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Corrections and Criminal Justice: Exploring the Foundations, Exams of Nursing

This comprehensive overview covers key concepts in the criminal justice system, including corrections, social control, prisons, jails, probation, and parole. It explores the historical development of the penal system and examines different models of corrections. The document also addresses important issues like sentencing disparities, the war on drugs, and the disproportionate representation of certain demographic groups. Additionally, it provides a detailed examination of jails and the challenges faced by pretrial detainees.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/16/2024

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Download Corrections and Criminal Justice: Exploring the Foundations and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Test Bank For American Corrections 11th Edition By Todd R. Clear Corrections - ANSWER the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses social control - ANSWER actions and practices, of individuals and institutions, designed to induce conformity with the rules and norms of society prison - ANSWER an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of crimes, usually felonies jail - ANSWER a facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants (typically 1 year or less) for periods longer than 48 hrs. probation - ANSWER a sentence allowing the offender to serve the sanction imposed by the courts while s/he lives in the community under supervision Sentenced to probation Parole - ANSWER he conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served Cannot be sentenced on parole Violation of parole will cause the individual to be sent back to jail to finish their term w/ back time Retribution - ANSWER Deserved punishment Incapacitation - ANSWER remove a person's ability to commit crimes Rehabilitation - ANSWER restore person to a constructive place in society General Deterrence - ANSWER discourage the commission of offenses by others Specific Deterrence - ANSWER discourage reoffending by person convicted of crime Restoration - ANSWER punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by the offense 6 principles of classical criminology - ANSWER Punishment must be public, prompt, necessary, the least possible in given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, and dictated by laws Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) - ANSWER English advocate of utilitarianism (greatest good for greater number) in prison management and discipline Created a penitentiary based on utilitarian principles, called a panopticon ( meaning " all seeing") John Howard (1726-1790) - ANSWER English prison reformer whose book The state of prison in England and wales contributed greatly to the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by the house of commons Shocked by conditions in english correctional facilities Major proponent of the penitentiary Penitentiary Act of 1779 - ANSWER A Secure and sanitary structure Systematic inspection Abolition of fees Reformatory regimen What really motivated correctional reform? - ANSWER emergence of middle class Emergence of humanism The extreme harshness of punishment often led to juror's failure to convict criminals Desire for swift and certain sanctions Pennsylvania system - ANSWER Separate confinement Each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates, with all activities, including craft wowk, conducted in the cells New York (Auburn) System - ANSWER Congregate system Incarcerated people were held in isolation at night but congregated in workshops during the day under a rule of silence. They were forbidden from talking or looking at each other while working Contract Labor system Southern system - ANSWER -Emerged after the Civil War (1865) -Lease system: A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor -Prisoners worked in mines, lumber camps, factories, and farms Medical model - ANSWER A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment Community corrections - ANSWER A model of corrections based on the assumption that reintegrating the offenders into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system Crime control model - ANSWER A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision The Penitentiary - ANSWER a place intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation The elderly offender - ANSWER 8 percent of sentenced state and federal prisoners are age 55 or older The long-term prisoner - ANSWER Person who spends more than 10 years incarcerated -24 percent of prisoner serve sentences of 25 years or longer The military veteran offender - ANSWER 10% of people who are incarcerated are military service veterans -substance abuse -PTSD -Treatment program Classification Systems - ANSWER Offense criteria: classify offenders based on the seriousness of the conviction Risk criteria: classify offenders based on the probability of future criminal conduct Program criteria: classify offenders based on the nature of correctional treatment appropriate to the person's history, needs, and the background characteristics Demographics and Disadvantages - ANSWER Race, ethnicity, and correctional process This is evidence that race and ethnicity play a role in each stage of this progress Sentencing disparities - ANSWER Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or for crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned War on drugs - ANSWER In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities. 2010 Fair Sentencing Act - ANSWER reduced crack cocaine v. powder cocaine sentencing disparity from 100:1 to 18:1 and eliminated the 5 year mandatory minimum for simple possession of crack cocaine Who is in jail? - ANSWER -Half are in pretrial detention (awaiting trial) -Half are convicted and sentenced to one year or less (jail) -Prison for more than 2 years -To year or less in some Jail population by the numbers - ANSWER Factoring in repeat arrestees, estimated 7-8 million people "jailed" per year Disproportional Representation - ANSWER over representation of one group compared to other groups, taking into account their representation in the overall population -Looking at rates rather than absolute numbers Race & disproportional representation - ANSWER Black americans make up 13% of the U.S population but almost 27% of the jail population Jail - ANSWER Confinement facility usually administered by a local law enforcement agency that is intended for adults, but sometimes hold juveniles, for confinement before and after adjudication Jail administration - ANSWER Just under 3,000 jails in the U.S: 80% have county level jurisdiction Jail facilities - ANSWER Almost 30% of all jail cells are at least 50 years old One major solution to the problems of jail... - ANSWER bail Bail - ANSWER An amount of money, specified by a judge, to be posted as a condition for pretrial release to ensure the appearance of the accused in court. Alternatives to Bail - ANSWER -Release on Recognizance (ROR) -Pretrial release -Day Reporting Centers Facility -Electronic monitoring -Pretrial Diversion -Surety (Canada and UK) Release on Recognizance (ROR) - ANSWER Pretrial release option used when the judge believes the defendant's ties in the community are sufficient to guarantee the defendant's appearance in court Day Reporting Centers - ANSWER Facility where offenders such as pretrial releases and probation violators attend daylong intervention and treatment sessions. Pretrial Diversion - ANSWER An alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor (e.g. counseling or rehabilitation) in exchange for withdrawal of charges. Surety (Canada and UK): - ANSWER A person who promises to a judge to supervise an accused person while they are awaiting trial. Also pledges bond money to the court to ensure the defendant meets bail conditions and appears in court for trial. Collateral Consequences of the Cash Bail System - ANSWER Many defendants cannot afford bail on their own Hulks - ANSWER Abandoned ships along the banks of the Thames where a large number of convicted offenders were forced to live Enlightenment & correctional reform - ANSWER The 1700s in England and France, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking Cases - ANSWER This is true only for cases that go to jail 3% of federal cases 6% of state level cases Bonds agent (aka "bondsman") - ANSWER An independent businessperson who provides bail money for a fee, usually 10% of the total.