Construction and Civil Engineering Fundamentals, Exams of Nursing

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These materials determine the compressive strength of concrete - Precise Answer ✔✔water & cement Aggregate size in concrete should not exceed - Precise Answer ✔✔1/ the depth of the slab Machine bolt assembly - Precise Answer ✔✔used to connect metal to metal Demo Plan must always include - Precise Answer ✔✔-Survey base w/ existing site elements -Limits of work -Hardscape to be removed Primary determinant of retaining wall's footing - Precise Answer ✔✔soil bearing capacity Soil Bearing Capacity - Precise Answer ✔✔the measure of a soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight. AASHTO - Precise Answer ✔✔American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Pilot hole for wooden screws - Precise Answer ✔✔prevents the wood from splintering when driving the screw Embankment - Precise Answer ✔✔a wall or bank of earth or stone built to prevent water from moving into an area Stabilized inlet - Precise Answer ✔✔typically constructed with riprap, reduces velocity of water entering a stormwater treatment facility Riprap - Precise Answer ✔✔Large angular rocks or concrete piled together to diffuse energy of water before it enters a stormwater treatment facility Ledger - Precise Answer ✔✔A board that supports joists and transfers loads from the deck to the structure the deck is attached to. ADA compliant handrails - Precise Answer ✔✔must be between 34" - 38" high Fall zone surrounding playground equipment - Precise Answer ✔✔must be 6' on all sides. Forebay - Precise Answer ✔✔located upstream of a constructed stormwater wetland to intercept and reduce the velocity of flows entering wetlands and settle sediments.

Batter - Precise Answer ✔✔the slope of a retaining wall measured along its vertical face Construction Documentation Cover Sheet includes - Precise Answer ✔✔-Site Address -Sheet Index -Project Location Map -Vicinity Map -Official Date of Issuance Bid documents include - Precise Answer ✔✔-General and Supplemental conditions -instructions to bidders -bid forms Three Part specification - Precise Answer ✔✔1. general

2. product
3. execution Zinc coating - Precise Answer ✔✔often added to non-stainless steel fixtures in exterior applications to reduce the formation of rust. (done by dipping fasteners in a vessel of molten zinc, called hot-dip galvanizing)

Unit Price Contract - Precise Answer ✔✔Best contract for a project that includes a significant (as-yet) undetermined amount of excavation Landscape finished grade should be - Precise Answer ✔✔6 inches below finished floor elevation of a structure. Exterior landscape finished grade should be - Precise Answer ✔✔ 2 inches below finished surface elevation of adjacent hardscape (sidewalks, pool decks) Filter Strips - Precise Answer ✔✔filter sediments from stormwater and treat sheet flows from adjacent surfaces (improving water quality) Bituminous binder - Precise Answer ✔✔used to adhere a new coat of asphalt to an existing asphalt surface. Mortar - Precise Answer ✔✔used to bond individual masonry units Epoxy - Precise Answer ✔✔high-strength adhesive used to bond wood, concrete, metals, and/or plastics in general construction. 30 inches - Precise Answer ✔✔maximum permissible rise on an ADA- accessible ramp before a landing is required

36 inches - Precise Answer ✔✔handrail height should be this tall to meet code requirements 42 inches - Precise Answer ✔✔guardrail height should be this tall to meet code requirements Asphalt Treated Base (ATB) - Precise Answer ✔✔for site construction in wet or freezing conditions, this can allow for many areas of work to continue despite adverse weather conditions. It acts as a water-resistant barrier that prevents the infiltration of fines into the subgrade, which occurs when water accumulates in the subgrade. Asphalt advantages - Precise Answer ✔✔-low maintenance costs -low installation costs -low reflectivity Asphalt disadvantages - Precise Answer ✔✔-susceptible to frost damage -propensity to erode at edges Wayfinding Plan (3 strategies) - Precise Answer ✔✔1. emphasize site entrances

2. establish path hierarchy
3. create small number of discernible regions

Project Manual - Precise Answer ✔✔A set of documents that contains all the relevant project documents in one place. General conditions would always be included. Expansion Joints - Precise Answer ✔✔need to be placed between adjacent concrete slabs and at the interface of concrete and other hardscape surfaces and buildings. ADA ramps require landings every - Precise Answer ✔✔30" of vertical rise. 60" - Precise Answer ✔✔ADA ramps must have this width clear ADA ramp landing size when changing directions - Precise Answer ✔✔60" x 60" Sediment Forebay function: - Precise Answer ✔✔1. reduce velocity of flows

2. settle sediments bioengineering - Precise Answer ✔✔live staking plant material on river banks Point-source drip irrigation - Precise Answer ✔✔among the lowest water use irrigation systems available.

Between 16" - 20" - Precise Answer ✔✔Most comfortable seat height 18" minimum - Precise Answer ✔✔mandatory seat depth For max. legibility, each construction detail should have: - Precise Answer ✔✔1. scale

2. dimensions
3. orthographic linework
4. material callouts When specifying lumber for use on a wooden deck, lumber should always be - Precise Answer ✔✔faced bark-side up Construction Documentation Cover Sheet contains - Precise Answer ✔✔1. sheet index
5. project location map
6. site address
7. date of issuance
8. vicinity map control joints - Precise Answer ✔✔restrict cracking to a predetermined location

depth of control joint - Precise Answer ✔✔should be 1/4 - 1/3 thickness of the concrete heat of hydration - Precise Answer ✔✔chemical process that occurs when cement is mixed with water to form concrete. snap ties - Precise Answer ✔✔type of fastener used to hold formwork together while concrete is being poured. Designed to break away after formwork is removed. concrete cantilevered wall - Precise Answer ✔✔very expensive to construct because they need large excavation and formwork with steel reinforcing, back drainage, and expansion joints. Specification order - Precise Answer ✔✔1. general

2. product
3. execution (not chronological) Closed dimensions - Precise Answer ✔✔dimensioning plan cannot be executed as shown. Site Protection Plan - Precise Answer ✔✔1. protect natural resources on site and downstream

2. comply with local laws/codes (i.e. tree protection and salvage, site access, erosion control measures, noise control) Tensile Strength - Precise Answer ✔✔measurement of a product's resistance to forces parallel to the material's grain or surface (usually used with wood) properly constructed asphalt pavement requires maintenance/resurfacing every: - Precise Answer ✔✔20 years Borrow Pit Method - Precise Answer ✔✔(also known as the grid method) entails laying out a grid across a site and assigning an elevation to each point on the grid. elevations are then averaged and an average cut/fill assigned to every cell. Emergency Access Plan includes - Precise Answer ✔✔EVA (emergency vehicle access) Routes Full depth of slab - Precise Answer ✔✔Isolation/expansion joints should be constructed to this depth. Slump test - Precise Answer ✔✔A test for mixed concrete to determine consistency and workability.

Primary determinant of the width of a retaining wall's footing - Precise Answer ✔✔Soil bearing capacity Soil bearing capacity - Precise Answer ✔✔measure of a soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight. Recharge trench - Precise Answer ✔✔can be placed adjacent to and downslope of a vegetated filter strip Geotechnical Soils Report has direct impact on - Precise Answer ✔✔a Grading & Drainage plan. The report will generally contain specific recommendations. Sediment traps should be located - Precise Answer ✔✔at the point of discharge architectural grid system - Precise Answer ✔✔used to locate specific site elements on a site layout plan ADA compliant handrails can be - Precise Answer ✔✔34 - 38" Pounds per square foot (psf) - Precise Answer ✔✔used to calculate live load on a wooden deck Extensive Green Roof - Precise Answer ✔✔typical soil depth of 2-4".

Green Roof layers - Precise Answer ✔✔-gravel ballast -synthetic sheet drain -lightweight growth media -waterproofing membrane -filter geotextile 10 year design storm - Precise Answer ✔✔drainage channels and swales should be designed to accommodate this storm event Treatment and habitat value can be improved in stormwater wet ponds - Precise Answer ✔✔using topographical variations and organic geometries. This creates variable conditions that promote greater biodiversity and increase treatment time of stormwater. Stormwater Wet pond depth - Precise Answer ✔✔4-8' invert elevation of a pipe - Precise Answer ✔✔measured at the bottom of the inside of the pipe and measured from the surface (finished grade) of the ground. 'Continuous beam' on wooden deck or elevated structure - Precise Answer ✔✔spans two or more posts.

Rational Method - Precise Answer ✔✔typically used for sites under 20 acres do not grade - Precise Answer ✔✔outside property limit or under tree drip lines toward the downhill - Precise Answer ✔✔slope arrow always points KSA - Precise Answer ✔✔knowledge, skills, and abilities paved vs. unpaved surfaces - Precise Answer ✔✔grading paved surfaces requires more precision than grading unpaved areas, and typically maintains a consistent slope across the paved area. Swale depth - Precise Answer ✔✔general rule of thumb is that a minimum 6 inch deep swale is necessary for good drainage diversion. include HPS (high point of the swale) blip swale - Precise Answer ✔✔do not draw these. make sure swale is at least 6 inches and shows up on the contour Test tube swale - Precise Answer ✔✔do not draw these. wastes lots of space

Cover - Precise Answer ✔✔vertical distance from finish grade to the top of an underground pipe. Purpose of cover is to protect pipes from structural damage (vehicle driving over the pipe) Pipe invert - Precise Answer ✔✔the flow lines along the bottom centerlines of storm drain pipes. If only a trickle of water was flowing through a pipe, the invert would be where the water would be located. Surcharge - Precise Answer ✔✔when a water surface elevation at the downstream end of a pipe is above the invert elevation. avoid this so water doesn't back up into the pipe. Crown - Precise Answer ✔✔top of the pipe Watershed boundary - Precise Answer ✔✔when plotting this, start with the outlet and work uphill in both directions, at right angles to the contour. when the two lines join, the boundary has been completely defined. Do Not begin with contours - Precise Answer ✔✔contours can only be constructed when they occur between known points, so set important spot elevations prior to attempting contours. In fact, you should be confident your solution should work before you draw contours. Slope ratio 3:1 - Precise Answer ✔✔3 is horizontal distance and 1 is vertical rise

Rarely less than 2% - Precise Answer ✔✔minimum overland drainage or swale slopes Generally 6-12 inches deep - Precise Answer ✔✔swales or ditches Roadway crowns - Precise Answer ✔✔>>range from 3" to 6"

cross slopes often 2% curb height - Precise Answer ✔✔generally 6" Walkways adjacent to street - Precise Answer ✔✔generally pitch toward the road at 2% shoulders on rural roads - Precise Answer ✔✔generally pitch away from the roadway at 5% Flat planes - Precise Answer ✔✔building footprints (FFEs), swimming pool copings, patios, courtyards, or any area where there will be a sequence of like elevations Flat planes key points - Precise Answer ✔✔>>water from outside the plane should not drain onto plane place spot elevations @ all outside corners place spot elevations @ all doorways

generally 6" below - Precise Answer ✔✔finish ground elevation finish floor elevation Sloping planes - Precise Answer ✔✔sports fields such as tennis courts, baseball, football fields, or open play fields that require consistent slopes grading swales - Precise Answer ✔✔set a high point and a low point, then draw a flow arrow from high to low and figure the percent slope between the two. Crown contours vs swale contours - Precise Answer ✔✔crown contours on roads always point down slope while swale contours always point uphill Contours - Precise Answer ✔✔contours on ridge lines point downhill and swale/valley contours point uphill outlet points - Precise Answer ✔✔watersheds are defined by these. in urban watersheds, it may be a catch basin, while in natural watersheds it may be the confluence of two streams freeboard - Precise Answer ✔✔the different in elevation between the designed water surface elevation and the elevation at the top of the dam dam width - Precise Answer ✔✔a good rule of thumb is that dams should be shown with a minimum top width of ten feet

0 to 1% - Precise Answer ✔✔poor drainage in all use areas (building, play, sports) 2 to 5% - Precise Answer ✔✔generally acceptable for structures, play areas, sports fields 6 to 15% - Precise Answer ✔✔ok for some structures and some free play activities 15% + - Precise Answer ✔✔generally not considered buildable storage piles - Precise Answer ✔✔seed and straw if going unused for longer than 30 days NPDES - Precise Answer ✔✔National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System HPS - Precise Answer ✔✔high point on a swale hardscape slope - Precise Answer ✔✔1 - 5% maximum softscape slope - Precise Answer ✔✔2% to maximum 3:

height of crown - Precise Answer ✔✔3", 4", 6", 9" generally 1% - Precise Answer ✔✔walkway cross slope Q = CIA - Precise Answer ✔✔C = runoff coefficient (pervious to impervious) I = intensity of storm A = area in acres Q = runoff in cubic feet/second visual screening - Precise Answer ✔✔2 triangles between viewer's height and object height Circumference of a circle - Precise Answer ✔✔2πr Area of a circle - Precise Answer ✔✔πr² 640 acres - Precise Answer ✔✔1 square mile one acre - Precise Answer ✔✔43,560 square feet 7 ph - Precise Answer ✔✔neutral 3.5 ph - Precise Answer ✔✔ultra acidic

below 7 ph - Precise Answer ✔✔acidic above 7 ph - Precise Answer ✔✔basic 9 ph - Precise Answer ✔✔ultra alkaline optimum ph for plants - Precise Answer ✔✔between 6.0 and 7.5, but many plants thrive outside this window Well graded soil - Precise Answer ✔✔Soil with a variety of particle sizes that compacts well poorly graded soil - Precise Answer ✔✔does not does not have a good representation of particle sizes - most particles are the same sizes (i.e. sand). a poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil differential settlement - Precise Answer ✔✔structural failure due to unequal settlement. (when part of a building is on compressible stratum and the rest is on firm soil strata) hardpan - Precise Answer ✔✔dense layer of soil usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer, impedes drainage and restricts the growth of plants

Shear resistance - Precise Answer ✔✔resistance of soil to movement when pressure or impact is applied O horizon - Precise Answer ✔✔organic matter - plant residue in relatively undecomposed form A horizon - Precise Answer ✔✔top layer of the soil horizon or "topsoil" zone in which most biological activity occurs B horizon - Precise Answer ✔✔commonly referred to as "subsoil", consists of mineral layers which may contain concentrations of clay or minerals C horizon - Precise Answer ✔✔little effected by soil forming processes (weathering), contains parent material and forms the framework of the A and B horizons R horizons - Precise Answer ✔✔hard bedrock. these horizons are cemented and excavation is difficult land subsidence - Precise Answer ✔✔the sinking or settling of land to a lower level in response to various natural and human-caused factors Revetment - Precise Answer ✔✔A structure built to hold either natural or man-made embankments in position. Revetments could be made of items such as sandbags, fascines, gabions, brick, stone, and so on.

Decompacting soil before planting - Precise Answer ✔✔results in more vigorous root growth for erosion control Goal of watershed management systems - Precise Answer ✔✔Minimize adverse changes in downstream runoff due to upstream development. Sediment Basin - Precise Answer ✔✔a soil stabilization structural control technique which utilizes the construction of a temporary pond with a controlled water release structure to allow for settling of sediment from stormwater volumes in construction sites. Point of Curvature (PC) - Precise Answer ✔✔the point at which a curve is tangent to a line and the curve begins. point of origin of a relative grid on a site - Precise Answer ✔✔a site- specific point small canopy trees - Precise Answer ✔✔imply an intimate space rather than creating total enclosure urban tree scheme - Precise Answer ✔✔select a primary theme tree, secondary trees, and accent trees. fine texture vs coarse texture trees - Precise Answer ✔✔fine texture trees appear further away

BMP for irrigation design - Precise Answer ✔✔plants with similar water requirements are grouped together and irrigated with the same zone and emitter rate. 3/16" - Precise Answer ✔✔spacing between parallel boards on a composite deck Powder Coated Steel - Precise Answer ✔✔should be used as support posts for playground equipment in areas where sub-zero temps are common. L-Shaped Anchor Bolt Assembly - Precise Answer ✔✔a steel bolt in the shape of an L, usually fixed in a building structure with its threaded portion projecting; used to secure frameworks, timber, machinery bases, etc. Also used in exterior lighting posts to attach the metal post to a concrete footing. a construction contract is fully executed when - Precise Answer ✔✔the work is complete and owner has made final payment when contractor notices a deficiency or violation in construction documents - Precise Answer ✔✔general conditions would require them to notify the landscape architect in writing. unit cost contract - Precise Answer ✔✔when the contractor's payment is based upon measurement of work completed

surety company - Precise Answer ✔✔if a contractor defaults on a public project, they will assume responsibility to complete the work which should be included in a specification - Precise Answer ✔✔1. related work

2. references
3. materials
4. execution according to the principle of 'single statement', this should be placed in specifications and not the drawings - Precise Answer ✔✔1. quality and types of materails
5. methods of installation
6. expected results Level of Service (LOS) - Precise Answer ✔✔A, which is the most comfortable, allows vehicle movement with little/no constraint. As the level of service decreases from A to D, the comfort level decreases. LOS D is the minimum dimension for safe maneuvering of a vehicle at low speed. gutter width - Precise Answer ✔✔vary between 1-2 feet, width being included in the curb lane width.

corner radii - Precise Answer ✔✔10-15 ft for local streets and 20-30 ft for collectors and arterials. residential street width - Precise Answer ✔✔may be as narrow as 20ft with parking on one side outdoor walkways with continuous slope/gradient - Precise Answer ✔✔must have level areas 60 inches in length @ intervals of 200 feet. Level spreader - Precise Answer ✔✔The device reduces the energy level in high-velocity flow by converting it into sheet flow, and disperses the discharged water so that it may be infiltrated into soil. knock box - Precise Answer ✔✔(aka Fire Access Box) is a type of metal box that allows police, fire fighters, and other emergency personnel access via PIN or common keys @ locked gates. Reference Specifications - Precise Answer ✔✔developed by industry professionals, so would be well-vetted. Because they refer to a pre- existing standard they REDUCE the length of project specs Wash Rack - Precise Answer ✔✔where construction vehicles wash sediments off vehicle tires so as not to track sediments onto roadways/into local waterways. Extensive green roof - Precise Answer ✔✔2-6 in. soil depth

Low-maintenance, drought-tolerant plants Moderate roof loads Flow sensors - Precise Answer ✔✔located at the beginning of an irrigation system, after the backflow prevention device and master valve (on/off switch). They detect the movement of water in the irrigation mainline when system is off. spot elevations appear on - Precise Answer ✔✔1. site survey

2. grading & drainage plan silt fence - Precise Answer ✔✔best used to treat sheet flow. point of vertical tangency - Precise Answer ✔✔beginning of curve radius coordinate system - Precise Answer ✔✔uses northing and easting values Stationing system - Precise Answer ✔✔type of layout system most often used to lay out linear site elements or forms of construction. (often used to lay out roads/walkways) ADA accessible table - Precise Answer ✔✔between 28" - 34"

Rebar numbers (#4 rebar) - Precise Answer ✔✔indicate the diameter of the rebar, each number corresponding to 1/8" intervals of diameter Lag bolt - Precise Answer ✔✔essentially large wood screws. an expansion shield allows them to be anchored in concrete and brick. Average End Area Method - Precise Answer ✔✔best suited for lineal construction such as roads, paths, and utility trenching Infiltration facility - Precise Answer ✔✔1. bottom of infiltration bed should be set below frost line

2. located at least 100' from wells
3. located in reasonably rapidly draining soils Subdrain pipe - Precise Answer ✔✔ideally situated below frostline unit prices included - Precise Answer ✔✔in the bid form Admixtures - Precise Answer ✔✔Materials that are added to a concrete mix to change certain properties of the concrete such as retarding setting time, reducing water requirements, or making the concrete easier to work with. Proctor Test - Precise Answer ✔✔Determines the optimum compaction of site fill based out its density and optimum moisture content.