Counseling Techniques and Approaches, Exams of Nursing

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National Counseling Exam 2024/

When was the original Code of Ethics for counselors introduced? a. 1964 b. 1977 c. 1990 d. 2014 - Precise Answer ✔✔c. 1990 All of the following are provisions of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014) regarding informed consent EXCEPT: a. Clients should be informed of the nature of all services, both in writing and verbally, and should be apprised of fees. b. Clients should be included in discussions even if they are themselves unable to give informed consent. c. Clients must be informed about risks of breach of security when utilizing distance counseling. d. Clients must give informed consent before any personal information of PHI can be shared with others. - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Clients must give informed consent before any personal information of PHI can be shared with others. Who is most commonly associated with the deontological view of ethics and was responsible for developing the foundational philosophy or categorical impertative?

a. Arnold Lazarus b. Immanuel Kant c. John Stuart Mill d. M.C. Gottlieb - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Immanuel Kant Which of the following is a considerable part of value ethics and can be broken down into intellectual and emotional categories (as proposed by Pope and Brown in 1996)? a. Competence b. Self-knowledge c. Accountability d. Principles - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Competence Which of the following is NOT true of virtue ethics? a. Virtue ethics is based on beneficence and nonmaleficence. b. Ethical codes can be trusted on their own to maintain a virtue ethics perspective. c. The virtue ethics philosophy is also known as value ethics or principle ethics. d. Virtue ethics hold that people with high ethical standards can make good ethical judgments. - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Ethical codes can be trusted on their own to maintain a virtue ethics perspective. Which two certifying organizations came together in the latter part of the 1990s, with the joint entity offering the national Certified School

Counselor (NCSC) and the Master Addictions Counselor (MAC) certificates? a. The National Academy of Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselors and the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) b. The Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC) and the National Counsel for the Credentialing of Career Counselors (NCCC) c. The National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC) and the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC) d. The National Counsel for the Credentialing of Career Counselors (NCCC) and the National Academy of Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselors - Precise Answer ✔✔a. The National Academy of Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselors and the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) In 2016, the Standards of the CACREP were organized into six sections. Which of the following is NOT one of those six sections. a. Professional counseling identity b. Entry-level specialty areas c. The learning environment d. Ethical practice standards - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Ethical practice standards What state passed the first counseling licensure laws? a. Alabama b. Arkansas

c. California d. Virginia - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Virginia What is the last step of approval needed when passing a bill into a law? a. House of Representatives b. The executive branch c. Legislative body d. The senate - Precise Answer ✔✔b. The executive branch Some have yet to recognize the high standards and expertise that exist in the mental health counselors' professional credentials, and this problem of recognition exists as a hindrance primarily on the: a. Individual level b. Community level c. Corporate level d. Government level - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Corporate level When communicating with policy makers, lack of which of the following can make the unpaid lobbyist risk "the brush off," or not being understood by the official? a. Active networks b. Relationships c. Good timing d. Succinct terms - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Succinct terms

Which of the following depends on the opinions of the observer or the subject, with the researcher's interpretation of the data being an important element? a. Qualitative data b. Predictive data c. Comparative data d. Objective data - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Qualitative data What common research study design is often used when little is known about a particular problem or issue? a. Exploratory research design b. Descriptive survey design c. Experimental studies d. Diagnostic studies - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Exploratory research design What category of measurement is used when two or more named variable exist (male/female, pass/fail, etc.)? a. Ratio b. Interval c. Nominal d. Ordinal - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Nominal

Which of the following assesses whether or not two samples are sufficiently different to conclude that the difference can be generalized to the larger population from which the samples were drawn? a. Chi square test b. t-test c. F test d. Analysis of variance - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Chi square test What method for testing validity compares the results of studies that used different measurement instruments but targeted the same features? a. Content validity b. Construct validity c. Predictive validity d. Concurrent validity - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Concurrent validity The researcher takes different steps than the counselor in helping the client. Which of the following is the first research step? a. Design research via the researcher's investigation process b. Identify the problem with a series of questions c. Evaluate the date to determine desired outcomes d. Determine measuring instruments to be used - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Identify the problem with a series of questions Which of the following is NOT true concerning positivism and positivistic research?

a. Positivistic research investigates causality by comparing the group members in one group with another group b. Positivism is a scientific method that can be applied in social science research c. Experiments are designed so that they can be disproved or supported by observation of the conditions that occur d. The belief of those researchers who support positivism is that truth cannot ever be fully revealed - Precise Answer ✔✔d. The belief of those researchers who support positivism is that truth cannot ever be fully revealed Who had limited recognition in the early 1980s because the Office of Civilian Health and Medical Program for the Uniformed Services (now known as TRICARE) refused to recognize them as a core service provider? a. Psychiatrists b. Psychiatric nurses c. Clinical social workers d. Mental health counselors - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Mental health counselors Which of the following is true of psychiatrists? a. Psychiatrists are the only mental health professionals who have experience in the medical field b. The psychiatrist's role was defined in the AMHCA's 1981 manual c. Psychiatrists are medical doctors with four years of residency in psychiatry

d. Psychiatrists do not typically open independent private practices within a community - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Psychiatrists are medical doctors with four years of residency in psychiatry Demand for social workers increased when their roles expanded to providing: a. Care in the community b. Gerontological care c. Managed care plans d. Medical care - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Care in the community Which of the following best describes the goal of a counselor in a hospice care position? a. Act as a referral resource regarding lawyers, medical doctors, financial advisors, etc. b. Help the client recognize their own value and self-worth c. Help the client maintain dignity while dying d. Ameliorate retirement issues - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Help the client maintain dignity while dying Counselors in what type of setting work to help people gain skills to compensate for disabilities? a. Medical rehabilitation setting b. Community mental health setting c. Elder care setting

d. College setting - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Medical rehabilitation setting Which of the following is NOT one of the job titles specifically associated with a criminal justice counselor? a. Probation officer b. Juvenile offender officer c. Prison counselor d. Certified rehabilitation counselor - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Certified rehabilitation counselor Which of the following is the main source of income for the private practitioner? a. Consultation service b. Counseling service c. Community service d. Supervisory service - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Counseling service What private practitioner work setting indicates shared workspace, with the members not being held personally liable for legal judgments against the corporation? a. Incorporated office groups b. Expense-sharing groups c. Sole proprietorships d. Peer supervision groups - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Incorporated office groups

What is the standard calculation to determine the number of hours the need to be billed for? a. For every four hours spent with clients, add an additional one hour to compensate for time away from the client spent doing paperwork and preparing for treatment b. Calculate the hours spent in person with the client and then divide that in half to determine how much time to add for doing paperwork or preparing for treatment c. Multiply the hours spent directly with the client by two to account for the additional office hours not in the company of the client spent doing paperwork and preparing for treatment d. Take your goal work week (e.g., 30 hours) and subtract your in- person hours to determine how many hours can be spent doing paperwork and preparing for treatment - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Multiply the hours spent directly with the client by two to account for the additional office hours not in the company of the client spent doing paperwork and preparing for treatment Which of the following provides protection against injurious conduct by the counselor when acting in his or her professional capacity, like misdiagnosis or incorrect treatment? a. Indemnity plans b. Malpractice insurance c. Liability insurance d. Attorney services - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Malpractice insurance

What is integrate care, as defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)? a. "The care a patient experiences as a result of a team of primary care and behavioral health clinicians, working together with patients and families, using a systematic and cost-effective approach." b. "The organization of patient care activities between one or more participants covered in care, to facilitate affective delivery of healthcare services. Efficient execution of care involves multiple care providers and any other resources needed to carry out care tasks." c. "A general term for the care provided by a collective of clinicians. Providers combine specialties and unique viewpoints to understand and identify problems and treatment plans, continually reevaluating for maximum efficacy." d. "Provisional health care services by primary and specialty care clinicians who are accountable for addressing all major personal he - Precise Answer ✔✔a. "The care a patient experiences as a result of a team of primary care and behavioral health clinicians, working together with patients and families, using a systematic and cost-effective approach." Which of the following is NOT true concerning managed care? a. Managed care programs have strict guidelines for treatment plans b. The manager care program's reporting structure may compromise the confidentiality of the client c. Under managed care programs, it is not uncommon for treatment plans to be restricted to a limited number of visits d. Counselor educators have been strong supporters of incorporating managed care components into curriculum - Precise Answer ✔✔d.

Counselor educators have been strong supporters of incorporating managed care components into curriculum All of the following offer virtual meetings via the internet and video conferencing EXCEPT: a. Greenspace b. BetterHelp c. Talkspace d. WebEx - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Greenspace Which of the following technologically-based systems has the capability to allow each person in the group to work on a project at the same time in synchronous collaboration? a. Data collection and organizational activities format b. Discussion group format c. Document or file sharing format d. developmental survey format - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Document or file sharing format Which of the following is NOT true regarding web counseling? a. The client's identity cannot be established with verification procedures in the virtual web counseling environement b. Ethical standards as they apply to web counseling have yet to be fully established

c. Training and educational programs may not be effective in preparing the mental health counselor to conduct web counseling due to the fluidity of the internet d. Web counseling has decreased both the efficiency and accessibility for persons seeking counseling services - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Web counseling has decreased both the efficiency and accessibility for persons seeking counseling services The most important consideration when utilizing free video chat options is: a. The target population b. Synchronous communication c. Maintaining HIPAA privacy laws d. Beneficence/Nonmaleficence - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Maintaining HIPAA privacy laws Which of the following is NOT true concerning intellectual disability? a. Most people with autism have an IQ in the intellectual disability range b. Most cases of intellectual disability are hereditary c. About 30% of cases of intellectual disability have an unknown etiology d. About 30% of cases of intellectual disability are due to mutations in the embryo during the first trimester of pregnancy - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Most cases of intellectual disability are hereditary

Children who have a learning disorder with impairment in reading are far more likely than other to display: a. Delirium as an adult b. Antisocial behavior as an adult c. Panic attacks as an adult d. Anxiety disorder as an adult - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Antisocial behavior as an adult Which of the following is true regarding ADHD? a. Children with ADHD are found to have average or above-average intelligence b. ADHD is 4-9 times more likely to occur in girls than in boys c. ADHD adolescents are less likely to abuse drugs d. Therapy that tries to increase an ADHD child's ability to self-regulate behavior has proven to be the most successful - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Children with ADHD are found to have average or above-average intelligence "The behavior could not be better explained by a different mental disorder" is a criterion for all of the following disorders EXCEPT: a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder b. Motor disorder c. Factitious disorder d. Autism spectrum disorder - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Motor disorder

Which of the following is a somatoform disorder characterized by either loss of bodily functions or symptoms of a serious physical disease? a. Reactive attachment disorder b. Illness anxiety disorder c. Conversion disorder d. Acute stress disorder - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Conversion disorder An individual must have cognitive impairment and either focal neurological signs or laboratory evidence of cerebrovascular disease in order to be diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder due to: a. Huntington's disease b. HIV infection c. Parkinson's disease d. Vascular disease - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Vascular disease What stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized vy suffering severely impaired intellectual functioning, apathy, limb rigidity, and urinary and fecal incontinence? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Stage 3 Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristic symptoms of PTSD?

a. Persistent palpitations or accelerated heart rate b. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma c. Persistent re-experiencing of the event d. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Persistent palpitations or accelerated heart rate Children with which of the following disorders tend to be from loving, stable homes (for many, the disorder begins to manifest after suffering some personal loss)? a. Panic disorder b. Separation anxiety disorder c. Phobias d. Social anxiety disorder - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Separation anxiety disorder The symptoms of schizophrenia may be classified as positive, negative, or disorganized. Positive symptoms include: a. Lack of coherent thoughts and expressions b. Chaotic speech and behavior c. Catatonia and decreased motor activity d. Delusions and hallucinations - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Delusions and hallucinations Which of the following is true concerning schizophrenia?

a. Individuals afflicted with schizophrenia rarely have any insight into their own condition b. Those with schizophrenia are more likely to be violent or aggressive than individuals in the general population c. Females are slightly more likely than males to develop schizophrenia d. for many psychologists, the classic characteristic of schizophrenia is disorganized behavior - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Individuals afflicted with schizophrenia rarely have any insight into their own condition The criteria for which of the following includes the individual experiencing at least one manic episode? a. Brief psychotic disorder b. Bipolar I disorder c. Bipolar II disorder d. Cyclothymic disorder - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Bipolar I disorder Which of the following is NOT one of the three major cognitive- behavioral etiologies that have been offered for major depressive disorder? a. Seligman's learned helplessness model b. Rehm's self-control model c. Mowrer's two-factor theory d. Beck's cognitive theory - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Mowrer's two-factor theory

Which of the following is true regarding suicide? a. Males are three times more likely to attempt suicide than females b. Most of those who commit suicide are suffering from a mental disorder c. Suicide is the eighth leading cause of death for females in the United States d. Drug suicides are the least common - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Most of those who commit suicide are suffering from a mental disorder Which of the following entails feigning physical symptoms in an effort to avoid an adverse event or for personal gain? a. Somatic symptom disorder b. Factitious disorder c. Munchausen's syndrome by proxy d. Malingering - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Malingering Which of the following is a subtype of dissociative amnesia and manifests as an abrupt, unexpected, purposeful flight from home, or another stressful location, coupled with an inability to remember the past? a. Dissociative fugue b. Depersonalization/derealization disorder c. Dissociative identity disorder d. Dysphoric mania - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Dissociative fugue

Which of the following is most helpful in treating premature ejaculation? a. Sensate focus b. Sex therapy c. Kegel exercises d. Aversion therapy - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Sex therapy Which of the following is categorized as a Cluster A personality disorder? a. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder b. Dependent personality disorder c. Histrionic personality disorder d. Schizoid personality disorder - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Schizoid personality disorder What personality disorder is characterized by a general lack of concern for the rights and feelings of others, and may also include an inflated opinion of self and superficial charm? a. Avoidant personality disorder b. Paranoid personality disorder c. Antisocial personality disorder d. Borderline personality disorder - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Antisocial personality disorder Which of the following is NOT true concerning behavioral pediatrics?

a. Children who are hospitalized for a significant period are especially at risk of developing psychological problems b. Children and adolescents are generally more compliant with medical regimens than adults c. Pediatric mental health providers should typically be open with children about their condition d. Pediatric psychology is another way to refer to behavioral pediatrics - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Children and adolescents are generally more compliant with medical regimens than adults The removal of masks and facades is the goal of Gestalt therapy, according to: a. Alfred Adler b. Carl Rogers c. Fritz Perls d. Sigmund Freud - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Fritz Perls Which of the following concepts is attributed to Alfred Adler? a. Archetypes (the self, animus and anima, persona, shadow, etc.) b. Attitudinal types (introvert and extrovert) c. Functional types (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting) d. Types of complexes (inferiority and superiority) - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Types of complexes (inferiority and superiority)

What common Freudian psychiatric term is also known as parapraxis and is used to indicate an overt action with unconscious meaning? a. Freudian slip b. Defense mechanism c. Electra Conflict d. Transference - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Freudian slip What theory of emotion asserts that emotions are the body's reaction to changes in the autonomic nervous system caused by external stimuli? a. Carl Rogers' client centered theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. James-Lange theory d. Schachter and Singer two-factor theory - Precise Answer ✔✔c. James-Lange theory Which of the following aims to help people identify and resolve issues regarding ambivalence about change? a. Transtheoretical model b. Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) Bandler and Grinder c. Hattie's theory of self-concept d. Motivational interviewing (Miller, 1983) - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Motivational interviewing (Miller, 1983) Who was part of the paradigm modification stage of theory development and had a more social viewpoint regarding Freud's theories?

a. Adler b. Berne c. Ellis d. Lazarus - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Adler Immanuel Kant presupposed that reality is based on subjective observations drawn from a person's objective reality or environmental events. Kant's theories are based on: a. Interactionism b. Freud's psychoanalysis c. Personology d. An empiricist viewpoint - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Interactionism There are various theories that violate basic paradigm parameters; this violation or non-conformity is known as: a. Experimentation b. Technical eclecticism c. Theoretical dependency d. Paradigm diversity - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Technical eclecticism According to Joseph Rychlak, psychotherapy can be broken down into three basic motives; which of the following is NOT one of those three motives? a. Scholarly motive b. Perilous motive

c. Curative motive d. Ethical motive - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Perilous motive According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the first or base level of needs that must be met before the individual can focus on other needs? a. Safety needs b. Physiological needs c. Self esteem d. Love/belonging - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Physiological needs The primary focus of Freudian psychoanalysis is on: a. Personality types b. The id, ego, and super-ego c. The unconscious mind d. Cathexis and anti-cathexis - Precise Answer ✔✔c. The unconscious mind Who was one of the first theorists to address human development over the entire life span, positing eight developmental stages in his theory of psychosocial development? a. Erik Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg

d. B.F. Skinner - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Erik Erikson Children under what parenting style tend to have high self-esteem, good social skills, and confidence in themselves? a. Authoritarian (autocratic) b. Authoritative (democratic) c. Indulgent (permissive) d. Indifferent (uninvolved) - Precise Answer ✔✔b. Authoritative (democratic) Which of the following is NOT true regarding feminism and feminist theory? a. Feminist theory views inequity in terms of gender with females as victims of an almost universal patriarchal model b. Some feminists believe that oppression of women is inherent to capitalism, while other feminists believe that it is inherent in all forms of government c. Carol Gilligan's morality of care is the feminist response to Piaget's theory of cognitive and moral development d. Feminists often point to the exclusion of women in the development of theories about human behavior, research, and other academic matters

• Precise Answer ✔✔c. Carol Gilligan's morality of care is the feminist response to Piaget's theory of cognitive and moral development What is the most prevalent mental illness experience by the elderly? a. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

b. Severe cognitive impairment c. Mood disorders d. Anxiety - Precise Answer ✔✔d. Anxiety What theory supports the goals of providing personal care for the client and furthering the cause of social justice, and is also the basis for the strengths-based perspective? a. Person-in-environment theory b. Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal relations theory c. Systems theory d. Ecosystems (or life model) theory - Precise Answer ✔✔a. Person-in- environment theory Which of the following is often referred to as a "stepfamily" because it consists of a parent, a stepparent, and one or more children? a. Nuclear family b. Extended family c. Blended family d. Single-parent structure - Precise Answer ✔✔c. Blended family Which of the following is a family relationship in which a minor figure controls the family dynamic? a. Identification with the aggressor b. Reaction formation c. Multigenerational transmission