Theories of Development and Career Choice, Exams of Social Work

Download Theories of Development and Career Choice and more Exams Social Work in PDF only on Docsity! CPCE Exam Freud (Type of Theory) - Psychoanalytic Freud (Stages) - 0-1 oral stage 2-4 anal stage 5-7 oedipal/ phallic 8-12 latency 13+ genital Oral Stage (Freud) - 0-18 months, infant uses mouth for gratification and exploration Anal Stage (Freud) - 1-3: Anus focus of pleasure & toilet training most important activity Anal Retentive (Freud) - Obsessive over details Anal Expulsive (Freud) - Careless and impulsive Phallic (Oedipal) Stage (Freud) - - 3-5 years; Oedipal/Electra conflict for children. - males want to possess their mother, and fear castration from their father; to resolve conflict, they deal with guilt feelings by identifying with dad, and establishing same values. - sublimation of libido occurs - In girls, similar case, but since no castration fear, overall less feminine and morally developed in this theory. Latency Stage (Freud) - psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious Genital Stage (Freud) - adolescence - adulthood hormones rewaken sexual instincts; love object is now nonfamilial Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years) 5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorbtion (middle age: late 20s-50s) 8. Integrity vs. Dispair (old age: 60s and beyond) Trust vs. Mistrust - Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt Initiative vs. Guilt - Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) - 6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires bad: inadequacy, low self esteem identity vs identity confusion - the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves Intimacy vs. Isolation - Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families Generativity vs. Stagnation - Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson) - 60- death. involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt. Jean Piaget theory of cognitive development - 1. Sensorimotor 0-2 yeas old - develops primitive logic - develops intantions - understands signal meanings - understands symbol meanings 2. Preoperational 2-7 years old - comprehends past, present, and future - imaginary friends - cant see point-of-views - thinking is not generalized Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory - personality develops from imitating behhavioral tendencies we observce in others. self efficacy (belief in our ability) influences our behaviors Bobo doll experiment - nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively Wundt's Theory - Structuralism Structuralism (Wundt) - early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind Theory of Work Adjustment - Satisfaction as an individual's satisfaction with a job based on how well it meets the individual employee's needs. Satisfactoriness refers to the degree to which the employee's skills meet the requirements of the job and to which the employee successfully performs the job. According to TWA, both are influences of employment tenure. Holland's Theory of Occupational Choice - there are 6 basic personality types starting at top and going to the right: Realistic-Investigative-Artistic-Social-Enterprising-Conventional R.I.A.S.E.C -the ones next to each other are more similar --> if you have two that are next to each other, it's easier to find a job that fits -professor = social and investigative (not next to each other so harder) *has predicted careers for people in many different countries Super's theory of career development - Life-span/life-space theory: Individuals develop careers in stages Career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of their lives. Super's Growth Stage - 1st stage, birth -15 begins to develop interests, abilities, etc. fantasy, play, thinking about jobs Super's Exploration Stage - 2nd stage, 15-24 years career choices narrowed trying out careers, part-time work, schooling Super's Establishment Stage - 3rd stage, 25-44 years establish a permanent position in occupational field change occurs, but not in occupation Super's Maintenance Stage - 4th stage, 45-64 years concerned with maintaining status, not improving Super's Decline Stage - 5th stage, 65+ decline in work output & retirement, requires modification of self-concept Savicka's Career Construction Theory - ● interested in lifespan, how we cope and adapt to certain things across life in certain times ● adaptability ● look at life themes, how they put meaning on what they do ● careers are fluid and developing ● we are fluid, dreams change, we develop, grow, and change ● like Holland's model but don't portray stable traits ● use it as possibilities to consider and explore, to open up discussion ● looks at early recollections Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation - Compromise first on field of work, then on social level and lastly on sex-type as the amount of compromise increases. Social Cognitive Career Development - (1) how basic academic and career interests develop, (2) how educational and career choices are made, and (3) how academic and career success is obtained. The theory incorporates a variety of concepts (e.g., interests, abilities, values, environmental factors) that appear in earlier career theories and have been found to affect career development. Developed by Robert W. Lent, Steven D. Brown, and Gail Hackett in 1994, SCCT is based on Albert Bandura's general social cognitive theory, an influential theory of cognitive and motivational processes that has been extended to the study of many areas of psychosocial functioning, such as academic performance, health behavior, and organizational development. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky) - In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction Skinner Box - A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. Carl Rogers - 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization humanistic psychology - A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory - (A)_________describes cognitive performance and development as involving interactions between the individual and his or her context, which may produce change in both the individual and the context. Gestalt Psychology - a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts Functionalism Theory - Theory that stressed the importance of interdependence among all behavior patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. Wilhelm Wundt - german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 forms of attachment - secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment, disorganized attachment Solomon Asch - 1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures Milgram Experiment - obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors. Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment - A two-week experiment that simulated the prison life of both prisoners and guards that was ended in just six days because of what the simulation was doing to college students who participated John Watson and B.F. Skinner - founders of behaviorism Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy - Therapy technique designed to help clients discover and change the irrational assumptions that govern their emotions, behaviors, and thinking dialectical behavior therapy -