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CPCE Study Guide: Questions and Answers on Developmental Psychology, Exams of Career Counseling

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and figures in developmental psychology. It features a series of questions and answers covering topics such as maslow's hierarchy of needs, robert kegan's stages of lifespan development, erikson's psychosocial stages, freud's psychosexual stages, piaget's stages of cognitive development, and more. The guide is designed to help students understand and retain important information related to developmental psychology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/06/2025

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Download CPCE Study Guide: Questions and Answers on Developmental Psychology and more Exams Career Counseling in PDF only on Docsity!

Questions and Answers

Who is famous for the "hierarchy of needs?" - correct answers ✅✅Abraham Maslow What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs postulate? - correct answers ✅✅lower-order physiological & safety needs and higher-order needs (self-actualization) first/lower: basics like food/water safety/security need for love/affection/belonging highest level: self-actualization (being all that one can be) Robert Kegan's 6 stages of lifespan development are: - correct answers ✅✅incorporative impulse imperial interpersonal institutional interindividual Who is Robert Kegan? - correct answers ✅✅adult cognitive development stresses interpersonal development constructive model of development, meaning individuals construct reality through the lifespan What is relativistic thinking according to Ed Neukrug? - correct answers ✅✅as teens enter adulthood, they realize not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation

Questions and Answers

Who is Robert/William Perry? - correct answers ✅✅adult cognitive development/college students dualistic thinking; common in teens to conceptualize good/bad; right/wrong Who is known for their work in strategic & problem-solving therapy, utilizing the "paradox" technique? - correct answers ✅✅Jay Haley Who is associated with brief psychotherapy and hypnosis? - correct answers ✅✅Milton H. Erikson What is Erik Erikson known for? - correct answers ✅✅psychosocial stages of development 8 stages through the lifespan:

  1. trust v mistrust (birth - 12 mo)
  2. autonomy v shame & doubt (1-3 y/o
  3. initiative v guilt (3-6 y/o)
  4. industry v inferiority (6-12 y/o)
  5. identity v confusion (12-18 y/o)
  6. intimacy v isolation (20-40)
  7. generativity v stagnation (40-60)
  8. integrity v despair (60+) What is Sigmund Freud known for? - correct answers ✅✅psychodynamic theory psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Questions and Answers

dynamic of id, ego, and superego id: pleasure ego: reality superego: moralistic/idealistic "maturationist" In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? - correct answers ✅✅generativity v stagnation John Bowlby is most closely associated with_______. - correct answers ✅✅bonding and attachment Who pioneered the zone of proximal development? - correct answers ✅✅Lev Vygotsky *it is the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor What does RS stand for? - correct answers ✅✅religious and spiritual What is biofeedback? - correct answers ✅✅a technique used to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively using electronic devices What are Vygotsky's views on moral development? - correct answers ✅✅disagrees with Piaget that they take place naturally

Questions and Answers

insisted that stages unfold due to educational intervention Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development? - correct answers ✅✅Lawrence Kohlberg (3 levels of morality) Both conservation and the ability to count mentally occur in the _______ stage? - correct answers ✅✅concrete operational thought Who created the first intelligence test? - correct answers ✅✅Alfred Binet Who is associated with aiding in phobias and multimodal therapy? - correct answers ✅✅Arnold Lazarus What is Epistemology? - correct answers ✅✅a branch of philosophy that attempts to examine how we know what we know Who is the father of Reality therapy with Choice theory? - correct answers ✅✅William Glasser Who is Robert J. Havinghurst? - correct answers ✅✅developmental processes: -tasks for infancy & early childhood -tasks for middle adulthood (6-12) -tasks for adolescence (12-18) -tasks of early adulthood (19-30) -tasks of middle age (30-60) -tasks of later maturity (60+)

Questions and Answers

*tasks range from learning to walk to dealing with death of a spouse or adjusting to retirement What popular stage theorist focused on ego development via 7 stages & 2 transitions? - correct answers ✅✅Jane Loevinger What is Sandra Bem known for? - correct answers ✅✅speaking out against gender stereotyping believes that if males/females are not guided by traditional sex roles, individuals can be more androgynous, and hence more productive What is Animism and when does it occur? - correct answers ✅✅occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies (e.g., a rock can talk to him) occurs in Piaget's preoperational period (2-7 y/o) What New York clinical psychological developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)? - correct answers ✅✅Albert Ellis REBT teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner Who is known for client-centered or person-centered counseling? - correct answers ✅✅Carl Rogers What did John Bowlby believe about conduct disorders and bonding? - correct answers ✅✅conduct disorders and other psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

Questions and Answers

What traits did Harlow's monkeys exhibit from being in isolation? - correct answers ✅✅they appeared to be autistic According to Freudian theory, if a child is severely traumatized, he/she may ________ a given psychosexual stage. - correct answers ✅✅become fixated at What is the principle of "critical periods?" - correct answers ✅✅certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in the animal's development; otherwise the behaviors will never be learned at all Who is the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation & isolation in rhesus monkeys? - correct answers ✅✅Harry Harlow What Eriksonian stage focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person? - correct answers ✅✅intimacy v isolation (23-34 y/o) Kohlberg's moral development stages are: - correct answers ✅✅3 levels; 6 stages Pre-conventional level Conventional Level Postconventional level What does BASIC--ID stand for? - correct answers ✅✅Behavior Affective Responses Sensations Imagery

Questions and Answers

Cognitions Interpersonal Relationships Drugs *Arnold Lazarus Who is the father of analytic psychology? - correct answers ✅✅Carl Jung Who experimentally induced "learned helplessness" in dogs via electric shocks? - correct answers ✅✅Martin E. P. Seligman The work "ethology" often associated with Konrad Lorenz, refers to ________. - correct answers ✅✅"comparative psychology" refers to lab research using animals and generalizing their findings to humans *developed by European zoologists Who is the father of transactional analysis? - correct answers ✅✅Eric Berne Frank Parsons is the father of ______. - correct answers ✅✅guidance Who stated that "males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations?" - correct answers ✅✅Eleanor Maccoby & Carol Jacklin Explain cephalocaudal? - correct answers ✅✅refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail

Questions and Answers

*Development is cephalocaudal; head develops earlier than legs Who is B.F. Skinner? - correct answers ✅✅behaviorist; prime mover in behaviorist psych. movement emphasized power of environment in development Skinnerian principles (when applied clinically) called ABA or applied behavior analysis What is Freud's Oedipus Complex? - correct answers ✅✅occurs during the phallic stage stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur A phrase to describe a client who is exposed to a situation which meant prove frightful or difficult - correct answers ✅✅"in vivo" Explain heredity? - correct answers ✅✅-transmission of traits from parent to child -assumes the normal person has 23 chromosomes -assumes heredity characteristics are transmitted by -chromosomes -assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code Eleanor Gibson was known for researching depth perception in children by _______. - correct answers ✅✅utilizing an apparatus known as a visual cliff What is empiricism? - correct answers ✅✅the forerunner of behaviorism

Questions and Answers

scientists can only learn from objective facts empiristic view of development is behavioristic view *John Locke What did Harlow find in his study of the monkeys? - correct answers ✅✅monkeys preferred a warm mother who rocked to a cool mother who did not contact was more important than milk in that monkeys preferred terry-cloth over wire frame even if the wire frame provided milk What is "symbiosis" according to Margaret Mahler? - correct answers ✅✅the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker difficulties in the symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis theory of separation-individual theory of child development Which maturationist was known for using a one-way mirror to observe children? - correct answers ✅✅Arnold Gesell; felt that development was primarily genetics/hereditary What are Jean Piaget's 4 stages? - correct answers ✅✅sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations What is Positive Psychology? - correct answers ✅✅study of human strengths; joy wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness

Questions and Answers

*Abraham Maslow *popularized by Martin Seligman What is Alfred Adler known for? - correct answers ✅✅the founder of individual psychology stresses the inferiority complex DBT focuses heavily on _______ and was created by ________. - correct answers ✅✅mindfulness; Marsha M. Linehan Who is Emile Durkheim? - correct answers ✅✅Frenchman who is one of the founders of modern sociology; known for his research into suicide Who is William McDougall? - correct answers ✅✅the father of hormic psychology, a Darwinian viewpoint which suggested that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies Who is Albert Bandura? - correct answers ✅✅known for social learning theory & the Bobo doll experiment with children Who is David Levinson? - correct answers ✅✅controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions; originally derived by interviewing 40 middle-aged men from different backgrounds suggested 3 major transitions -early adult transition -age 30 transition -settling down period

Questions and Answers

-midlife transition -later adulthood Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? - correct answers ✅✅She felt it was more applicable to males than females The frustration-aggression theory is associated with _____. - correct answers ✅✅John Dollard and Neal Miller; their hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ______ cognitive dissonance theory: - correct answers ✅✅Festinger's Who developed the social distance scale, which evaluated how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups? - correct answers ✅✅Emory Bogardus Social exchange theory postulates that - correct answers ✅✅a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs J.G. Draguns suggested the emic-etic distinction in cross-cultural counseling. How are "emic" and "etic" defined? - correct answers ✅✅Emic - an insider's perception of the culture Etic - this view adheres to the theory that humans are humans regardless of background; same techniques are applied to any client that the counselor helps *Emic perspective is most ideal/helpful for clients (considers cultural differences/background)

Questions and Answers

pneumonics: -emic: member -etic: transends cultural boundaries/universal An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the _____ viewpoint for coping with the environment: - correct answers ✅✅Alloplastic: conceptualization that the client can best cope by changing their environment (Allo - aloe (nature/environment)) A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested: - correct answers ✅✅an *autoplastic method of coping: refers to changing the "self" rather than altering the environment/systems. (Auto: automatic thinking) In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America. - correct answers ✅✅McDougall and Ross (William McDougall & Edward Alsworth Ross) Who pioneered psychodrama and coined the term "group therapy?" - correct answers ✅✅Jacob Moreno

Questions and Answers

Who is Irvin Yalom? - correct answers ✅✅an existentialist known for his strides in group work, existential therapy, and death/dying Who stressed that a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type? - correct answers ✅✅John Holland Who postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs? - correct answers ✅✅Anne Roe Who espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism? - correct answers ✅✅T. X. Barber Who is Andrew Salter? - correct answers ✅✅a pioneer in the behavior therapy, creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis & autohypnosis Who is associated with obedience and authority? - correct answers ✅✅Stanley Milgram (psychologist) -individuals were told to give others powerful electric shocks and did so on command -told to punish a learner strapped to an electric chair when he/she gave an incorrect answer -40 experimental subjects; 14 refused to go to the highest level of shock -often used to explain obedience and authority in social situations such as Salem witch hunts and Nazi war crimes

Questions and Answers

Who postulated the tendency to affiliate with others is highest in firstborns and only children, and decreases for later-born children? - correct answers ✅✅Stanley Schachter Who conducted the classic experiment at a boy's summer camp near Robber's Cave, OK, wherein two teams of boys were given a goal to attain only by working in a joint manner? - correct answers ✅✅Muzafer Sherif et al. (Robbers Cave Experiment) Who found that, in a group setting, approximately 35% of people in a perceptual activity gave an answer which was clearly incorrect in order to conform? - correct answers ✅✅Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif (Asch Situation) ________ and _______ who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology respectively. - correct answers ✅✅Alfred Adler and Carl Jung Who developed a paradigm known as "systemic desensitization" which is useful when trying to weaken (desensitize) a client's response to an anxiety- producing stimuli? - correct answers ✅✅Joseph Wolpe What is the case of Little Albert? - correct answers ✅✅Associated with John Broadus Watson -conditioned a 9-month-old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects -first exposed to a white rat -strike a steel bar every time the child would get near the animal -demonstrated that fears are learned rather than the analytic concept that they are somehow a result of an unconscious process

Questions and Answers

What is the ego defense mechanism "repression?" - correct answers ✅✅Freudians consider the most important defense mechanism -a child who is sexually abused, for example, may repress (e.g., truly forget) the incident as a form of protection What is the ego defense mechanism "suppression?" - correct answers ✅✅An individual might say "I refuse to think about it;" similar to denial -differs from repression in that repression is automatic or involuntary What is the ego defense mechanism "sublimination?" - correct answers ✅✅When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way; An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer What is the ego defense mechanism "displacement?" - correct answers ✅✅occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a 'safe target.' -A man is furious with his boss but is afraid to show it, so he comes home and kicks the family dog. What is sour grapes rationalization? - correct answers ✅✅Underrates a reward to protect self from a bruised ego; "I didn't really want it anyway." What is sweet lemon rationalization? - correct answers ✅✅Overrates a reward to protect self from a bruised ego

Questions and Answers

What is the ego defense mechanism "denial?" - correct answers ✅✅failing to face reality; -A tennis player had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. _____ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window. - correct answers ✅✅Projection. Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is - correct answers ✅✅reaction formation; acting the opposite of the way he or she actually feels What is the ego defense mechanism "identification?" - correct answers ✅✅when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile. A client who incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of: - correct answers ✅✅introjection Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of - correct answers ✅✅Alfred Adler's individual psychology The personality types of the Myers-Briggs are associated with the work of - correct answers ✅✅Carl Jung What is the anima/animus? - correct answers ✅✅-associated with work of Carl Jung

Questions and Answers

-society has caused men to deny their feminine side known as anima -women to deny their masculine side known as animus pneumonic: (anima - "ma," as in "mom") The word eclectic is most closely associated with - correct answers ✅✅Frederick C. Thorne B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on Edward Thorndike's ____ of _____. - correct answers ✅✅law of effect Classical conditioning relates to the work of _____. - correct answers ✅✅Ivan Pavlov pneumonics: -UCS (the meat): unconditioned/unlearned stimulus -CS: conditioned/learned stimulus *salivating is an unconditioned response (dogs don't need to learn how to salivate) Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as - correct answers ✅✅instrumental learning What is the case of Little Albert? - correct answers ✅✅

Questions and Answers

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________. - correct answers ✅✅instrumental conditioning/Skinnerian principles; classical conditioning/Pavlovian principles *behavior modification is Skinnerian (operant, instrumental), and behavior therapy is Pavlovian (classical, respondent) Who is associated with experimenting with rats and autonomic processes? (Discovering humans could benefit from biofeedback to control bodily processes) - correct answers ✅✅Neal Miller John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to - correct answers ✅✅cure. Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that "learning" could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction (if phobias are learned, they can be cured/treated through learning). What is a counseling paradigm? - correct answers ✅✅A paradigm is a treatment model. What are examples of biofeedback devices? - correct answers ✅✅A bathroom scale and a mirror. *Provides the client and helper with biological info such that the client can master self-regulation. Used primarily to teach clients to relax or to control autonomic nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature.

Questions and Answers

Empathy is - correct answers ✅✅the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client *Robert Carkhuff is well known for his creation of a five-point scale intended to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect What is an operant according to Skinnerian principles? - correct answers ✅✅Any behavior which is NOT elicited by an obvious stimulus; most behaviors are operants Sensate focus behavioral sex therapy was developed by - correct answers ✅✅