Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination (CPCE) - Practice Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination (CPCE) - Practice Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination

(CPCE)

A counselor is meeting with an older client, age 80, for the first time. The client lost her husband about 15 years ago and in the past year has begun having symptoms of depression, including sleeplessness and irritability. Which of the following is the most helpful goal the counselor can help the client work toward? A. Examine the origins of the client's depression such as childhood trauma B. Build a positive attitude towards the client's self worth C. Encourage the client to see and find support from her own children D. Work through unresolved grief related to the loss of the client's husband - B

Appraisal is an important concept in the field of assessment. Which of the following is the best definition of appraisal?

A. Making a conclusion about the usefulness of measurement data B. Collecting information about human behavior C. Determining the dimensions of a specific attribute or trait D. Making judgements about human behavior - D

Statistical regression is BEST explained by which of the following

A. Test scores can often predict future scores on related material B. Errors are often made when scoring tests. C. When large numbers of people take a test, it is less likely for individual scores to be very high or very low D. If an individuals score is very low or very high on a pretest, the individuals score will be closer to the mean on the posttest. - D

What is the BEST definition of attribution theory?

A. The belief that the future is determined more by chance than by being contingent on certain evens B. The expectations that people have for themselves are often higher than what they are capable of C. The belief that rewards are contingent on our own actions D. The explanations people offer for events influence future expectations for success and failure. - D

Though counselors may try to use approaches that enhance client's experiences, at times these approaches may exhibit a lack of understanding of other cultures. This concept, conceptualized by Gilbert Wrenn is known as:

A. Cultural encapsulation B. Cultural pluralism

C. Cultural norming D. Acculturation - A

Quasi-experimental design is similar to true experimental design with the EXCEPTION of which of the following?

A. Quasi-experimental designs measure the existence of relationships between two or more variables, while true experimental designs measure the degree of the relationship B. Quasi-experimental designs descrive a state of events, while true experimental designs determine cause and effect relationships. C. Quasi-experimental designs do not randomly assign subjects to treatment and control groups, while true experimental designs do use randomization. D. Quasi-experimental designs investigate whether there are differences between two groups, while true experimental designs explore why these differences exist. - C

What is a goal that group members of a person-centered group may have?

A. Become free of scripts and games. B. Increase self-acceptance and move past self-defeating behaviors C. Take responsibility for one's life D. Increase self-understanding and explore a full range of feelings. - D

A 4 year old child regularly becomes upset when his mother is not able to read him a bedtime story. He frequently makes comments like "I wish Daddy was dead." and often tells his father to go in another room so he and his mother can be alone. What is MOST likely true regarding this child?

A. It is likely that he is being abused by his father B. He and his mother are enmeshed C. He is showing early signs of mental illness. D. He is experiencing a typical Oedipal complex. - D

A counselor asks a group of one hundred high schoolers to complete a self report questionnaire about their drug use and sexual activity. After recording the results of the questionnaire, the counselor strongly believes that the students consistently underreported this behavior. What factor MOST likely influenced the students' answers?

A. Placebo effect B. Self-fulfilling prophecy C. Social desirability D. Groupthink - C

Career counselors have the option of giving many types of assessments to help clients choose careers that match their interests and abilities. The ACT and the ITBS measure:

A. Personality B. Achievement C. Interest D. Aptitude - B

A counselor employed at a shelter for women who are victims of aggressive sexual assault tells her supervisor that she has begun having nightmares recently about being raped. She also says that when she works late and leaves after dark she feels panicky, her heart races, and she feels like she is being watched. She has been having trouble focusing during sessions with women in the shelter and often feels trapped in her own office when the women are talking about being abused.

This counselor is most likely suffering from:

A. Transference B. Compassion fatigue C. Secondary traumatic stress D. A normal part of the therapeutic process. - C

A woman in couples' counseling complains that her husband keeps his emotions to himself and refuses to talk about his feelings. After hearing this, the husband turns to his wife in surprise and says, "I try to tell you how I feel, but you're the one who never wants to talk about your emotions!" The woman is most likely using which of the following defenses?

A. Repression B. Denial C. Reaction formation D. Projection - D

A career counselor operating from a contextual point of view would most likely work toward which of the following goals?

A. Encourage the individual to see themselves as separate from their environment B. Assist the individual in making meaning of their own situation C. Focus on the individual's affective experiences rather than cognitive understanding D. Direct the individual in how to change their environment - B

What are the typically recommended treatments for bipolar disorders?

A. Group therapy and family counseling B. Mood-stabilizing medication and psychotherapy C. Relaxation training and antipsychotic medication D. Interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavior therapy - B

The parents of a three-year-old child come to see a counselor for help with their son. He has been throwing extreme temper tantrums for the past year to the point that he will yell, scream, and sometimes hit his head on the floor. The parents report that the tantrums didn't start out this bad but have gradually gotten worse. When the child starts having a tantrum, the parents say that they tell him to stop and try to talk to him about his feelings. If this doesn't work, they try to ignore him until he becomes so disruptive that they hold him in a bear hug until he calms down. The parents' unsuccessful intervention is a(n):

A. positive-reinforcing stimulus B. example of classical conditioning C. negative-reinforcing stimulus D. punishment - A

In what situation would Caplan's consultation model be most appropriate?

A. A counselor asks to meet with her supervisor because she has recently been feeling inadequate at work B. A case manager at a social services agency consults with a coworker in an effort to improve time management skills C. A counselor searches the internet to increase understanding of various types of defense mechanisms D. A counselor treating an individual with an eating disorder consults with another counselor with more experience to discuss the need for family therapy in the case - D

Caplan's model of consultation in counseling is a mental health consultation model. In Caplan's model, two professionals discuss issues specific to mental health diagnoses, such as eating disorders, and treatment. The center of discussion can be an individual client or family, the consultee and the client, treatment or a specific program, or the consultee and administration.

Some individuals who have experienced trauma, losses, and other potentially damaging events seem to cope well and function relatively normally in society. What quality do these individuals possess?

A. Plasticity B. Resiliency C. Tabula rasa D. Thought blocking - B

Compassion fatigue is common in the counseling field. Which of the following is not a symptom of compassion fatigue?

A. Boredom during sessions B. Loss of empathy C. An increased desire to help clients D. Loss of interest in client concerns - C

A career counselor, who is White, is confronted by an African-American client he has been seeing for several months. The client tells the counselor she feels that he has been pointing her in a career direction based more on her race and gender than on her true abilities. What should the career counselor do first?

A. Listen to the client explain why she feels this way, then validate her feelings B. Ask the client to leave, then call an attorney for assistance C. Consult with a supervisor or colleague D. Explain the reasons why this is not true - A

Which term applies to the anticipated course of a disorder?

A. Prognosis B. Etiology C. Incidence D. Prevalence - A

"Generation X" refers to individuals born between 1965 and 1976. Which of the following characterizes this group?

A. Preferring traditional marriage roles and linear career paths B. Goal-oriented and civic-minded C. Multiculturally inclusive and self-confident D. Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options open - D

What does a needs assessment measure?

A. The difference between where a program started and where it is now B. The difference between what is and what is desired C. The discrepancies between different individual players in a counseling program D. The similarities between a particular program and other programs like it - B

Which of the following children is most likely to suffer from maltreatment?

A. The youngest child in a two-parent household who was recently diagnosed with anxiety B. An elementary-aged child of a single parent living in a poor neighborhood C. A toddler living with their grandmother and grandfather D. A middle-class African-American child whose ADHD symptoms are managed with medication - B

What is not a time when you would use a nonparametric test?

A. When you are working with ratio scale data levels of measurement B. When the scores are abnormally distributed C. When scores do not fall along a normal curve

D. When the variance of the sample is different from the variance of the population - A

A counselor is meeting with a man in his thirties for individual counseling. The man initially sought out counseling due to increased anxiety attacks that usually occur on the way to work and during high- stress business meetings. The counselor has been trying to help the man identify underlying emotional processes that occur before these attacks, but the man has difficulty expressing these emotions and seems to feel very uncomfortable whenever the counselor asks him how he feels. Which of the following approaches may be more effective for this client?

A. The counselor should focus on the man's cognitive processes and help him establish concrete goals to address B. The counselor should refer the man to a psychiatrist for a medication evaluation to help with his flat affect C. The counselor should confront the man about his inability and reluctance to engage in counseling D. The counselor should help the man explore e - A

A career counselor has a positive relationship with a client they have known for several months. However, after identifying the client's problems, conducting assessments, and helping the client obtain additional information, the client is still unable to commit to making a decision about her career. What should the career counselor do next?

A. Refer the client to another career counselor who may have a different, more useful, approach B. Suggest the client make a decision anyway and see if it works C. Terminate services with the client, as the counselor has reached beyond their scope D. Work with the client to determine the underlying causes of their inability to make a decision - D

Which of the following is considered a test of personality?

A. Self Directed Search (SDS) B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) C. Minnesota Importance Questionnaire D. O*Net Interest Profiler - B

According to the ACA Code of Ethics, which of the following is not unethical?

A. A counselor and his client agree that they are mutually attracted to each other and use the time in sessions to have sexual contact B. A counselor has sexual contact with a client she saw briefly for therapy ten years earlier C. A counselor agrees to provide couples' therapy to an ex-boyfriend she split from three years ago D. A counselor has sexual contact with one of her supervisees - B

What is the goal of consultation?

A. To triage clients whose needs may be better met elsewhere

B. To decrease the possibility of ethical dilemmas C. To strengthen the counselor's documentation skills D. To increase the counselor's ability to handle problems in the future - D

A counselor has been meeting with a client, Jim, for over three years at the same time every week. The counselor is looking for new clients to add to his practice and receives a call from a potential client who would like to come in during the same time slot as Jim. The counselor tells the new client that he is free at that time and thinks, "Jim will understand. I'll just ask him to come at a different time for a while." This is a violation of all of the following ethical principles except which one?

A. Veracity B. Justice C. Autonomy D. Fidelity - C

There are many principles that underlie counselors' ethical decision making. These include beneficence, the desire to work for the good of the client as well as for society; nonmaleficence, avoiding harm; autonomy, respecting the client's right to self-determination; justice, treating individuals fairly; fidelity, honoring commitments; and veracity, being honest and truthful. By prioritizing a new client over another client, this counselor is violating the principles of fidelity, justice, and veracity. Ethically, the counselor should reserve the appointment time for the existing client and attempt to find another time to meet with the new one.

All of the following are true regarding stanine scales except which one?

A. They calculate how test scores rank on a scale of 100 B. Scores are always positive C. They are used to convert scores to a single digit D. Scores always range from zero to nine - A

Which of the following has been the fastest-growing area of counseling over the past several years?

A. Group psychotherapy B. Couples' counseling C. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) D. Disaster mental health - D

Over the past several decades there has been increasing evidence that there are strong relationships between the psyche, nutrition, medications, and body functions. What is the main reason counselors should acknowledge this connection?

A. Counselors who understand this connection better typically earn more money and attract more clients B. Insurance companies are requiring more intensive explorations of all aspects of clients' well-being C. Many counselors are returning to school to become psychiatrists or dieticians

D. Some behavior is likely rooted in biological and brain functions - D

What conflict is likely to arise if a counselor uses cognitive behavioral approaches with multicultural clients?

A. Multicultural clients are likely to not want the therapist to take an active approach B. Multicultural clients will likely misunderstand the counselor due to the language barrier C. The counselor's solutions may not be consistent with multicultural clients' beliefs D. Multicultural clients may want a short-term, solution-oriented approach - C

Which of the following is true regarding older workers?

A. Intellectual functioning is usually not impaired B. Older adults' job satisfaction is lower than younger adults' C. Older adults experience a gradual improvement on speeded tasks D. Older adults' unemployment periods are shorter than younger adults' - A

A counselor is leading an eight-member group for survivors of sexual abuse. The counselor asks each person in the group to complete a sociogram. What is the counselor most likely trying to find out by assigning this task?

A. How each member perceives his or her position in the group and relationship with other group members B. Whether the group has been effective in helping members overcome past abuse C. What underlying mental health conditions might exist for each member D. How helpful the group members feel the counselor has been as a group leader - A

According to most career counselors, what is the firststep in the career counseling process?

A. Assess the client's strengths using inventories and standardized instruments B. Provide information to the client about various career options C. Establish a relationship with the client D. Identify the client's problem - C

A career counselor has met with a transgender client for several sessions. Standardized assessments have suggested that the client's strengths lie in teaching, and the client tells the career counselor that she is thinking of becoming an elementary school teacher. What is the best way for the counselor to discuss the probability that the client will encounter discrimination in her future career?

A. The counselor should refer the client to an individual therapist who can help the client when she is discriminated against in the teaching field B. The counselor should carefully point the client in the direction of a career that is more accepting of transgender employees

C. The counselor should gently inform the client that discrimination by some employers, particularly in teaching and caretaking professions, can be very strong and they should suggest that the client feel supported by friends and family as she plans to p - C

What is an example of face validity?

A. A test that predicts outcomes accurately B. A test that measures a phenomenon accurately C. A test that looks valid D. A test that covers certain content accurately - C

Which of the following is false regarding family counseling?

A. Family counseling leads to stronger and healthier families B. Family counselors believe that the power of relationships can heal and stabilize the family unit C. Nuclear families make the best family counseling clients D. Family counseling aims to increase communication between family members - C

Career counselors often assess the ways individuals use their free time. Which of the following theories is commonly used to determine what types of leisure activities people engage in?

A. Present vs. Future B. Personal vs. Social C. Internal vs. External D. Compensatory vs. Spillover - D

A client says, "I never knew what to expect from my father growing up. Sometimes he would explode and beat me and my sisters for no reason, and other times he would be the most loving dad in the world." According to Carkhuff, what would be a Level 1 response to this statement?

A. "You look like this bothers you for some reason." B. "You look very worried when thinking about your dad's unpredictability." C. "Why do you think he did that?" D. "Your uncertainty about your dad's reactions to you and your siblings has contributed to your anxiety today and why you might feel so afraid of getting into a serious relationship with someone." - C

"Why do you think he did that?" is a Level 1 response, as it fails to address the client's affect and focuses only on the content by asking a blunt question about the client's father's behavior. "You look like this bothers you for some reason" is a Level 2 response because it subtracts from the client's affect. "You look very worried when thinking about your dad's unpredictability" is a Level 3 response, as it can be interchangeable with the client's affect and content.

The best response would be, "Your uncertainty about your dad's reactions to you and your siblings has contributed to your anxiety today and why you might feel so afraid of getting into a serious relationship with someone." This is a Level 4 or 5 response as it adds to the client's affect and meanings.

What is the main difference between emotion and mood?

A. Emotions are temporary, while moods are persistent B. Emotions are less intense than moods C. Emotions are defense mechanisms that individuals use to avoid mood D. Moods usually precede emotions - A.

Over the past 50 years, there has been a push for accountability in the counseling field, primarily motivated by:

A. client empowerment B. new psychiatric medications C. funding D. serious mental illnesses - C

In what type of qualitative research is observer bias particularly important?

A. Historical analysis B. Legal analysis C. Ethnography D. Case study - C Ethnography is a type of interactive research in which the researcher collects data through interviews and observations about a group or system.

Multidimensional models of abnormal human behavior typically look at what four dimensions?

A. Thought processes, appearance, mood, and intellectual functioning B. Biology, cognition, emotions, and culture C. Spirituality, reactivity, passivity, and locus of control D. Adaptation, functioning, etiology, and prognosis - B

All of the following are acceptable rationales for using tests EXCEPT:

A. to identify interests not previously known B. to help the client gain self-understanding C. to establish a baseline to submit to a health insurance company D. to help the client predict future performance in training or work - C

An individual's score on an assessment has a z-score of 0. What does this mean?

A. The individual's score is equal to the mean B. The individual's score is the furthest away from the mean C. The range for the standard deviation is -1.0 to 1. D. The individual's score is equal to the range - A

Masters and Johnson are widely known for their contributions to the field of sex therapy. According to Masters and Johnson, which of the following best describes the cause of sexual dysfunction?

A. The biological aging process prohibits enjoyable sexual experiences B. Society discourages freedom and disinhibition during sex C. The participant is too critical of his or her own performance D. The individual's partner has unreasonable expectations - C

Sometimes certain characteristics of study subjects elicit preferential feelings and responses from researchers, altering results. This is known as:

A. statistical regression B. experimenter bias C. attrition D. instrumentation error - B

According to Hanna and Cardona, counselors working cross-culturally should use a variety of techniques to help the client achieve freedom from what?

A. Childhood trauma B. Ongoing oppression C. The idea that a strong self-concept is important D. Negative family dynamics - B

A counselor working at a college regularly provides group therapy for students. The counselor is curious to know whether a particular curriculum produces improved social skills for students with high- functioning autism. The counselor explains to group participants that she is collecting data on their scores through self-evaluations completed by them. After the final data is collected, the counselor sees that participants' scores on the self-evaluations improved drastically over the course of the intervention. However, the counselor is concerned that the scores were heavily influenced by participants' knowledge that the counselor was conducting research. This counselor is appropriately concerned about what threat to external validity?

A. Attrition B. Placebo effect C. Experimenter bias D. Hawthorne effect - D

Under what conditions may a counselor release test results?

A. To the test taker's family members B. To competent professionals and with the test taker's consent C. To other counselors who may be interested in the results D. To the counselor's supervisors and program administrators - B

Which of the following is true?

A. Tests can be reliable but not valid B. Valid tests are only reliable if there is a change in an underlying trait or characteristic C. Tests are usually reliable but not valid D. Tests are always valid with enough data - A

A group counselor often uses the empty chair technique and guides group members to fantasize about how they might create change in their lives. This counselor is operating from what counseling approach?

A. Rational emotive behavior B. Reality C. Transactional analysis D. Gestalt - D

A counselor in a small town is contacted by the parents of a young boy who is experiencing anxiety at school. The family is Vietnamese and the counselor is concerned that she is not familiar enough with Vietnamese culture to help the family. What should the counselor do first?

A. Read as much as possible about Vietnamese culture B. See the child for an assessment, and decide after the assessment whether she can continue seeing him C. Address her concerns with the family D. Tell the family she cannot work with them, but avoid telling them why - C

What is the main problem with early career theories?

A. They were developed mostly in Europe rather than America B. They often reference data from samples too large to analyze C. They tend to be limited to white, college-educated males D. They are generalizable only to lower-class workers - C

How has an increased pressure to examine the "bottom line" in the field of counseling contributed to intervention and treatment?

A. It has led to more research studies on short-term therapies B. It has neglected children and adolescents while focusing only on adults

C. It has discouraged counselors from wanting to provide comprehensive, effective mental health treatment D. It has resulted in more wraparound services for individuals with serious mental illnesses - A

During a session with a client, a counselor notices that the client has not bathed in several days and looks unkempt. The client makes statements such as "it would be better if I weren't around" and tells the counselor that they would use a gun that is now in their house to kill herself if they felt hopeless enough. When the counselor asks the client whether they might end their own life soon, the client replies that they aren't sure. What is the best option for the counselor at this time?

A. Call the client's close family members and friends so they can provide 24/7 observation B. Give the client her personal number and instruct the client to call counselor when and if they decide to commit suicide C. Inform the client of the counselor's duty to protect them, and advise them to go to the closest crisis center or hospital D. Call law enforcement so they can take the client to be evaluated - C

A counselor wants to give a client a vocational aptitude assessment. All of the following would be appropriate measures for this purpose except which one?

A. GRE B. ASVAB C. DAT D. GATB - A

The Drama Triangle, developed by Stephen Karpman, is helpful when understanding destructive interactions that occur between individuals in conflict. What three roles are included in the Drama Triangle?

A. Victim, persecutor, and rescuer B. Talker, listener, and ignorer C. Ego, superego, and id D. Helper, enabler, and perpetrator - A

A counselor has been asked to meet with a 22-year-old African-American male referred to her by his probation officer. Before meeting with the client, the counselor assumes that he will have a negative attitude, will speak disrespectfully, and has been charged with assault or drug possession. The fact that the counselor has preconceived judgments without sufficient knowledge is known as:

A. Discrimination B. Pluralism C. Acculturation D. Prejudice - D

A child, age 17, recently dropped out of school and is living at home. He does not have a job, though he sometimes goes with his mother to the animal shelter to volunteer. When a family counselor asks the boy what his career and educational goals are, he shrugs his shoulders while his mother jumps in to explain that he wants to be a police officer but is now "just taking a break." When asked about the boy's responsibilities around the house, the boy's father rolls his eyes and tells the counselor that his wife does everything for their child, including making his meals. The mother tells the counselor that she and her son have a "special" relationship and seems pleased when she says that her husband is not a part of it. This mother and son are most likely:

A. Differentiated B. Disengaged C. Resilient D. Enmeshed - D

Typically, instruments that have reliability coefficients of what value or higher are said to be reliable?

A.. B.. C.. D. .90 - C

What is the main purpose of program accountability?

A. To deny counselors the ability to take advantage of clients' finances B. To provide regular supervision of counselors new to the field C. To increase counselors' knowledge of a particular skill D. To justify counselors' activities to populations served and to sources of funding - D

A counselor tells a client that the client is only going to be as successful as they believe they can be. This is an example of:

A. constructivist theory B. social learning theory C. self-efficacy theory D. psychosocial theory - C

To determine internal consistency on an instrument with non-dichotomous items, what statistical measure should be applied?

A. Standard error of measurement B. Cronbach alpha coefficient C. Coefficient of nondetermination D. Kuder-Richardson formula - B

All of the following are true regarding social justice counseling except:

A. it seeks a balance of power and resources B. it addresses issues of unequal power C. it has not grown as a specialty in the past 25 years D. it has led to ACA identifying advocacy competencies for counselors - C

The General Education Development (GED) test is what type of assessment?

A. Ability B. Personality C. Cognitive D. Achievement - D

In the 1980s and 1990s, American society saw a drastic increase in the number of people with mental illnesses in homeless shelters and prisons. Though community mental health centers existed, there were not enough resources to serve everyone who needed treatment. This change is attributed to:

A. deinstitutionalization B. the stock market crash C. increased numbers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia D. The worsening housing market and lack of support for single parents - A

A counselor working from the perspective of feminist psychology is least likely to believe which of the following?

A. Clients are experts on themselves B. Therapy is meant to advance a transformation in society as well as in clients C. Clients should be examined outside of their sociocultural environments D. Symptoms are often types of survival strategies - C

Choosing a Vocation was published in 1909 and was written by:

A. Frank Parsons B. Jesse Davis C. Clifford Beers D. Sigmund Freud - A

Counselors and other mental health professionals have many different ways of viewing human growth and development. These include qualitative or quantitative, continuous or discontinuous, and mechanistic or organismic. Which of the following is an example of organismic development?

A. Language development

B. Sexual development C. Reflexive behavior D. Ethical development - D

Organismic development is the belief that the individual (or other organism) is involved in the development. This can lead to change or discontinuity depending on the individual. Ethical development and moral development are both regarded as organismic development. Reflexive behavior is mechanistic development, the reduction of behavior to common elements. Language development is discontinuous development, and sexual development is qualitative development.

Based on data from the United States census, the number of Americans with varying degrees of disability is increasing. What is the most likely reason for this increase?

A. Higher numbers of more dangerous jobs B. Society's more reckless attitude in general C. Fewer employees covered by health insurance D. The increasing older population - D

A counselor is conducting diagnostic sessions with a family and wants to learn more about the family's dynamics, unspoken rules, and communication patterns. Which of the following would be the best tool for the counselor to use?

A. Open system B. Ecomap C. Genogram D. Strategic approach - C

Which of the following is false about the concept of prejudice?

A. It may be positive or negative B. It is a preconceived judgment or opinion C. It can be directed at individuals or groups D. It is defined as intentionally malicious - D

Which of the following is an example of unobtrusive measurement?

A. Reviewing a client's existing medical records B. Sending a questionnaire asking about a client's eating habits C. Meeting with a family for an initial therapy session D. Having a diagnostic interview with a young child - A Intrusive methods refer to times when clients know that they are the subject of observation and/or data collection. Unobtrusive methods refer to times when the individuals are unaware that data is being collected, such as when you review a client's existing records.

All of the following are true regarding women who seek counseling except which one?

A. Women are more susceptible to depression than men B. Women are usually more emotionally expressive than men C. Women are more likely to successfully complete counseling than men D. Women are more likely to seek counseling than men - C

All of the following are criticisms of Kübler-Ross's stages except which one?

A. The stages do not take into consideration the fact that feelings can be recurring B. The stages negate the importance of the person feeling angry about their illness C. The stages do not always occur in the same linear fashion D. The stages do not adequately represent the complexity of the dying person's feelings - B

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is known for her research and development of the five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

With what kind of measurement might a researcher use a nonparametric statistic such as a chi-square?

A. Nominal B. Ratio C. Ordinal D. Interval - A There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal data refers to numbers that represent categories or qualities of the variable, such as race, gender, and age. Nonparametric statistical measures, which are often used with descriptive data, should be used with nominal data.

What is the purpose of establishing a feedback loop throughout the planning of a counseling program?

A. To help establish goals and objectives for the intervention B. To assess various areas of need in the program C. To make sure development is proceeding appropriately D. To provide a system of checks and balances to show insurance companies that their money is well- spent - C

Which of the following disorders is typically considered to be more ego-syntonic than ego-dystonic?

A. Bipolar I disorder B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Anorexia nervosa D. Panic disorder - C Ego-dystonic behaviors are those that the individual considers unacceptable.

What is the best way to follow up with a client after career counseling has terminated?

A. In whatever way the counselor and client agree upon B. Mail-in surveys and telephone calls C. An in-person meeting with the career counselor D. A group session when several of the counselor's clients discuss their experiences - A

A counselor regularly administers the Self-Directed Search and the O*Net Interest Profiler. What is the counselor most likely trying to determine?

A. Individuals' unconscious anxieties, desires, and urges B. Individuals' skills, values, and/or interests as they pertain to vocations and occupations C. Individuals' knowledge of a specific academic subject D. Individuals' ability to learn new information - B

A client says, "I just hate being with my mother. She always needs something from me and it drives me crazy!" In reply, the counselor says, "It sounds like being around her is uncomfortable and frustrating for you." This counselor is using the technique of:

A. reflection B. restatement C. congruence D. confrontation - A

Psychologist Charles Spearman is best known for which of the following?

A. Developing a short-term treatment for psychosis B. Bringing statistical analysis to testing C. Writing the first achievement test for children D. Creating an effective group therapy model - B

All of the following are functions of Chi Sigma Iota except which one?

A. To provide mediation when an ethical conflict arises B. To contribute to the development of leaders in the counseling field C. To promote research in counseling D. To educate counselors in ways to maintain professionalism in counseling relationships - A

A mother is angry with her teenage daughter for breaking curfew. When the daughter finally comes home, the mother yells, "You're ungrateful and self-centered, and I can't wait until you're out of this house for good!" The mother then retreats into her bedroom and doesn't speak with her daughter until the daughter approaches her mother to ask for a ride to school the next day. The mother drives her to school but ignores her the entire time. This is called:

A. triangulation B. emotional cutoff C. ethnocide D. differentiation - B Emotional cutoff occurs when an individual deals with conflict by reducing contact with the other person.

A counselor meeting with a young woman struggling with anxiety suggests that they work together to identify dysfunctional thoughts. The counselor then asks questions regarding the validity and helpfulness of those thoughts and helps the client replace those thoughts with healthy, more reasonable thoughts in order to decrease the client's anxiety. This is an example of what type of counseling?

A. Multimodal therapy B. Existential counseling C. Feminist therapy D. Cognitive behavioral counseling - D

What type of research is more valued in the counseling field?

A. Qualitative and quantitative are equally valued, as they can both make contributions to the field B. Neither quantitative nor qualitative, because both have severe shortcomings C. Qualitative, because it is based on feelings and judgments D. Quantitative, because it is more accurate and predictable - A

A white, Spanish-speaking counselor is meeting with a Hispanic family for family counseling. In order to help this family in the best way possible, the counselor should do which of the following?

A. Ask the family questions about their cultural values and beliefs in order to know how to best effect change B. Refer the family to a counselor of Hispanic origin C. Only conduct counseling sessions in Spanish, as that is the family's language of origin D. Treat the family like she would a White family, and assume that the family will let her know if they are uncomfortable with her approach - A

Mindfulness is a concept that many counselors integrate into their work with clients. What is the main purpose of mindfulness?

A. To provide the client a narrative for his or her experiences B. To rid the client of unhealthy thought patterns C. To provide the client with coping skills in order to avoid self-harm D. To change the client's relationship with their negative thoughts - D

During a group counseling session about sexuality issues, group members discuss the differences between male and female stereotypes. One group member comments that she disagrees with some of

these stereotypes. Several of the other members quickly begin to criticize her statements and make rude comments about her appearance and intelligence, requiring the counselor to intervene. These group members were:

A. blocking B. linking C. scapegoating D. intellectualizing - C

What is a commonly used technique for measuring attitudes or opinions, that typically gives respondents five answer choices such as Always, Often, Sometimes, Almost Never, and Never?

A. Likert scale B. Chi-square C. Factor analysis D. Scattergram - A

According to Corey, what activities are included in the first stage of a group?

A. Establishing cohesion and trust B. Recruiting and screening C. Preparing for the outside world and deciding what courses of action to take D. Challenging the leader and experiencing conflict - B

All of the following are true statements regarding older adults except which one?

A. Some intellectual decline into a person's late 70s is inevitable B. Depression and other types of mental illness affect 10 percent of older adults C. Physical impairments afflict most older adults by age 60 or 70 D. Most personality traits are stable into late adulthood - A

A two-year-old boy shouts, "Car!" any time he sees a bicycle, truck, or anything else with wheels. According to Piaget, this is an example of a(n):

A. hallucination B. schema C. defense D. misinterpretation - B

Which type of group counseling approach typically requires the group leader to be the most active?

A. Rational emotive behavior B. Person-centered C. Gestalt

D. Existential - A

Don Dinkmeyer's Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) program integrates concepts used by which group approach?

A. Rational emotive behavior B. Adlerian C. Gestalt D. Existential - B

A researcher wants to study the relationship between educational level and discipline styles of parents. Which of the following is a null hypothesis?

A. Disciplinary styles depend more on the parent's age and gender than on educational level B. There is no correlation between a parent's educational level and how he or she disciplines children C. It is difficult to know how educational levels influence disciplinary styles D. Parents with higher levels of education are less likely to physically discipline their children - B

There are broad categories of individuals who have unique or special needs, such as religious or racial classifications, women, gays and lesbians, poor people, and children. This is known as:

A. cultural encapsulation B. disproportionality C. cultural pluralism D. prejudice - C

After having a group discussion, group members agree on a less conservative course of action than they would have taken individually. This is known as:

A. blocking B. triangulation C. linking D. risky shift phenomenon - D

A counselor has been meeting for several months with a man whose wife recently died after a terminal illness. During one session, the client states that he has been considering shooting himself in the head to "end the pain" and "to see my wife again." The counselor determines that the man has a high risk of suicide, as he continues to state that he is going to kill himself that night with the gun he has in his house, and he will not take himself to the closest crisis center. What should the counselor do?

A. Respect the man's decision and allow him to attempt suicide B. Take steps to obtain an involuntary commitment C. Stay with the client at his home to make sure he is safe D. Keep the man with her until he agrees not to shoot himself -

B

Why is mediation usually recommended for couples going through a divorce?

A. It lessens the long-term impacts of divorce on children B. It is a good option for couples who are physically violent toward each other C. It is easier than going through the courts when one of the spouses is missing D. It presents solutions that may not be acceptable unless they are presented by a third party - D

Two hundred college students are enrolled in a genetic biology course. Half comprise a control group, while the other half are randomly assigned to participate in an hour-long interactive seminar each week. Students' final test grades are examined at the end of the semester to determine whether the seminar was associated with better comprehension and understanding of course concepts. What type of research design was used?

A. Quasi-experimental B. Non-experimental C. Comparative D. True experimental - D

Who is known for his belief that developmental tasks, which are the skills a person obtains through maturation, must be accomplished at each stage of growth before the next stage can successfully occur?

A. John Watson B. Abraham Maslow C. Aaron Beck D. Robert Havighurst - D

Which of the following is a change from the DSM-IV-TR to the DSM-5?

A. Removal of the multiaxial system B. Removal of V codes C. Addition of a chapter on bipolar disorders D. Addition of a Not Otherwise Specified option - A

In 2015, five states legally permitted physician-assisted suicide. Under what circumstance is this permitted?

A. The individual must have a terminal illness B. The individual must have clinical depression and feelings of worthlessness C. The individual's family must agree that the individual's happiness is compromised D. The physician must agree that the individual is prepared to die - A

According to Krumboltz, which of the following is most likely to be the task of the career counselor?

A. Challenging preconceived notions of acceptable career options B. Helping the individual resolve ego-relevant crises C. Working with the individual to identify a zone of acceptable career alternatives D. Administering assessments to determine which career path fits the individual best - A

A marriage and family counselor has been meeting with a couple for several months. The couple clearly states that they both value loyalty and honesty more than any other qualities in a marriage. In the next session, the husband appears nervous and jittery. Halfway through the session, he tearfully tells his wife that he had sexual contact with another woman the previous week. The discomfort the husband feels is known as:

A. Intrinsic motivation B. Familism C. Attribution theory D. Cognitive dissonance - D

All of the following are typical goals of multicultural groups except:

A. increase group members' understanding of norms acceptable by the majority culture B. help group members understand how new skills can be integrated into the norms of their own cultures C. understand the circumstances that brought group members into the group D. provide learning for the individual in the group process - A

An individual who has strong social skills, is well-respected, has empathy for others, and understands nonverbal cues is said to possess:

A. paradoxical knowledge B. high emotional intelligence C. poor cognitive abilities D. propinquity - B

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder are two diagnoses new to the DSM-5. Under which DSM-5 category do both of these diagnoses fall?

A. Bipolar and related disorders B. Anxiety disorders C. Depressive disorders D. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders - C

Which of the following is an example of an emic worldview?

A. A counselor is directive in her approach with multicultural clients, believing that it is better for them to assimilate rather than attempt to preserve their own beliefs B. A counselor attempts to help all clients, no matter their ethnicity or culture, because she has a global view of humanity C. A counselor believes that all people are more similar than different D. A counselor works closely with clients from a culture different from hers in an attempt to understand their perspectives - D

Computer programmer and chemist are examples of what type of career, according to Holland?

A. Conventional B. Enterprising C. Realistic D. Investigative - D

Which of the following facts about teenage suicide is accurate?

A. Suicide rates have climbed drastically in recent years B. Suicide is the fifth leading cause of death among ten to 24-year-olds C. Girls commit about 80 percent of all suicides D. American Indian and Alaska Native teens are more at risk than White or African-American teens - D

Which of the following is a topic commonly addressed in group couples counseling?

A. De-escalating crisis situations B. Addressing the effects of childhood trauma on relationships C. Learning effective parenting skills D. Reducing the amount of physical violence in the home - C

Formal education, observational learning experiences, and diverse interpersonal interactions form which of the following?

A. Gestalt therapy B. Psychoanalysis C. Rational emotive behavior therapy D. Humanistic life outlook - D

What is not a kind of analysis of variance (ANOVA)?

A. Factorial B. Multivariate C. One-way D. T-test - D

When sharing her moral beliefs with her counselor, a client states that she believes there are universal ethical principles, but she wouldn't be afraid to go against these principles in the name of human rights such as justice or liberty. What stage of Kohlberg's moral development is this client in?

A. Conventional B. Postconventional C. Preconventional D. Self-interested - B Lawrence Kohlberg identified three levels of moral development that relate to the relationship between the individual and society. In the first level, preconventional, individuals judge the morality of an action based on its immediate consequences and rewards. During the conventional level of moral reasoning, individuals judge morality based on the comparison of actions to society's expectations. During the final level, postconventional, individuals realize they are separate from society and can have principles and ethics different from the greater society.

All of the following are possible threats to internal validity except which one?

A. Experimenter bias B. Statistical regression C. Instrumentation D. Ecological validity - D

The stimulus variable is also known as the:

A. deviation from the mean B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. hypothesis - C

As counselors are beginning to work with multicultural clients, they may need to do which of the following in order to develop an effective therapeutic relationship?

A. Emphasize the meaning of confidentiality and understand that multicultural clients are more sensitive than white clients to counselors speaking with family members or religious leaders B. Share more personal information with multicultural clients than they might with white clients C. Be much more formal with multicultural clients than they would be with white clients D. Be sensitive to the amount of small talk that occurs between counselor and client, as multicultural clients will think this approach is unprofessional - B

A counselor working with a four-year-old child gives the child a small piece of candy after he completes three tasks in a row. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

A. Variable interval B. Fixed interval