Career Development Theories and Concepts: A Comprehensive Overview, Exams of Occupational therapy

Download Career Development Theories and Concepts: A Comprehensive Overview and more Exams Occupational therapy in PDF only on Docsity! CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Five most influential theories - correct answer Super, Holland, Gottfredson, Krumboltz, Saviskas Classification of career theories - correct answer Actuarial and Developmental Actuarial - correct answer theorists from this perspective focused on some 'structure' of the individual such as needs, traits, interests, etc., and designed a theory of how career development occurs from that basis. Developmental - correct answer theorists from this perspective viewed career development as occurring over time, usually through stages. This process of career development could include various 'structures' such as self-concept and need Vocational Development Stages - correct answer Growth, Exploratory, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline Growth Development Stage - correct answer Birth to 14-15, Development of capacity, interests, and self-concept. CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Exploratory Development Stage - correct answer 15-24 years. Tentative choices made Establishment Development Stage - correct answer 22-44 years. Trail (in work situations) and stabilize Maintenance Development Stage - correct answer 45-65, Continual adjustment process Decline Development Stage - correct answer 65+ years. Preretirement, work output issues and retirement. Later changed to disengagement Vocational Development Tasks - correct answer Crystallization, Specification, Implementation, Stabilization, Consolidation Ages no longer apply, can repeat or recycle throughout tasks Crystallization Development Task - correct answer Ages 14-18. formulating a general vocational goal through awareness CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers investigation activities; has poor persuasive and social skills. Ex: chemist, computer programmer Artistic - correct answer imaginative; prefers self-expression via physical, verbal, or material, dislikes systematic and ordered activities Ex: artist, editor Social - correct answer social; prefers activities that inform, develop, or enlighten others, dislikes activities involving tools or machines Ex: counselors, teachers Enterprising - correct answer extroverted; prefers leadership and persuasive roles; dislikes abstract, cautious activities Ex. manager, slaes personnel Conventional - correct answer practical; prefers ordered, structured activities, dislikes ambiguous, and unsystematized tasks CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Instruments used to determine Holland Type - correct answer Vocational Preference Inventory and Self- Directed Search Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes - correct answer Most occupations in the United States have been assigned a Holland Type and can be found here Consistency (HT) - correct answer adjacent pairs of types are more psychologically alike than nonadjacent pairs of types Differentiation (HT) - correct answer an individual's profile of six types has significant highs(differentiated) and lows or the profile of six types tends to be flat(undifferentiated). Congruence (HT) - correct answer the individual's type and the environment type are at the same Vocational identity (HT) - correct answer high identity individuals are those who have a clear and stable picture of their interests and goals. CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Linda Gottfredson - correct answer Circumscription and Compromise- focuses on the vocational development processes experienced by children. Vocational self concept is central and influences occupational selection Circumscription (LG) - correct answer Narrow down occupations Compromise (LG) - correct answer opt out of unavailable or inappropriate occupations Four Stages of Career Development (LG) - correct answer Orientation to: Size and power, sex roles, social valuation, internal unique self Orientation to Size and Power - correct answer Ages 3-5. Children have neither; they are concrete thinkers and begin to understand what it means to be an adult. Even as young as age 3 they can name occupations they would like to do. Orientation to Sex Roles - correct answer Ages 6-8. There is greater awareness of CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Instrumental and Associative Learning Experiences (LTCC) - correct answer Learning through reactions to consequences, results of actions, and through reactions to others. Reinforcement and non-reinforcement of behaviors and skills are important. Associative learning experience come from associations learning through observations and written materials. They influence an individuals perceptions Task Approach Skills (LTCC) - correct answer Skills acquired such as problem-solving, work habits, mental sets, and emotional and cognitive responses Career Beliefs Inventory (LTCC) - correct answer may be used to identify clients' mental barriers preventing them from taking actions. Planned Happenstance (LTCC) - correct answer Unplanned and chance events will influence an individuals' career development, and such occurrences should be expected and taken advantage of. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma - correct answer Developmentalists that believed occupational choice progressed through three periods. CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Periods of occupational choice (Ginzberg) - correct answer Fantasy, Tentative, and Realistic Fantasy (Ginzberg) - correct answer Birth to 11. Play becomes work orientated Tentative (Ginzberg) - correct answer Ages 11-17. Four stages in this periods: interest, capacity, value, and transition Realistic (Ginzberg) - correct answer 17+. Three stages in this period: exploration, crystallization, and specification. Ann Roe - correct answer Needs approach. Believed that genetic factors, environmental experiences, and parent-child relations influenced the needs structure each child developed. Believed that careers were chosen to meet needs. Field-by-level Classification of Occupation - correct answer Developed by Ann Roe and has six levels and eight fields. CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Field-by-level: Levels - correct answer Professional & managerial (highest level) Professional & managerial (regular) Semi-professional & managerial Skilled Semi-skilled Unskilled Field-by-level: Fields - correct answer Service, business contact, managerial, general cultural, arts and entertainment, technology, outdoor, and science Tiedeman's Decision-Making Model - correct answer Believed that career development occurred as part of cognitive development as one resolved ego-relevant crisis. Paralleled the eight psychosocial stages identified by Erikson. Saw life decisions and career decisions as integrally related. Phases of decision making - correct answer Anticipation or preoccupation CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Synthesis (CIP) - correct answer formulating course of action or alternatives Valuing (CIP) - correct answer judging each action as to it's potential for success or failure and impact on others. This is a prioritizing process Execution (CIP) - correct answer developing pans and implementation strategies Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Efficacy - correct answer Based on Bandura's social learning theory Self Efficacy (SCT) - correct answer an individual's belief that he or she can perform some task or be successful in some endeavor influences choice, performance, and persistence. Self-efficacy can be strengthened through - correct answer learning experiences such as: personal performance accomplishments, vicarious learning, social persuasion, physiological states and reactions. CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Constructivism and Contextualism - correct answer Suggests that individuals construct their own reality or truth through their own way of organizing information. Becomes very subjective phenomenon and focuses on how individuals extract meaning from their present situation. Contextualism implies - correct answer that career development constant interplay of forces within the individual, with in the environment, and the interaction between the two. One cannot separate individuals from their environments and the individuals' perceptions and information organizing processes create their reality. Goals for Career Counselor (CC) - correct answer encourage the client to make meaning of his or her situation. Unraveling events (CC) - correct answer Because context is so important, unraveling envenoms into very small pieces may be counterproductive and reduce the possibility for constructing personal meaning. CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Focus of attention (cc) - correct answer is actions which are cognitively and socially based. Three perspectives of action (CC) - correct answer Behavior which occurs, Internal state (affect) Their social meaning Mark Savickas - correct answer proponent of a postmodern career counseling approach based on career construction theory. View of counselor (MS) - correct answer not as the expert with infallible scores from inventories but rather as an active agent in assisting career clients to make sense of their life and work in order to be successful and satisfied. Perspective of personality (CCT) - correct answer personality types, developmental tasks, and life themes CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Sociological and situational mode of career development - correct answer There are sociological reasons why individuals choose the work that they do. Factors that influence occupation choice(SSM) - correct answer People choose what they know (occupations family members may expose them to) Ethinc group membership and cultural factors influence individuals toward or away from certain jobs and career. risk behavior, work identity, and career mobility. Situationally, the environment and its opportunities influence the work an individual does - correct answer Labor market conditions, educational/training and employment opportunities, as well as the mix of employers will impact what is available and often determines an individual's career development John Crites - correct answer Comprehensive model of career counseling Three Diagnosis of the Career Problem (JC) - correct answer Differential--what are the problems Dynamic--why have the problems occurred CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Decisional--how are the problems being dealt with After diagnosis, Crites advocated - correct answer client-centered and developmental counseling to begin with, later followed by the use of psychodynamic techniques such as interpretation, finally followed by trait-factor and behavioral approaches. Vocational maturity - correct answer continuous developmental process moving through a series of stages and tasks Factors which might affect decision making (DM) - correct answer Risk taking style Investment (by chooser, such as time, money, deferred gratification) Personal Values Self0efficacy (belief that the individual can perform the behavior necessary) Career theory limitations - correct answer Data is from 1950's/1960's sampled on young, white, middle-cass males, college-educated CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Indecisiveness - correct answer an ongoing trait of the individual which implies that even with more information, the individual has problems making a decision. (True beyond the career domain) Personal counseling may be necessary before career counseling is helpful Career development - correct answer a lifelong process in which we develop values, skills, interests, and knowledge of the world of work. In this process, we also make decisions and implement these decisions through education and work. Job - correct answer one person in one position doing a set of tasks occupation - correct answer definable work activity found in many locations (counseling, welding) Career (narrow) - correct answer series of jobs and occupations one does CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers assessment provide information decision making implementation and followup Establish a relationship - correct answer Career counseling is built upon a relationship between a career counselor and a client. In addition to helpful personality characteristics of the counselor, certain conditions experienced by the client in career counseling will facilitate sharing of issues with the career counselor Problem identification - correct answer As a result of sharing, the career counselor and client should develop a better understanding of the issues or problems confronting the client. Without this information, career counseling will lack direction and focus. Assessment - correct answer is a continuous process and occurs from the moment the career counselor meets the client. Might include the use of standardized and non standardized instruments. Some level of assessment continues until termination CPCE: Career & Lifestyle Development Questions And Answers Provide information - correct answer This step of the career counseling process relies on the carer counselor as expert to provide pertinent information. the focus here is in informing the client of possibilities, opportunities, and resources helpful in addressing her or his specific career problem. Often, much of this information can be gathered by the client with appropriate direction, rather than giving to the client. Decision making - correct answer Step in career counseling after information is provided Implementation and follow-up - correct answer decision made in the previous set in the process is implemented. This will highly idiosyncratic depending upon the the individual, her or his circumstance, and the educational, employment, or other opportunities found in the environment. Follow up with the client should occur as agreed upon