport psychology literature. TRUE In the Humanistic model, human experience is viewed as: If I’m a mental skills consultant, can I: educate on psychological skills training? YES. Life skill development? YES. Treat depression? NO. T/F : Legally, anyone in the US can call themselves a sport psychologist. FALSE. T/F : Legally, anyone in the US can call themselves a mental skills coach. TRUE.

• I mportant
• I ntegral (a part of everything/the foundation)

Coleman Griffith ‘The Griffith Era’- the Father of American Sport Psychology , Focused on reaction time mental awareness, muscular tension, and relaxation. Founded the first Sport Psych lab in the USA. Actual first lab was Carl Diem in 1920 in Germany Prep for the future era - 1939- ISSP founded in 1965, first official organization in Sport Psych Est of Academic Sport Psych 1966- Bulk of current sport psych. NASPSPA is their terrible acronym. Bruce Ogilive Father of APPLIED Sport Psych and Thomas Tutko - both taught at JFK wrote Problem Athletes and how to handle them. Multidisc Science and Practice in Sport and Exercise Psych 1978-

University of Illinois is important… Rainer Martens wrote 2 seminal articles and went on to be the founder president and the publisher of Human Kinetics.

US Olympic Committee develops Sport Psych Advisory Board in 1980 and in 1984 there were Sport Psychs at the LA Olympics. 1985 US Olympics hired first full time sport psych AASP, formerly AAASP, is founded in 1986. Journal of Applied Sport Psych from AAASP begins in 1989. 1988 US Olympic team takes first official sport psych 1991 AAASP establishes that certified consultant designation. Contemporary Sport and Exercise Psych 2000- Present Recognition at all sporting levels and the research has evolved. Exercise Psych

Evidence based work Typicality- very white, male, western points of view throughout the research - be wary. Some Organizations for Sport Psych FEPSAC - European, SCAPPS - Canadian, USOC - USA, BASES - British Join AASP Join APA Div 47 membership Perceptual and Motor Skills, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, Journal of Applied Sport Psycho, The Sport Psychologist, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Journal of Clinical Sport Psych, Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise, International Review of Sport Psychology Professional Issues in Sport Psych - Roles of Practitioners

Three types of roles (research, teaching and consulting)- Educational/Consulting, Clinical/Counseling, Academic teaching/Research Arousal : general physiological and psychological activation varying on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement. Stress : substantial imbalance between demand and response capability under conditions where failure to meet the demand has important consequences. Very much linked to confidence. Anxiety : there are different types of anxiety (can be negative or positive), it is typically described as a negative response to a stimulus

that includes both physiological (somatic) and psychological (cognitive) components. Jim Taylor, Sport Psychologist , suggests the term Intensity is much better suited for use in sport than arousal or anxiety. Intensity is more positive term that can express the positive aspects of arousal for sport performance and it helps get away from any sexual connotations associated with the word arousal that are distracting. Emphasis on performance anxiety rather than clinical anxiety. There is a difference. Subsequent negative stress symptoms may lead to feelings of anxiety. - “stress is a precursor to anxiety” Spielberger - concept of Threat - is this threatening to me in terms of my: body, ego, life, extrinsic reward, self-worth, anything big.

Depends on various factors. State vs Trait anxiety. At this time there was no facilitative, only debilitative. High State Anxiety - is a typical response to a situation to a perceived to be threatening. Both somatic and cognitive High Trait Anxiety - a general disposition to respond to a variety of situations with high state anxiety more of the time. Trait is the attribute, a characteristic, a quality. Cognitive Anxiety comes before Somatic Anxiety - its at a subconscious level.. State Anxiety - environmental, situation based anxiety (changes over time) Trait Anxiety - Predisposition to anxiety, not a guarantee, doesn't

o People who are high in trait anxiety will tend to react to more situations with higher levels of state anxiety. Direction of Anxiety - much research before covered INTENSITY of anxiety as measured by CSAI-2. Jones et al. have done work that shows its in the direction of anxiety that is also important (even more so?) so its how the anxiety is perceived. Facilitative/Debilitative to performance. Problem focused vs emotion focused vs avoidance (can be positive or negative, btw) coping strategies

Motivation - “complex interaction between the individual factors and situation factors”. - Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort direction of effort refers to whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to a situation. intensity of effort is about how much effort an individual puts forth in a situation. Consistency, level of effort, etc. At least two ways motivation has been explored: Participant Motivation and Achievement Motivation. Participation in Sports the text refers to intrinsic extrinsic and “a motivation” (lack of motivation) External rewards may reduce intrinsic motivation, but it is not clear cut. Has to do