Comprehensive Guide to Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Exams of Biology

Download Comprehensive Guide to Cell Biology and Biochemistry and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIOLOGY 1. An ____________ is any _______________________________________ such as an animal, plant, fungus, protist, archaeon, or bacterium. 2. A _______________ organism an organism that consist of one cell. 3. A ________________ organism made up of many cells. 4. ____________________________________ cannot be seen by the human eye without the use of microscope. (e.g. euglena) 5. A __________________________ can be seen by the plain human eye (e.g. multicellular organism like animals) 6. A __________________ is an instrument used to magnify a tiny object. 7. The _____________ discovered the first lens. 8. It was derived from the Latin word ___________ as it resembled the shape of a ______________ 9. _______________________________ made the first _______________________ 10._____________________________ is known to built his own microscope. He used thin slice of cork as specimen in his microscope. 11. _________________ means small compartment. It eventually became the word cell. 12. __________________ is one of the first detailed handbook on microscopy and imaging. 13. _____________________________________ is a scientist who studied the bacteria, blood cell, and protist. He made a microscope which had a more powerful magnification than what Hooke built. 14. _______________________________, a professor of botany in Germany. He stated that all plants are composed of cells. 15. __________________ is a professor of physiology at the university of Belgium. He studied several slides of _____________ in which he stated that ________________________________. 16. All organism are ________________________ 17. The ______________________ is cell. 18. All cells come from __________________________. 19. _________________________________________________ postulated the idea of _____________________________ (all cells comes from cells.) 20. __________________________________________ states that organisms came from non-living things. 21. Francesco Redi- was able to disproved the theory that _______________________________________________________ from meat using a controlled experiment. Disproved the theory above. 22. John Needham- believed that life can arise spontaneously. He repeated Redi’s experiment but yielded different result because he ____________________________ in killing all microbes while boiling broth. 23. Lazzaro Spallanzani- disagreed to the theory of spontaneous generation after ________________________________________________ in some chicken broth placed in sealed flask heated for 30 minutes. 24. Louis Pasteur- disproved spontaneous generation through an experiment where ________________________________________ through boiling in two flask, one that was exposed to air and another protected from it. 25. __________________ are __________________________, or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. 26. _________________- different parts of cell. 27. _________________________- composed of ____________________ with embedded ____________________________________. 28. ___________________________________ -allows Oxygen and CO2 to enter. 29. ________________ are _______________________ cell membrane that boost the cell’s absorption function. 30. ___________________ (microvillus) – Increases the cell’s surface area. 31. ___________________- fluid containing ______________ that fills the cell. This is ___________________________________________ after entering or before exiting the cell membrane. This is also where the _______________ are found and move freely. 32 ._______________- fluid that contains ____________________. This is the site of ____________________________ like signal 33._________________ It’s a substances that produces electrically conducting solutions, metabolites and other substances produced during metabolism. 34._______________ Convertion of glucose into another form. 35._____________ It provides the structure or shape of the cell. It has Three major filaments (- _____________, _____________, _____________) 36. _______________ Composed of actin. (contractile protein) and is about 7 Nanometer. 37. ________________ Composed of tubulin. (globular proteins) and is about 25 nanometer. 38. _______________ Provides tensile strength in the cell and is about 10 ______________. 39. _________________ Comes in pairs and are at right angles with each other. They help in the separation and transfer of chromosomes. 40. ______________ It is where microtubes get organized. 41. ________________ They are essential to separating chromosomes during cell division. 74. _____________ Are the temporary storage center of the cell. 75. _______________is the unit where proteins are sorted and packed. 76. ______________ are structures that assemble proteins. 77. The ______________ (Plural: Endoplasmic Reticula) Is a membrane-covered organelle that transports cell materials. 78. _____________ Composed of amino acids and sugars. It provides structure and protection to the cell wall against bacteria. 79. ______________ serves as the cell’s structural support against fungi. 80. ______________- extension of the cell. A hair forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root. 81. ______________- found inside of the chloroplast. It is a colorless fluid surrounded by grana (light- dependent reactions take place here.) 82. ______________ flattened sacs inside a chloroplast bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place,and arranged in stacks or grana. 83. ________________ -green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. 84. _______________-maintain turgor pressure to keep the cell from wilting. 85. ________________- storage of nutrients, ions and water. 86. Animal cells and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm ___________,______________ and ____________. 87. ____________ and _____________ are similar in a way that they are sites for ATP synthesis. 88. The main function of the _______________ is the synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids. 89. A __________________ (or organ system or body system) is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks. 90. A _______________ requires buffers which are molecules that donate or accept protons to resist drastic change in PH. 91. In cells, metabolic reaction will not proceed without____________ which acts as catalysts of biological reactions. 92. _____________ are the type lipids that are biological component of plasma membranes. 93. ______________ is the type of transport system that requires an energy to move molecules from lower to higher concentration. 94. _________________ does not use energy. 95. _________________is the movement of water molecules through a plasma membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. 96. ________________ It is the passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. 97. ________________ Is a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules. 98. ______________is the number of particles per unit volume. 99. In facilitated diffusion the carrier changes its ________ while the channel creates path. 100. ___________is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing. 101. _____________ is where they exit in the form of smaller detached vesicles. 102. ________________most acceptable cell membrane model. 103. ________________And ______________ published a paper titled “The Fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes” in 1972. 104. _____________ a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule. 105. _____________- Water-loving, hydrophilic phosphate. 106. _____________- Water-fearing, hydrophobic lipids. 107. RBC glycolipids are lipids with ________ chains. 108. ____________(Rh factor) determines + or – blood types. 109. Substances which produce ________ that fight disease. GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP D RED BLOOD CELL TYPE ANTIBODIES IN PLASMA ANTIGENTS IN RED BLOOD CELL 110. ______________ is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin. This term is commonly used in blood grouping. 111. O Rh D negative blood are often called ____________. 112. AB Rh D Positive blood are called ______________. 113. BLOOD DONATION CHART BLOOD TYPE CAN DONATE TO BLOOD TYPE CAN DONATE TO A+ AB+ A- AB B+ O+ B- O- 114. ______________ -creative, sensitive, responsible, patient, stubborn, and tense. 115. ______________- Wild, active, doer, creative, passionate, strong, selfish, unforgiving, ang irresponsible. 116. ______________- Cool, controlled, sociable, adaptable, indecisive, and forgetful. 117. ______________-Agreeable, sociable, optimistic, jealous, and arrogant. 118. ______________ Discover the blood types. 119. A potato cell placed on a container with pure water will become _____________. 120. Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide will increase the rate of ____________. 121. ______________ is the process through which our cells get the energy to perform their functions. 122. _______________cellular respiration uses oxygen and yields many more ATP molecules. It is the process in which our cells break down food and turn it into energy. 123. ____________ cellular respiration does not use oxygen and yields only two ATP molecules. 124. The ____________ phase takes place in the cytoplasm, which is gel of the cell in which the organelles float. (First stage) 125. The ______________ cycle is also known as the Krebs’s cycle and the tricarboxylic (TCA) acid cycle. (Second stage) 126. The ______________ produces up to 34 molecules of ATP during its process. (Third stage) 170. __________-parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored. 171. __________-female part and usually located at the center of the flower. The ovule producing part of a flower. 172. ___________-is the sticky knob at the top of the pistil. 173. ___________It is attached to the long, tube-like structure. 174. ___________-female egg that style leads to the ovary. 175. ___________-the pollen producing part of a flower, male part, and usually surround the pistil. 176. ___________produces pollen (male productive cells). 177. ___________holds the anther up. 178.___________It transports cell from the pollen grain, from the stigma (in flowering plants) to the ovules at the base of the pistil. 179. PARTS OF A FLOWER 180. In green plants, respiration takes place in ______________. 181. All living things get the energy they need to live from a chemical reaction called ___________. 182. Increased blood flow to the skin is the most effective in ___________________________. 183.________________-is a skeleton that is on the inside of a body. 184. ______________- is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal’s body, in contrast to the internal skeleton. (Eg: Shell, lobster, ants, and scorpions). 185. ______________-is a structure found in many soft-bodied animals consisting of a fluid-filled cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles. (Eg: Earthworms, jellyfish, and starfish) 186. ______________-is an enzyme that aids digestion by breaking down proteins. 187. ______________-is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. 188. ______________-is capable of breaking down starch into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin that can be further broken down in the small intestine. 189. _____________- is a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols. 190. PARTS OF A HEART 191. ______________-carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. 192.______________- carrying blood from the head, arms, and upper body. 193. _____________-carrying blood from the lower body. 194. _____________-flaps that prevent backflow of blood. 195. _____________-a valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle. 196. ___________-receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. 197.___________-region of the heart that pumps blood to the body. 198. ___________-carries blood to the lungs. 199. ___________-region of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs. 200.___________-carries blood from the lungs. 201.___________-segment of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood. 202. ___________-the main artery carrying blood to all parts of the body. 203. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 204. ___________-Is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. 205.__________and___________-is the primary opening for the respiratory system, made of bone, muscle, and cartilage. Use to inhale air into body. 206. ____________-also called the oral cavity, the mouth is the secondary exterior opening for the respiratory system. 207. _____________-also called the throat, It is a funnel of muscle that extends from the respiratory openings to the esophagus and larynx. 208. ____________-also known as the voice box. It acts a defense mechanism. 209. ____________-also known as the wind pipe. Provide a clear and unhindered airway for air to enter and exit the lungs. 248. ___________-the chromosome in each nuclei will align at the center. Centrosomes are now at the opposite sides of the cell producing spindle fibers that will be attached to the chromosome. 249. ___________-sister chromatid are pulled by spindle fibers which brings 1 chromatid to the other side of the cell and the remaining chromatid to the other. 250. ___________and __________- a membrane will form around each set of chromosomes. 251. The human sperm cell contains _______________and 1 X or 1 Y chromosomes. 252. When two heterozygotes are crossed, expected phenotypic rate of the offspring is ___________. 253. A person whom the karyotype was taken has _______________. 254. ____________- is a genetic condition in which a human male has an extra male (Y) chromosome, giving a total 47 chromosomes instead of the more usual 46. 255. ____________- occurs when the number of chromosomes is 45 with only one copy of the X chromosome (45, X) through other cells in the body may have had the correct number (46, XX). 256. Sex-linked traits originate from ___________ on sex chromosomes. 257. ___________- organic molecules or macromolecules .Fuel for metabolism of an organism. Can perform functions in cell. 258. ___________-great source of energy. Literally means hydrated carbon. Usually have names ending with “-ose”. 259. ___________-simple sugar. 260. ___________-contains aldehyde (-CHO) on the first carbonation. 261. ___________- with carbonyl group (C=O) on the second carbon atom. 262. ___________-2 monosaccharides joined. Dehydration synthesis takes place. 263. ___________-bond linking a carbonate to another compound. 264. Glucose + Fructose =___________ (table sugar) 265. Glucose + Galactose =__________ (milk sugar) 266. Glucose + Glucose =____________ (beer sugar) 267. ___________consists of 3 or more monosaccharides. Found on the cell wall of algae and plants. 268. ___________-cannot breakdown cellulose. 269. ___________-enzymes breakdown. 270. ___________-is a polysaccharide that is present in ripe fruits and is extracted for use a setting agent in jams and jellies. Eg: apples, bananas, oranges, grapes, cabbage, carrots. 271. ___________-contain chains of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon). Long term energy storage and serves as insulation. 272.___________-(fats)- glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached. 273. ___________-hydrocarbons with carboxylic acid. (-COOH) 274. ___________-Is the process of joining two molecules, or compounds together following the removal of water. 275.____________- a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule. 276. ___________-four rings of carbon atoms that lessen inflammation. 277. ___________- thickening of fat in the lining of arteries. 278. ___________-used to refer to the mixture of long-chain apolar lipids forming a protective coating on plant leaves, fruits, and animals. 279. __________-reduces rushes and inflammation in our body 280. __________-derived from the cholesterol of testes. 281.__________and _________-derived from the cholesterol of ovaries. 282. _____________-building blocks of life which contains amino acid. 283. __________and __________-responsible for the muscle cell concentration. 284. ____________-is the most abundant protein in the human body and is the substance that holds the whole body together. 285. There is a total of ______ amino acids. 286. Basic structure of amino acid: _________(NH2), __________(COOH) __________(H) And _______ (various ride groups). 287. ________________-cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food. 288. ________________-are amino acid that can be made by humans and so is not essential to the human diet. 289. _____________-are usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. 290. NINE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 1. (HIS) 4. (Ile) 7. (Leu) 2. (LYS) 5. (Met) 8. (Phe) 3. (Thr) 6. (Trp) 9. (Val) 291. NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (Ala) (Asp) (Cys) (Glu) 292. CONDITIONAL AMINO ACID (Arg) (Asn) (Gln) (Gly) (Pro) (Ser) (Tyr) 293. SCIENTIFIC NAME OF SOME ANIMALS 1. CARABAO 2. DOG 3. CAT 4. CROCODILE 5.PHILIPPINE EAGLE 6. HUMAN 7. TIGER 8. LION