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1.When beginning a counseling relationship, you are ethically required to: In- form the patient of the limits of confidentiality 2.As you begin a counseling relationship, it is important to: jointly decide, between patient and counselor, how the counseling process will proceed 3.A client arrives for counseling with the presenting complaint of relationship difficulties. She goes on to describe that she has had multiple abortions, and seems to use abortion as a birth control method. You are personally opposed to abortion. How should your personal beliefs impact the therapeutic relationship?: Your personal belief system should not have any bearing on the therapeutic relationship 4.You have been involved in a counseling relationship with a client for six months, when he presents you with a small gift. What should you do?: Accept or decline depending on the circumstances 5.You are court-ordered to disclose confidential information about a client you are counseling. What do you do?: Limit, as much as possible, any
2 / 31 possibly damaging personal information and obtain written permission from your client to share confidential information 6.What should you do if your client requests to see his confidential file?: Ac- cept or decline depending upon circumstances 7.You are a counselor with several clients, and at the same time you are adjusting to a difficult divorce. You aren't sleeping or eating well, find you are highly distractible, and generally are less in-touch with your emotional state. You should...: Be alert to your mental status, and be able to determine if continuing with your clients poses any threat of being detrimental to the counseling process 8.A former client of yours has been arrested for a crime. As his former counselor, you are called to perform a forensic evaluation. What is your responsibility in this case?: It is not considered ethical to perform a forensic evaluation on a current or past client, so you should decline 9.You are the supervisor for a new counselor, and are asked to attend her wedding. Would it be ethical to do so?: Yes, you should be able to attend her wedding without a breach of ethics 10.While involved with a research study, you learn that several of your stu- dents are using confidential material in an unethical manner. You had no
3 / 31 prior knowledge of this, and all of your safeguards for professional practice were appropriate. Are you, as the principal researcher, responsible for the student's behavior: Yes, you are ultimately responsible 11.When publishing research, it is important to: Give credit to other contributors or sources, not plagiarize, and submit material to only one journal at a time 12.When a conflict arises between the American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics and a governing authority, which takes precedence?- : Ultimately the law may be adhered to over the Code of Ethics 13.An ethics violation should NOT be reported when: A counselor has been retained to review another counselor who is in question; and when confidentiality rights would be violated 14.What does multicultural/diversity counseling refer to?: Counseling that rec- ognizes diversity and approaches beneficial to specific groups and an approach that all counselors should ethically be aware of 15.Most ethical issues are related to: Confidentiality 16.Only one psychoanalyst's developmental theory covers the entire lifespan. Who is he?: Erik Erikson
4 / 31 17.The Id, Ego, Superego are attributed to which psychoanalyst?: Sigmund Freud 18.What is the fourth stage of Jean Piaget's four stages: Formal Operations 19.Identity Crisis: Erik Erikson 20.Positive Psychology: processes that contribute to optimal functioning/ not focusing on abnormalities 21.Smoking habit to Sigmund Freud: Oral Fixation 22.Most mental health professionals believe: no one theory of development completely explains the process 23.John Bowlby: Attachment Theory 24.Lawrence Kohlberg's three levels of morality: Pre-conventional, Convention- al, and post-conventional 25.Female version of Freud's Oedipus complex: Electra Complex 26.Researcher known for Rhesus Monkeys: Harry Harlow 27.Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Theory of human motivation - psy- chological, safety, love, affection, belongingness 28.Down Syndrome: Chromosomal abnormality 29.John Watson: Little Albert experiment 30.Albert Bandura's best-known research: Bobo Doll study
5 / 31 31.What did Lev Vygotsky stress in his development theory?: Cultural Context and language 32.Freudian Defense Mechanism: Repression 33.Imprinting: Konrad Lorenz 34.Incorporating several therapeutic theories in your work: eclectic 35.Complaining of feeling restless, mood swings, times of hopelessness, periods of high energy and creativity in which she can go days without sleep: Bipolar 36.Client presents with his wife both complaining the patient has had a change in cognitive function including language and memory. Client denies loss of pleasure in normal activities and denies feeling sad, but client is able to manage his medications but requires someone to set up his medication box and set a timer for him.: Neurocognitive Disorder 37.Disorder of thought; disorder of mood: Schizophrenia; bipolar disorder 38.Mirroring back client's verbalizations, and not passing judgment. Facilitat- ing in assisting his client in reaching resolution of the presenting problems.- : Rogerian, client-centered therapy 39.Binge eating coupled with inappropriate methods of controlling
6 / 31 one's weight may be a symptom of: Bulimia 40.Concerns of his health; reports chronic intestinal difficulties, but has not sought medical treatment for his concerns. For the last five years he rarely feels at ease while at his job. Feels uneasy when outside the home: Agorapho- bia 41.loss of appetite; nervousness, and recurrent nightmares of a past hospital experience from years prior, where she says she almost died: PTSD 42.Actively defiant of instructions, argues regularly, spiteful, and resentful. School performance is marginal.: Oppositional defiant disorder 43.40-year old client not feeling comfortable socially after gaining weight. Unwilling to try new activities and avoiding activities he once found enjoy- able: Avoidant Personality Disorder 44.Client believes his favorite actress is in love with him. He is appropriate in every other way and substance use is not the factor: Delusional Disorder 45.Cyclothymia: Mild form of bipolar disorder. Cause is unknown 46.Client needs help with substance use, uses recreationally on the week- ends. Two DUIs within 3 years: Stimulant Use Disorder 47.Complaints about significant Chronic back pain and shoulder pain (basis of a disability claim), when seen he looks fully physical capable of
7 / 31 bending and picking up things: Malingering - to receive an external reward 48.Symptoms of Schizophrenia categorized in three groups: Positive, Nega- tive, and Disorganized 49.Couple comes in. Wife displays feelings of distrust and no tolerance for relationships and also experiences excessive over-valuation "he's the best thing that every happened to me": Borderline Personality Disorder 50.A patient diagnosed with depression/suicide ideation suddenly appears to feel better and think more clearly: Suicide has increased!
- 20 year-old male college student. Last 6-7 months grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior and speech, hallucinations, poor responses: Schizophre- nia...Paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual 52.When a client's physical symptoms have a psychological cause it is re- ferred to as: Conversion Disorder 53.Appraisal: Any means by which by which a counselor assesses a client. ie: mental health exam, IQ test 54.Type of test - NCE: Objective 55.Test created by David Wechsler: IQ
8 / 31 56.When administering tests to a client, the counselor should always: Inform the client of limitations of testing 57.Validity (In testing): How accurate the test is 58.Reliability (in testing): How consistent the results are 59.The only test you are using with your client has a reliability of .60, you should...: disregard the results of the test as the reliability is too low 60.Francis Galton: Inherited intellectual abilities; father of behavioral genetics; personality traits are passed down 61.J.P. Guilford: individual differences and intellect; creativity 62.Developed the first intelligence test: Alfred Binet and Theophilus Simon 63.Rorschach: Inkblot test 64.Most researched test in history: MMPI; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 65.Psychometrics: Psychological measurement; measures the inner workings of the mind and behavior 66.Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Personality test 67.You say a word to your client and he answers back with the first thing that comes to mind. What theorist developed the method you're using: Carl
9 / 31 Jung 68.A career test that tests one's ABILITY: An aptitude test 69.When did group counseling begin to be done more regularly: After the 1960s 70.Which early theorist engaged in group therapy: Alfred Adler 71.Group therapy session that will be open only to patients suffering from depression, and will not allow new patients to join once the sessions have started. What type of group therapy are you offering?: Homogenous closed groups (members share similarity; does not add new members once the session has begun) 72.Closed group: Stronger cohesiveness within the group and less cost- effective 73.A common weakness in group therapy: Not setting firm goals for the group 74.Why did R.K. Conyne create the "Group Work Grid": to expand practical understanding of group work 75.E-therapy: Online Psychological Treatment 76.You're concerned about how your group therapy sessions are progress- ing?: Have an outsider observer assess the group
10 / 31 77.When counseling young children in a group setting, it is helpful to enlist the involvement: Parents 78.In a group therapy setting, what is a gate keeper: a role assumed by a group therapy member 79.Someone who always agrees with anything the other group members say is: nonassertive 80.There are various stages in group therapy: Forming, Storming, Norming, performing, and adjourning 81.In group therapy, what is a blocker: Group member who blocks new ideas 82.Clients who are in the midst of a personal crisis are often not good candidates for group therapy. They would need...: Medication and individual psychotherapy 83.Group process: analysis of the group's interactions 84.Group Content: the material that is being discussed within the group 85.Most therapists consider the best size for group therapy to be between: 6 and 8 members 86.Branch of Psychology deals primarily with groups and social factors: So- cial Psychology
11 / 31 87.Who is considered the father of sociology: Emile Durkheim 88.You are sent a client who is culturally different from yourself. Is it ethical for you to counsel this client: Yes,Counselor can enter a therapeutic relationship with someone who is culturally different 89.Proxemics: The study of proximity; refers to personal and interpersonal space 90.An Asian client is most likely to choose a counselor who is: Asian 91.An area of study in social cognition: Attribution 92.A cultural norm: how people are supposed to act 93.Milgram experiment: People will usually obey authority 94.Social Distance Scale: Emory Bogardus 95.Foot in the Door Technique: Compliance - Freedman and Frasier. If you ask someone for something small, they will eventually comply with getting something big 96.Self fulfilling prophecy: the false becomes true. Robert Merton. Stating some- thing false will eventually come to pass 97.Theory that helps explain prejudice: Social Identity Theory - Henry Tajfel. When associated with a group, people will begin to think they are better than another group
12 / 31 98.Altruism may be explained by: Social Exchange Theory 99.Jack and Samantha are alike in every way an it isn't long before they marry. What might explain their relationship?: Consensual validity; they validate each other
- Cognitive Dissonance: Making up excuses to make you feel better about yourself. Justifying your bad behavior in order to stay consistent - Leon Festinger
- The contingency model of leadership states that leadership is determined by: Personality and situation
- Bystander effect: You are more likely to help someone in need if you are the only other person present
- Your client is struggling with a weight problem. She loves sweets, but she hates what they do to her body. Your client's conflict is one of: Approach/Avoid- ance (3 types - avoidance/avoidance and approach/approach)
- Acculturation: When two cultures mix
- The Likert scale measures...: Attitude and Physical Health
- You are asked to speak to a group and you plan your presentation based upon your knowledge of one of the members. What type of reasoning
13 / 31 are you employing?: Inductive Reasoning
- Using a specific measurement, such as smiles to measure happiness is an example of: operational definition
- Every element of the population has an equal chance of being sampled. What type of sampling is this?: Random Sampling
- A study measuring the IQ levels of a group of men, of differing ages, performed on a single day is most likely an example of: Cross-Sectional study
- type of measurement which causes participants to behave differently because they are being watched: Observer effect; Hawthorne effect
- Research study in which medication is not real in one group: Placebo effect
- A 17-year old client has been referred to you for intellectual testing. What test are you likely to perform?: WAIS-IV
- 8 year old son - teachers feel he is impaired: WISC-R - tests impairment and gifted students
- Frequency Distribution: Shows the number of times a particular value occurs
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- Score of 100 on the WAIS-IV: Average
- Score of 50 on the WAIS-IV: mild to moderate intellectual disabilities
- Independent Variable: The experimental factor and the element that changed or manipulated
- What does correlation strategy measure?: How strong the relation is be- tween things
- Scatter plot: Pairs of scores
- A correlation coefficient shows: how strong the relationship between two variables are, the direction of two variables' relationship, the degree of relationship between two variables
- Susie is playing with blocks and is trying to build a tower; she tries but cannot build a tower. Susie's mother helps her build a four block tower. Later, Susie builds a four-block tower without her mother's help. According to Vygotsky, the inability to build the tower on her own is known as: Scaffolding
- According to Erikson, When an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the individual will have troubles with the development of: Intimacy
- Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in Freud's
15 / 31 theory of personality development?: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
- Jacob's father tells Jacob to clean his room. When Jacob asks why, his father responds "Because I said So". The father's response is most represen- tative of which parenting style: Authoritative
- Harry Harlow used baby monkeys and several different kinds of "surro- gate mothers" to investigate which factors are important in early development and attachment. According to his findings, baby monkeys:: Preferred a soft terrycloth "mother" to a wire-mesh "mother" that held a bottle
- The myth about suicide in the U.S.: When you ask a person about suicide may push them over the edge
- Cody does what his parents tells him so he does not lose tv privileges. What level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?: Preconventional
- J osie likes to play peek-a-boo with her little brother, Jack. According to Piaget, Jack finds this game fun because he has acquired
- which is one of the primary tasks of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development: Object Permanence
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- The theorist associated with bonding and attachment: Bowlby
- Henry, a 72-year old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson's:: - Ego Integrity stage
- When it comes to displaying aggression, girls more often engage in aggression than boys: relational
- Physical characteristics of Down Syndrome: Short, stocky build; al- mond-shaped eyes, and flattened face
- Which of the following statements is true when considering cultural and familial influences on self-esteem?: An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high self-esteem
- Research on gay and lesbian parents indicates:: they are as dedicated to effective at child rearing as are heterosexual parents
- In the Stanford prison study, what caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly?: The social context
- In the original studies, Milgram and his colleagues found that people were more likely to disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when: the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made
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- In the Stanford prison simulation, ,male college students agreed to par- ticipate in an experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The researchers found that: Within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying emotional and physical ailments
- In what ways do stereotypes distort reality: Stereotypes exaggerate the differences that exist between groups
- Jennifer has to choose between spending the evening at home with her parents of spending the evening babysitting her younger sister. Jennifer does no like either of those choices. This situation describes a:: Avoidance- avoid- ance conflict
- Connie tells each of her clients that the best way she can help them is to attempt to look at the world from the client's point of view. This counselor is taking the perspective: emic
- Working with individuals from different cultures requires that the coun- selor:: have knowledge about the different cultures and have sensitivity to the needs of the individuals
- A high standard of counseling practice when working with diverse popu- lations involves everything EXCEPT: treating all clients the same
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- When working with individuals from different cultures, the effective coun- selor may not:: maintain good eye contact at all times
- Client is smart, but procrastinates and puts off writing papers which result in Fs. Therapist helps establish small specific goal and has the client keep a diary of how he is spending his time. What is the method that is used to help his problem:: Behavioral Therapy
- The Social-Learning Perspective is to the psychodynamic perspective as are to : ENVIRONMENTAL conditions; unconscious dynamics
- Process of saying freely whatever comes to mind in connection with dreams; memories, fantasies, or conflicts. in the course of psychodynamic therapy session, is referred to as: free association
- Which of the following is not a behavioral therapy: Unconditional Positive Regard
- The primary goal of therapy is to find meaning in life: existen- tial
- Problem pair and successful therapy: Specific phobia -
19 / 31 desensitization; depression - rational -emotive therapy
- The bond of confidence and mutual understanding established between therapist and client is: therapeutic alliance
- An apparent treatment success that is due to the patient's expectation or hopes rather than the treatment itself: placebo effect
- In therapy, the therapist uses logical arguments to chal- lenge a client's unrealistic beliefs or expectations: rational emotive behavior
- Systematic desensitization and flooding are: behavioral therapies
- Which of the following types of psychotherapists would be most likely to use free association and transference: psychodynamic therapists
- Existentialism: Humanistic approach that emphasizes the tragic aspects of life, the burden of responsibility, and the need to face the inevitability of death.
- According to Carl Rogers, is love and support given to another with no strings attached: Unconditional positive regard
- Abraham Maslow: existentialist
- Transactional analysis pairs with: Complementary transactions
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- Horney, Adler, and Jung: All three theorists have something in common
- The withdrawal of reinforcement until the conditioned response no longer occurs is: extinction
- Feud is to ego, id, and superego: Berne is to parent, adult, and child
- Developed by Luft and Ingham, this asserts that there are four parts to the personality: public, private, blind, and unknown self: Johari Window
- Existential Counseling: The focus on the meaning of life and the relevance of the individual
- Popular techniques of this approach are role playing, "empty chair" and making the rounds": Gestalt
- Examination of the client's memories, "spitting in the client's soup" and "catching oneself": Adlerian
- In this therapeutic approach, the counselor's emphasis is on being au- thentic while concentrating on verbal and nonverbal messages: Gestalt therapy
- Paradoxical intention, implosive therapy, and thought stopping are all techniques used by : Psychoanalytic
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- Stress inoculation is a concept introduced by: Donald Meichenbaum
- According to Freud, is the most important defense mecha- nism: Repression
- A dog that has been trained to stop and stand at attention when she hears a duck call does not stop and stand at attention when she hears a goose call: stimulus discrimination
- The disadvantage of closed-ended questions is that the client usually fails to:: disclose personal information or continue to dialogue with the counselor
- Rational-emotive behavior therapy follows a five-step system using ABCDE, where D stands for: Disputing irrational belief
- The goals of this type of therapy include gaining knowledge about the self and recognizing and integrating the self: Jungian
- In order to elicit a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus must the unconditioned stimulus: Precede
- In contrast to feeling sorry for the client, the counselor needs to demon- strate: empathy
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- In order to facilitate growth in a client, the counselor uses all of the following strategies EXCEPT: abandonment
- An schedule of reinforcement is the most difficult to extinguish: intermittent
- The primary distinction between reinforcement and punishment is that reinforcement the likelihood of the behavior to occur again, while punishment decreases the likelihood of the behavior to occur again: increases;decreases
- Negative reinforcement increase the behavior by taking away a reinforce- : Positive reinforcement increases the behavior by adding a reinforcer
- There are long silences, several members of the group are acting out, and it seems like all the group members are expressing frustration with both the structure of the group and the way the group leader is functioning. Most likely this group is in the state of the group process: transition
- From which perspective are the group goals to enable members to pay close attention to their here-and-now experiences so they can recognize and integrate disowned aspects of themselves: Gestalt
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- Advantages of group counseling: Cost-effectiveness, opportunities for feed- back, and structured practice
- Bard is very structured. Sets and directs all of the groups goals and activities and hardly ever asks the participants for input. Most likely, Barb has a style of leadership: Laissez-faire
- What is likely to happen in a group when the leader is authoritarian?: - Members become dependent on the leader
- 0pen group: members can join and leave at any time, the number of sessions is undetermined, group meetings are usually held in a hospital setting
- In contrast to a homogeneous group, a heterogeneous group: has mem- bers with greater awareness of themselves and others
- This is usually not an assumption of the group: The leader is a member of the group
- During the working stage of the group, the leader's role is to: support risks
- The emphasis for this type of group is on prevention and development of healthy behaviors: Primary
- There is a distinction between group content and group process. An
24 / 31 ex- ample of group process would be: Sarah monopolizes the group by continuously talking and doesn't allow others to contribute to the discussion AND Randy rolls his eyes every time Karen says something
- Greg seems to make light of everything that goes on in the group. If someone is late, for example, he makes a humorous remark about calling for a search party. Greg would be described as the of the group: joker
- A counselor is conducting the initial screening of individuals who may be included in a bereavement group. An appropriate candidate for the group would be one who: is free from the use of alcohol or other drugs
- A group has co-leaders. That is, there are two trained counselors who are facilitating the group together. All of the following are advantages of co-leader- ship groups:: More support and attention are provided to the participants, effective modeling of appropriate behavior is provided to the participants, and co-leaders are often viewed as parents
- The group leader points out defenses, resistances, and transferences as they occur in this type of group: Psychoanalytic
- Premature termination of participation in a group usually occurs
25 / 31 when an individual is: not very motivated
- Career-oriented, successful ethnic minority women: often display unusual- ly high self-efficacy
- The group that is most affected by the "glass ceiling phenomenon" consists of: women who are in careers most often populated by men
- Which group of students would be likely to seek career counseling: Stu- dents in high school or middle school; students entering college; students who were taking college prep courses in high school - all of them
- In dual - career families, the woman typically: has an established career before having children
- Compared with high school students who enter the workforce right after graduation, students who go to college can expect to:: Earn about $10,000 more per year
- Leisure activities are those activities that a professional career coun- selor: may also refer to as avocations
- Dual-career families engage in leisure time: less often than families with one wage earner