Computer Network Exam 2 Study Guide: Key Concepts and Definitions, Exams of Biology

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Computer

Network Exam 2

Study Guide

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): - answer An organization which is best known for developing standards for the computers and electronics industry: Token Ring Network: - answer An IEEE 802.5 standard LAN technology in which information circulates in a closed ring of stations. Firewall: - answer A hardware device or a software program designed to inspect network traffic and either allow or deny the traffic to pass through or be blocked according to a set of rules. Internet service provider (ISP): - answer A facility/ organization that enables multiple users to connect to the Internet. Frame: - answer Structure used to transport data over a network. Contains source and destination address, data, and a 32-bit frame check sequence. The Maximum data amount for an Ethernet frame is 1500 bytes. Cyclic Redundancy check (CRC): - answer A 32-bit error detection scheme able to detect bit errors in streams of bits of varying length

Network Interface Card (NIC): - answer The expansion card added to a system to provide network functionality. Each network card has its own unique MAC address. MAC Address: - answer Media access control address. A 48- bit physical address associated with every network interface. An example MAC address is 00- C0- F0- 27- 64- E2. 00-C0-F0-27-64-E2. Fault-tolerance: - answer provides the ability of a system to withstand a hardware or software fault and keep functioning. Collision domain: - answer The portion of an Ethernet network in which collisions could occur if two nodes transmit data at the same time. Collision: - answer In Ethernet networks, the interference of one node's data transmission with the data transmission of another node sharing the same segment. Latency: - answer Latency is the time it takes for a frame to get from the source host to the destination host. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/ CD): - answer An IEEE 802.3 standard access method used to share bandwidth among a maximum of 1024 stations. Two or more stations transmitting at a time will cause a collision, forcing random waiting periods before retransmission is attempted. Wavelength: - answer The distance between corresponding points on a wave's cycle. is inversely proportional to frequency. Frame: - answer Structure used to transport data over a network. Contains source and destination address, data, and a 32-bit frame

check sequence. The Maximum data amount for an Ethernet frame is 1500 bytes. Preamble: - answer The field in an Ethernet frame that signals to the receiving node that data is incoming and indicates when the data flow is about to begin. SFD (Start- of- frame delimiter): - answer A 1- byte field that indicates where the data field begins in an Ethernet frame. RJ- 45 (registered jack 45): - answer The standard connector used with shielded twisted pair and unshielded twisted pair cabling. RJ- 11 (registered jack 11): - answer The standard connector used with unshielded twisted pair cabling (usually Cat 3) to connect analog telephones. Coaxial cable: - answer A type of cable that consists of a central metal conducting core, which might be solid or stranded and is often made of copper, surrounded by an insulator, a braided metal shielding, called braiding, and an outer cover, called the sheath or jacket. Coaxial cable, called "coax" for short, was the foundation for Ethernet networks. Thinwire: - answer RG- 58 coaxial cable used in 10base2 networks. Thickwire: - answer RG- 8 coaxial cable used in 10base5 networks. Hub: - answer A multiport device that broadcasts frames received on one port to all other ports. All ports are in the same collision domain. Hubs are also known as concentrators. Hubs operate at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.

Switch: - answer A multiport device that forwards frames to a specific port based on their destination MAC address. Each port is in its own collision domain. Traditional network switches operate at layer 2 of the OSI model. Tap: - answer Used to make a connection with coaxial cable. The tap may be a BNC T-connector or a vampire tap. Cable Tester: - answer A device that tests a cable for continuity impedance, frequency response, or crosstalk. STP (Shielded twisted pair): - answer A type of cable containing twisted- wire pairs that are not only individually insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding made of a metallic substance such as foil. UTP (Unshielded twisted pair): - answer A type of cabling that consists of one or more insulated wire pairs encased in a plastic sheath. As its name implies, does not contain additional shielding for the twisted pairs. As a result, is both less expensive and less resistant to noise than STP. Straight- through cable: - answer Twisted pair patch cable in which the wire terminations in both connectors follow the same scheme. Crossover cable: - answer A twisted pair patch cable in which the termination locations of the transmit and receive wires on one end of the cable are reversed. Cross talk: - answer A type of interference caused by signals traveling on nearby wire pairs infringing on another pair's signal. Twist ratio: - answer The number of twists per meter or foot in a twisted pair cable.

Cladding: - answer The glass or plastic shield around the core of a fiber- optic cable. reflects light back to the core in patterns that vary depending on the transmission mode. This reflection allows fiber to bend around corners without impairing the light- based signal. Thinnet: - answer An IEEE Physical layer standard for achieving 10- Mbps throughput over coaxial copper cable. is also known as 10Base- 2. Its maximum segment length is 185 meters, and it relies on a bus topology. Thicknet: - answer An IEEE Physical layer standard for achieving a maximum of 10- Mbps throughput over coaxial copper cable. is also known as 10Base- 5. Its maximum segment length is 500 meters, and it relies on a bus topology. 5- 4- 3 rule: - answer A guideline for 10- Mbps Ethernet networks stating that between two communicating nodes, the network cannot contain more than five network segments connected by four repeating devices, and no more than three of the segments may be populated. Gigabit Ethernet: - answer A type of Ethernet network that is capable of 1000- Mbps, or 1- Gbps, throughput. FOIRL: - answer Fiber optic inter- repeater link. The original specification for Ethernet communication over fiber. Bit: - answer Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine. A single bit can hold only two values: 0 or 1 Byte: - answer A unit of storage capable of holding a single character. A byte is equal to 8 bits.

Multiplexing - answer A form of transmission that allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium is known as. To carry multiple signals, the medium's channel is logically separated into multiple smaller channels, or sub channels. TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) - answer divides a channel into multiple intervals of time, or time slots. A separate time slot is then assigned to every node on the network.Each node uses its assigned time slot to send data. Statistical multiplexing - answer It is similar to time division multiplexing, but rather than assigning a separate slot to each node in series, the transmitter assigns slots to nodes according to priority and need.To begin with, in , as in TDM, each node is assigned one time slot. However, if a node doesn't use its time slot, devices recognize that and assign its slot to another node that needs to send data Frequency multiplexing - answer It is a type of multiplexing that assigns a unique frequency band to each communications sub channel. Signals are modulated with different carrier frequencies and then multiplexed to simultaneously travel over a single channel. WDM (Wavelength division multiplexing) - answer It is a technology used with fiber-optic cable, which enables one fiber-optic connection to carry multiple light signals simultaneously. Using, a single fiber can transmit as many as 20 million telephone conversations at one time. ISO - answer The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an International standards organisation responsible for a wide range of standards, including many that are relevant to networking. "ISO" is a word, derived from the Greek "isos", meaning equal. ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947.

OSI model - answer describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a network medium to a software application in another computer. The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of networking into layers reduces complexity. Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification. Each layer communicates with the same layer's software or hardware on other computers. Data is encapsulated with the necessary protocol information as it moves down the layers before network transit. Application Layer (Layer 7) - answer responsible for providing services to the user. Presentation Layer (Layer 6) - answer responsible for translation, compression, and encryption. Session Layer (Layer 5) - answer responsible for dialog control and synchronization Transport Layer (Layer 4) - answer responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another. Network Layer (Layer 3) - answer responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host. Data Link Layer (Layer 2) - answer responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next. Physical Layer (Layer 1) - answer responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.