Counseling Theories and Techniques, Exams of Career Counseling

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CPCE Exam 226 Questions with Verified Answer 2023 Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development - CORRECT ANSWER trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs self-absorption, integrity vs despair Freud's Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Two basic drives sex and aggression, 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Oral Stage - CORRECT ANSWER birth to 18 months Anal Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 2 to 3 years Phallic Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 3 to 5 years Latency Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 6 years to puberty Genital Stage - CORRECT ANSWER puberty to adulthood Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - CORRECT ANSWER schemas of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration; stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - CORRECT ANSWER preconventional morality, conventional morality, post conventional morality Electra Complex - CORRECT ANSWER same an oedipus complex but for girls, occurs during the phallic stage John Bowlby - CORRECT ANSWER bonding with an adult before 3 years is vital, if not will cause abnormal behavior Harry Harlow - CORRECT ANSWER worked with monkeys on attachment and believe it was innate, isolation lead to autistic abnormal behavior Konrad Lorenz - CORRECT ANSWER imprinting ducks will follow the first moving object the see Critical Periods (Lorenz) - CORRECT ANSWER certain behaviors must be learned at specific stages or they will not be learned at all Genotype - CORRECT ANSWER genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype - CORRECT ANSWER physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment Tabula Rasa - CORRECT ANSWER John Locke, a child is born with an unformed mind that develops through experience, blank slate Plasticity - CORRECT ANSWER the smooth transition from one stage of development to the next Human Development - CORRECT ANSWER learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life - CORRECT ANSWER book about study of adult males, life into 4 periods; preadulthood to 17 years, early adulthood starting at 17 to 22, middle adulthood starting at 40 to 45, older adult starting at 60 to 65, midlife crisis Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - CORRECT ANSWER person must first satisfy basic needs (food/shelter) before higher needs (love/security) Gesell's Maturationist Theory - CORRECT ANSWER development is a biological process independent from environmental influences Behaviorism Theory of Learning - CORRECT ANSWER learning is a change of behavior caused by consequences of behaviors, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike Harriet Lerner - CORRECT ANSWER women need to balance activities that center on others and also themselves, women need to be assertive and show independence and strength in intimate relationships Carol Tavris - CORRECT ANSWER society judges women by how they fit into the male world Carol Gilligan - CORRECT ANSWER women communicate with each other differently then men Gail Sheehy - CORRECT ANSWER wrote book Passages about transitional crisis periods in a woman's life that provide opportunities for growth Scheme of intellectual and ethical development (William Perry) - CORRECT ANSWER 4 categories: dualism, multiplicity, relativism, commitment Piaget's definition of intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER not solely determined by genetics but also by environment, experiences, and culture Emotional intelligence (Daniel Goleman) - CORRECT ANSWER self-motivation, self- awareness, empathy, social awareness, and persistence Spirituality - CORRECT ANSWER effects a person's sense of self, relationships with others, perception of society, and reaction to problems Generativity - CORRECT ANSWER in Erikson's middle adulthood stage a person's ability to care for another Stagnation (Havinghurst) - CORRECT ANSWER a person will demonstrate self- absorption not caring for another Universal Culture - CORRECT ANSWER contains all humans all having the same biology and basic biological needs Ecological Culture - CORRECT ANSWER the physical location and climate of a person Ethnic Culture - CORRECT ANSWER social subdivision of a cultural group IDEA - CORRECT ANSWER individuals education improvement act of 2004 ADA - CORRECT ANSWER Americans with disabilities act of 1990 prohibits discrimination in employment Alfred Adler's birth order - CORRECT ANSWER birth order creates a different psychological situation for each child, influences family dynamics Life Cycle of a family - CORRECT ANSWER independence, coupling, parenting, launching adult children, retirement or senior years Family systems theory (Murray Bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER differentiation of self, nuclear family, triangulation, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process, emotional cutoff, sibling position, societal emotional process Intrinsic Motivation - CORRECT ANSWER an internal motivation for behavior such as a hobby, based on the enjoyment of the behavior Extrinsic Motivation - CORRECT ANSWER motivation for a behavior based on expectation of a reward or punishment Robert Carkhuff - CORRECT ANSWER conducted studies revealing that therapy doesn't always have a positive outcome, developed a 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect in counseling Restatement - CORRECT ANSWER rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the cognitive message Reflection - CORRECT ANSWER rephrasing what the client has said with emphasis on the feeling part of the message Paraphrasing - CORRECT ANSWER using different words to restate what the client has said in order to gain a better understanding Summarizing - CORRECT ANSWER a concise statement of the main points or ideas in a session Confrontation - CORRECT ANSWER technique where the counselor identifies discrepancies and presents them to the client Structuring - CORRECT ANSWER defining the nature, limits, and goals of counseling, and the roles of the client and counselor Witmer and Sweeney (healthy individuals) - CORRECT ANSWER identified 5 tasks associated with healthy individuals; spirituality, self-regulation, work, friendship, and love Empathy - CORRECT ANSWER understanding another by identifying with their situation. Two stages include experiencing the same emotions as the person, and looking at the situation from their pov Stages of building counselor client relationship - CORRECT ANSWER entry phase, clarification phase, structure phase, relationship phase Stages of Positive Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER 4 stages: stage 1 exploring feelings, stage 2 consolidation, stage 3 planning, stage 4 termination of relationship Transference - CORRECT ANSWER projecting thoughts or feelings about someone/something onto a new object/person Attending - CORRECT ANSWER showing interest and respect for what another has to say, examples include eye contact, posture/distance, communication Resistance - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a client avoids seeking help when needed, can be unconscious Critical incident stress debriefing - CORRECT ANSWER a meeting for involved professionals following a stressful event or crisis Ipsative format - CORRECT ANSWER allows a person to compare 2 or more examples of their performance Power test - CORRECT ANSWER untimed test, tests mastery level Percentile - CORRECT ANSWER number that shows percent of data distribution Speed test - CORRECT ANSWER timed test, difficulty is in how fast completed not content Stanine - CORRECT ANSWER a way of scaling test scores, 9 divisions, SD 2 Transactional analysis theory in groups - CORRECT ANSWER goal to change life pattern through self-awareness and awareness of others and understanding past events Reality theory in groups - CORRECT ANSWER goal is to improve life situation by gaining better control and more responsibility for their behavior REBT - CORRECT ANSWER goals include changes in thought and behavior to promote greater self-acceptance and eliminate self-defeating behaviors and illogical thinking Adlerian theory and groups - CORRECT ANSWER examine early history, roles of family, birth order, ad belief systems assess emotional problems caused by feelings of inferiority and lack of social connectedness Risky shift phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER a person is likely to make a riskier decision as part of a group than they would alone T-group - CORRECT ANSWER training group Self-help - CORRECT ANSWER support group of people sharing a common problem Sociometry - CORRECT ANSWER a method for measuring social relationships in groups, developed by Jacob Moreno Karpman's drama triangle: - CORRECT ANSWER in transactional analysis, a model of interactions that show roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer Horizontal interventions - CORRECT ANSWER counselor works with the group as a whole Vertical interventions - CORRECT ANSWER counselor works with individuals within the group Group work grid - CORRECT ANSWER developed by R. K. Coyne, model that shows four levels of intervention; individual, interpersonal, organization, and community population Developmental approach to career development - CORRECT ANSWER career development occurs through stages over a period of time, includes self-concept, need, and lifespan changes (Gottfredson) Actuarial/ trait-based approach to vocational guidance - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Frank Parsons, assumes people are capable of making intelligent vocational decisions by the careers best suited to their interests and aptitudes Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Williamson to expand on Parsons' model Decisions approach to vocational guidance - CORRECT ANSWER believes that vocational education should be a part of all student's education, Gelatt identified two types of decisions terminal and investigative Super's vocational development stages: - CORRECT ANSWER stages; growth (birth to 15), exploratory (15 to 24), establishment (25 to 44), maintenance (45 to 64), and decline (65+) Super's development tasks - CORRECT ANSWER crystallization (14 to 18), specification (18 to 21), implementation (21 to 24), stabilization (24 to 35), and consolidation (35+) Super's archway model - CORRECT ANSWER illustration of changing life roles over lifespan, includes biographical, psychological, and socioeconomic elements that influence development of career Super's life career rainbow - CORRECT ANSWER illustration which each color represents a life role, used to help find balance of work and life suited for them Super's life roles - CORRECT ANSWER child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, parent, spouse, and homemaker Holland's hexagon theory - CORRECT ANSWER illustration of personality types and six occupational environments/themes, determines what work environment will best suit personality type Holland's personality types - CORRECT ANSWER realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional Krumboltz's learning theory of career counseling - CORRECT ANSWER four factors in career decision making; genetic endowments, environmental conditions, instrumental and associative learning, and task approach skills Gottfredson's circumscription and compromise theory of career development: - CORRECT ANSWER explains how vocational choice develops in children and teens, four stages include; orientation to size and power, sex roles, social valuation, internal unique self Roe's career development theory - CORRECT ANSWER genetics, childhood experiences, and relationship with parents were contributing factors to career choice, 8 occupational fields and 6 levels of skill Career development theory of Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma - CORRECT ANSWER occupational choice can be divided into 3 periods; fantasy, tentative, and realistic Cognitive information processing of career development - CORRECT ANSWER method of dealing with career problems using 5 steps; communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution Concurrent validity - CORRECT ANSWER the immediate comparison of test results with the results from other sources that measure the same factors Construct validity - CORRECT ANSWER the extent to which a test measures an abstract psychological trait such as anxiety Achievement tests - CORRECT ANSWER measure learning, such as the Stanford- Binet or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) Aptitude tests - CORRECT ANSWER measure a person's ability to master skills or acquire knowledge Personality tests - CORRECT ANSWER determines personality traits and may be projective, inventories, or specialized; ex Rorschach or Myers-Briggs Interest inventories - CORRECT ANSWER measures likes and dislikes; ex Strong Interest Inventory, Career Assessment Inventory WAIS-III: - CORRECT ANSWER Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale measures both verbal and performance IQ, can be used as young as age 3 Galton and intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER intelligence is primarily genetic and has a normal distribution similar to height and weight Gilford and intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER used factor analysis to find 120 factors related to intelligence, also defined convergent and divergent thinking Convergent thinking (Gilford) - CORRECT ANSWER different thoughts and ideas combined into a single concept Divergent thinking (Gilford) - CORRECT ANSWER the ability to create a novel idea T-score - CORRECT ANSWER a score within a normal distribution with a mean of 50 and SD of 10 Standardized score - CORRECT ANSWER same as z score Skew - CORRECT ANSWER the amount a score deviates from the norm Standard deviation - CORRECT ANSWER measure of statistical dispersion Variance - CORRECT ANSWER the square of the SD Correlation coefficient: - CORRECT ANSWER a measurement of the linear relationship between two variables Intrusive measurement - CORRECT ANSWER person is aware that they are being observed, questionnaire/interviews Obtrusive measurement - CORRECT ANSWER subject is unaware of observation or investigation Regression to the mean - CORRECT ANSWER earning a very low/very high score on a pretest means they will probably score close to the mean on the posttest Rating scale - CORRECT ANSWER chart used to indicate the degree to which an attribute/characteristic exists Descriptive/statistical research - CORRECT ANSWER can be used to document factors such as frequencies/averages, showing the who, what, when, where, and how of the data Comparative research - CORRECT ANSWER compares two or more groups without changing any of the experiences of the group Correlation coefficient - CORRECT ANSWER the degree of relationship between variables Deductive research - CORRECT ANSWER sets out to prove/disprove a theory by collecting data and testing hypothesis Inductive research: - CORRECT ANSWER works from known info to develop a theory by establishing relationships/patterns in the data Qualitative research - CORRECT ANSWER in-depth investigation of the subject/group Interactive qualitative research - CORRECT ANSWER includes case studies and ethnography Non-interactive qualitative research - CORRECT ANSWER includes a study and analysis of the literature about a particular subject Experimental quantitative research - CORRECT ANSWER the cause and effect relationship between variables, includes a control, and independent & dependent variable Quasi-experimental research - CORRECT ANSWER much like experimental but may not use a control External validity - CORRECT ANSWER the accuracy which the results of a study can be generalized to a larger population Hawthorne effect - CORRECT ANSWER caused by the subjects knowing they are being involved in a study Rosenthal effect/experimenter bias - CORRECT ANSWER when the subjects change their behavior due to the researcher Internal validity: - CORRECT ANSWER the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the variable under study because extraneous variables have been controlled Random sampling - CORRECT ANSWER choosing the subjects for a study based on chance, reduces likelihood of bias Stratified sampling - CORRECT ANSWER divides the population into subgroups according to a certain criteria