CPDT-KA Comprehensive Study Questions, Exams of Advanced Education

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CPDT-KA Comprehensive Study Q's

What is a Punisher - something the learner will work to avoid and diminishes likelihood behavior will repeat Primary Reinforcers - food, reproductive opportunity, water, physical and emotional security, sometimes play Secondary Reinforcer - The stimulus is paired with or predicting a primary reinforcer, EX: clicker predicting food Tertiary Reinforcer - A behavior or stimulus that has been paired with or predicts a secondary reinforcer; helps create behavior chains Stimulus definition - Something that elicits a behavior Response definition - A behavior elicited by a stimulus Consequence - What occurs in response to the learner's behavior (i.e. a reinforcer, punisher, nothing). Varies depending on the learner Counter- Conditioned Stimulus - A stimulus/response that has a new, redefined meaning than previously learned Sensitization - To become hyper aware or responsive to a stimulus Desensitization - To become less aware/sensitive of a stimulus through a protocol or intentional practice Adaptation - Physical/sensory systems have been fatigued Habituation - To become less aware/sensitive to a stimulus through "been there, done that" and stimulus was/is always present in full force. Overlearning - Practicing until lesson is understood no matter how information is presented Poisoned Cue - When negative association has been attached to a cue Eustress - "Good" stress--learner is primed and ready to engage in learning, is a pleasant state of arousal Distress - "Bad" stress--learner is overwhelmed and overloaded with stress hormones

Consequences of distress - dogs will show calming signals, have lowered problem-solving ability Elicited behavior - involuntary/reflexive/emotional behavior What type of training can be used to change behavior that is elicited? - Classical Conditioning Emitted behavior - A voluntary choice behavior When training through operant learning/conditioning we are looking for - Emitted Behavior Extinction definition - Decreasing/extinguishing (frequency) of a conditioned behavior by removing reinforcement Extinction Burst definition - Where behavior increases in frequency/intensity early during extinction Spontaneous Recovery definition - "backsliding" in recover/extinction What is the Premack Principle - A more likely behavior can reinforce a less likely behavior Grandma's Law - AKA Premack Principle "Eat your peas and then you can have ice cream" is an example of using the ____________ - Premack Principle Torndike's Law of Effect - Behaviors are more likely to be repeated if they lead to a satisfying consequence, and less likely to be repeated if they lead to an unsatisfying consequence Torndike's Law of Effect states that (3 parts) - 1) Learning is incremental 2)Learning can occur via trail and error

3. "Use it or lose it!" Learning can be lost if not practiced/reviewed occasionally Classical Learning/Conditioning works on changing - visceral/emotional/reflexive associations NS stands for - Neutral Stimulus a Neutral Stimulus (NS) is - a stimulus that has no meaning, an untrained stimulus UCS stands for - Unconditioned stimulus a Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is - a stimulus that has inherent but NOT learned meaning CS stands for - Conditioned Stimulus

a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is - a stimulus that has a learned/trained meaning UCR stands for - Unconditioned Response an Unconditioned Response (UCR) is - the reflex when a neutral stimulus has been paired with a conditioned stimulus CR or CER stands for - Conditioned Response a Conditioned Response is - a response that occurs when a NS has been paired with a UCS The stages of Classical Learning are: - Before conditioning: UCS - > UCR NS - > no CR During conditioning: NS + UCS - > UCR After conditioning: NS becomes CS - >CR Aquisition during Operant Conditioning is when - the learner is being taught the new behavior and getting paired with a cue for the behavior Generalization of a cue requires - Getting the dog to understand the behavior will be rewareded regardless of the enviornment, changes in the handler/handler's voice, etc. Cue Discrimination - the behavior will only be offered when cued, and the behavior will only get rewarded on cue For a reliable behavior, you need both - Generalization and Discrimination The 5 D's of Learning - Distance, Duration, Distraction, Difficulty, and Diversity Stimulus Control/Fluency is when - dog has achieved generalization and discrimination The Stages of Learning in Operant Conditioning are: - Aquisition, Generalization/Discrimination, The 5 D's, and Stimulus Control/Fluency B.F. Skinner says Operant Learning is what - Happens when the learner operates within their enviornemnt and responds to the consequences Positive Reinforcement (+R) - Adds something to strengthen behavior Positive Punishment (+P) - Adds something to weaken behavior

Negative Reinforcement (-R) - Subtract/take something to strengthen behavior Negative Punishment (-P) - Subtract/take something to weaken beahavior +R - Positive Reinforcement

• R - Negative Reinforcement +P - Positive Punishment
• P - Negative Punishment What Reinforcement does - increases frequency of a behavior What Punishment does - decreases frequency of a behavior in Operant Learning, "Positive" does what? - ADDS a stimulus in Operant Learning, "Negative" does what? - SUBTRACTS a stimulus The functional opposite of +R is: - - P is the functional opposite of: In LLW, an example of +R is: - rewarding a loose leash with a cookie in LLW an example of +P - giving a leash correction for a taunt leash in LLW, an example of - R is: - pressure from leash correction stops when leash is loose in LLW, an example of - P is: - forward motion of walk ends when dog pulls Prompting definition - a verbal or physical trigger to start a behavior The pro's of prompting - helps elicit the behavior quickly The con's of prompting - can accidentally train the prompt to be part of the cue Fading definition - Decreasing the intensity of the prompt Fading is necessary to avoid - the prompt for a cue becoming part of the cue Luring definiton - using the dog's nose to get their body to follow, usually uses food to get the dog to follow

the pro's of Luring - creates an almost built-in hand signal, teaches the behavior quickly The con's of Luring - without proper fading of the treat the dog can become dependent on the presence of the treat Targeting - provides a location goal for the dog The pro's of Targeting - easy to use to teach more complex behaviors once core mechanism is taught The con's of Targeting - dog can become confused, some dogs are sensitive about using their nose or paws Modeling/Molding - Touching/manipulating the dog to get them to do a behavior The pro's of modeling - can be helpful for stoic dogs/dogs who are reluctant to follow a lure or target The con's of modeling - dog can become dependent on touch to cue behavior, some dogs find the physical manipulation aversive, dog learns slower this way because they don't really think about what we want from them Capturing definiton - catching the dog while they are doing the behavior and reinforcing it The pro's of capturing - useful for training behaviors dogs do naturally/spontaneously like sneezing The con's of capturing - requires vigilance from trainer Shaping definiton - Incremental criteria shifts that allows to teach complex behaviors The pro's of Shaping - dog has better understanding of cue because they had to think through and decide to take each step The con's of Shaping - time consuming CRF is short for - Continuous Reinforcement Schedule abbreviation FR is short for - Fixed Ratio schedule abbreviation VR is short for - Variable Ratio schedule abbreviation FI is short for - Fixed Interval schedule abbreviation

VI is short for - Variable Interval schedule abbreviation DRH is short for - Differential High Response Rate schedule abbreviation DRL is short for - Differential Low Response Rate schedule abbreviation DRI is short for - Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior schedule abbreviation DRO is short for - Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors schedule abbreviation DRE is short for - Differential Reinforcement of Excellent Behaviors schedule abbreviation CRF or Continuous Reinforcement Schedule is - 1 : 1 ratio of correct behavior to reward, used when first teaching a behavior FR or Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule is - 1 : X ratio of correct behavior to reward requires a set of responses to earn a reward, often accompanied by a Post Reinforcement Pause Post Reinforcement Pause follows reinforcement in _____ schedule - Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement Post Reinforcement Pause definition - the dip in performance before the next set of responses VR or Variable Ratio Schedule is - when the # of correct responses necessary for reinforcement varies and is not set, AKA Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule The best reinforcement schedule to maintain behavior over time - Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule is (best/worst) for maintaining behavior over time?